Pub Date : 2014-11-29DOI: 10.1163/18749836-07021077
C. B. Knisley, M. Kippenhan, David Brzoska
This study evaluates the conservation status of all of the United States species and subspecies of tiger beetles on the basis of the published literature, unpublished reports, museum and private collections, our personal field work and contact with collectors. We provide a brief summary of the status of the four species already listed and the two candidates for listing by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. We indicate three taxa believed to be extinct and evaluate 62 others that we deem sufficiently rare to be considered for listing as endangered or threatened. We used a 1, 2, 3 grading system that is generally comparable to the terminology of critically imperiled, imperiled, and vulnerable designations, respectively, used in NatureServe Explorer. Fifty-two of these taxa are from the western states and Texas and most of them are named subspecies with extremely limited distributions and habitats. We assigned seven taxa a 1+ grade, our highest level of rarity and/or threats; of these there is presently sufficient information available to consider two of them-- Cicindelidia floridana Cartwright and Cicindela tranquebarica joaquinensis Knisley and Haines-- as the U. S. forms most in danger of extinction. Future prospects for conservation and listing of tiger beetles seem bleak because of the limited budget and personnel available for Endangered Species in the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the current economic and political climate in the United States.
{"title":"Conservation status of United States tiger beetles","authors":"C. B. Knisley, M. Kippenhan, David Brzoska","doi":"10.1163/18749836-07021077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18749836-07021077","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluates the conservation status of all of the United States species and subspecies of tiger beetles on the basis of the published literature, unpublished reports, museum and private collections, our personal field work and contact with collectors. We provide a brief summary of the status of the four species already listed and the two candidates for listing by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. We indicate three taxa believed to be extinct and evaluate 62 others that we deem sufficiently rare to be considered for listing as endangered or threatened. We used a 1, 2, 3 grading system that is generally comparable to the terminology of critically imperiled, imperiled, and vulnerable designations, respectively, used in NatureServe Explorer. Fifty-two of these taxa are from the western states and Texas and most of them are named subspecies with extremely limited distributions and habitats. We assigned seven taxa a 1+ grade, our highest level of rarity and/or threats; of these there is presently sufficient information available to consider two of them-- Cicindelidia floridana Cartwright and Cicindela tranquebarica joaquinensis Knisley and Haines-- as the U. S. forms most in danger of extinction. Future prospects for conservation and listing of tiger beetles seem bleak because of the limited budget and personnel available for Endangered Species in the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the current economic and political climate in the United States.","PeriodicalId":88711,"journal":{"name":"Terrestrial arthropod reviews","volume":"7 1","pages":"93-145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18749836-07021077","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64859661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-11-29DOI: 10.1163/18749836-07021080
J. K. Wetterer
Summary Strumigenys spp. are tiny predatory ants that feed on soil arthropods. Strumigenys louisianae has the broadest geographic distribution of any New World Strumigenys. Here, I compiled >700 site records of S. louisianae to document its biogeography. The known range of Strumigenys louisianae is largely continuous from Argentina to North Carolina (and possibly Virginia and Illinois) and on most major West Indian islands. The occurrence of S. louisianae throughout this region in a wide diversity of habitats makes it difficult to distinguish where it is native and where it has been introduced. The possibility remains that S. louisianae has a very broad native range, but no introduced populations. Alternatively, some isolated S. louisianae populations may be exotic, such as those on the Galapagos Islands, Cocos Island, many West Indian islands, and in Arizona. Genetic analyses are needed to determine where S. louisianae is native and where it is exotic.
{"title":"Geographic distribution of Strumigenys louisianae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)","authors":"J. K. Wetterer","doi":"10.1163/18749836-07021080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18749836-07021080","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Strumigenys spp. are tiny predatory ants that feed on soil arthropods. Strumigenys louisianae has the broadest geographic distribution of any New World Strumigenys. Here, I compiled >700 site records of S. louisianae to document its biogeography. The known range of Strumigenys louisianae is largely continuous from Argentina to North Carolina (and possibly Virginia and Illinois) and on most major West Indian islands. The occurrence of S. louisianae throughout this region in a wide diversity of habitats makes it difficult to distinguish where it is native and where it has been introduced. The possibility remains that S. louisianae has a very broad native range, but no introduced populations. Alternatively, some isolated S. louisianae populations may be exotic, such as those on the Galapagos Islands, Cocos Island, many West Indian islands, and in Arizona. Genetic analyses are needed to determine where S. louisianae is native and where it is exotic.","PeriodicalId":88711,"journal":{"name":"Terrestrial arthropod reviews","volume":"7 1","pages":"159-170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18749836-07021080","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64860371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-11-29DOI: 10.1163/18749836-07021079
M. Thijssen, J. Santiago-Blay
{"title":"A heartfelt farewell to the readers and friends of: Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews","authors":"M. Thijssen, J. Santiago-Blay","doi":"10.1163/18749836-07021079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18749836-07021079","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":88711,"journal":{"name":"Terrestrial arthropod reviews","volume":"7 1","pages":"79-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18749836-07021079","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64860356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-11-29DOI: 10.1163/18749836-07021078
J. K. Wetterer
Gnamptogenys hartmani is a specialist predator that attacks colonies of fungus-growing ants. To examine the biogeography of G. hartmani, I compiled specimen records of G. hartmani from 36 sites, and records of Gnamptogenys bruchi (a possible junior synonym) from seven sites. Records of Gnamptogenys hartmani ranged from Lucky, Louisiana (32.2°N) in the north to Villa Nougues, Argentina (26.9°S) in the south. If G. bruchi proves to be a synonym of G. hartmani, this would extend the known range as far south as Alta Gracia, Argentina (31.7°S). In the US, G. hartmani populations are known only from Texas and Louisiana, yet there is much apparently suitable habitat along the Gulf coast of Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida. Given the remarkable scarcity of G. hartmani records throughout its known range, it remains possible that G. hartmani populations occur all along the Gulf coast of the US, but have been overlooked.
{"title":"Geographic distribution of Gnamptogenys hartmani (Hymenoptera, Formicidae), an agro-predator that attacks fungus-growing ants","authors":"J. K. Wetterer","doi":"10.1163/18749836-07021078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18749836-07021078","url":null,"abstract":"Gnamptogenys hartmani is a specialist predator that attacks colonies of fungus-growing ants. To examine the biogeography of G. hartmani, I compiled specimen records of G. hartmani from 36 sites, and records of Gnamptogenys bruchi (a possible junior synonym) from seven sites. Records of Gnamptogenys hartmani ranged from Lucky, Louisiana (32.2°N) in the north to Villa Nougues, Argentina (26.9°S) in the south. If G. bruchi proves to be a synonym of G. hartmani, this would extend the known range as far south as Alta Gracia, Argentina (31.7°S). In the US, G. hartmani populations are known only from Texas and Louisiana, yet there is much apparently suitable habitat along the Gulf coast of Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida. Given the remarkable scarcity of G. hartmani records throughout its known range, it remains possible that G. hartmani populations occur all along the Gulf coast of the US, but have been overlooked.","PeriodicalId":88711,"journal":{"name":"Terrestrial arthropod reviews","volume":"78 1","pages":"147-157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18749836-07021078","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64860304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-11-29DOI: 10.1163/18749836-07021076
Daniel C. Moore, J. Orozco
During the period of October 1996 to September 1999 cetoniine beetles were collected directly from the vegetation and using fruits traps and flight intercept traps in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (BINP) and surrounding farmland. Additional records were obtained from collections. A total of 52 species were recorded. Information on collecting locality, distribution, ecology, seasonality, and collecting methods is presented for each species. Two species, Eudicella allardi (Marais & Holm) and Pachnoda alluaudi Bourgoin, are recorded for Uganda for the first time.
{"title":"Cetoniinae (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) diversity of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda and surrounding areas","authors":"Daniel C. Moore, J. Orozco","doi":"10.1163/18749836-07021076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18749836-07021076","url":null,"abstract":"During the period of October 1996 to September 1999 cetoniine beetles were collected directly from the vegetation and using fruits traps and flight intercept traps in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (BINP) and surrounding farmland. Additional records were obtained from collections. A total of 52 species were recorded. Information on collecting locality, distribution, ecology, seasonality, and collecting methods is presented for each species. Two species, Eudicella allardi (Marais & Holm) and Pachnoda alluaudi Bourgoin, are recorded for Uganda for the first time.","PeriodicalId":88711,"journal":{"name":"Terrestrial arthropod reviews","volume":"7 1","pages":"81-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18749836-07021076","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64859560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-28DOI: 10.1163/18749836-06041074
Matthew S. Jones, H. Vanhanen, R. Peltola, F. Drummond
Native beneficial arthropods, including bees, predators, and parasitoids, provide valuable ecosystem services, which help to maintain agricultural productivity and reduce the need for pesticide inputs. Vaccinium berry species are somewhat unique compared to many of the world’s fruit crops in that, up until recently, most of the harvesting and culture of species for food occurred in the geographic regions of their origin. This suggests that insects involved in many of the ecosystem services for these berries are native species that have a shared co-evolutionary history. Due to the shared phylogenetic origins of the Vaccinium spp. agroecosystems, the shared need for efficient pollination, and a number of shared agricultural pests, the potential exists for research from these related systems to closely apply to agroecosystems within the same genus. This review brings together research regarding arthropod-mediated ecosystem services from a number of prominent Vaccinium agroecosystems worldwide. In total, thirty-nine ecosystem service studies are discussed. These studies quantified arthropod-mediated ecosystem services being provisioned to Vaccinium agroecosystems. Additionally, thirty-nine surveys of arthropods closely associated and/or providing ecosystem services to Vaccinium systems are also reviewed. Studies took place almost exclusively in temperate regions with a heavy emphasis on insect pest biological control and pollination services. It is our hope that by synthesizing this body of literature, researchers and growers might be able to utilize research methods, results, and conservation recommendations despite differences in production practices and local arthropod fauna.
{"title":"A global review of arthropod-mediated ecosystem-services in Vaccinium berry agroecosystems","authors":"Matthew S. Jones, H. Vanhanen, R. Peltola, F. Drummond","doi":"10.1163/18749836-06041074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18749836-06041074","url":null,"abstract":"Native beneficial arthropods, including bees, predators, and parasitoids, provide valuable ecosystem services, which help to maintain agricultural productivity and reduce the need for pesticide inputs. Vaccinium berry species are somewhat unique compared to many of the world’s fruit crops in that, up until recently, most of the harvesting and culture of species for food occurred in the geographic regions of their origin. This suggests that insects involved in many of the ecosystem services for these berries are native species that have a shared co-evolutionary history. Due to the shared phylogenetic origins of the Vaccinium spp. agroecosystems, the shared need for efficient pollination, and a number of shared agricultural pests, the potential exists for research from these related systems to closely apply to agroecosystems within the same genus. This review brings together research regarding arthropod-mediated ecosystem services from a number of prominent Vaccinium agroecosystems worldwide. In total, thirty-nine ecosystem service studies are discussed. These studies quantified arthropod-mediated ecosystem services being provisioned to Vaccinium agroecosystems. Additionally, thirty-nine surveys of arthropods closely associated and/or providing ecosystem services to Vaccinium systems are also reviewed. Studies took place almost exclusively in temperate regions with a heavy emphasis on insect pest biological control and pollination services. It is our hope that by synthesizing this body of literature, researchers and growers might be able to utilize research methods, results, and conservation recommendations despite differences in production practices and local arthropod fauna.","PeriodicalId":88711,"journal":{"name":"Terrestrial arthropod reviews","volume":"7 1","pages":"41-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18749836-06041074","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64859917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-28DOI: 10.1163/18749836-06041071
P. Jolivet, Poinar George, K. Verma
The genus Timarcha seems unique among Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelinae by having plesiomorphic characters such as genitalia with a ring-like tegmen, covered with a setose parameral cap, together with apomorphic characters, including apterism and fused elytra. The distribution of this genus is also very peculiar: circum Mediterranean and northwestern American. Food selection also seems rather stict, comprising 8 families and 20 genera of plants. Two of the subgenera ( Metallotimarcha and Americanotimarcha ) share one plant family, the Ericaceae. The plant family Rubiaceae is also shared between three subgenera: Timarcha , Timarchostom a and Metallotimarcha . Reflex bleeding among diurnal species, aposematism, thanatosis, stomatic regurgitation are means of defense against predators, but not against parasites and commensals. A very archaic genus, probably originating in early Mesozoic, with around 100 taxa, and 50 subspecies. Mutations remain very common in the group and new species are possibly still emerging.
{"title":"Timarcha Latreille: a strange beetle and a living fossil.","authors":"P. Jolivet, Poinar George, K. Verma","doi":"10.1163/18749836-06041071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18749836-06041071","url":null,"abstract":"The genus Timarcha seems unique among Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelinae by having plesiomorphic characters such as genitalia with a ring-like tegmen, covered with a setose parameral cap, together with apomorphic characters, including apterism and fused elytra. The distribution of this genus is also very peculiar: circum Mediterranean and northwestern American. Food selection also seems rather stict, comprising 8 families and 20 genera of plants. Two of the subgenera ( Metallotimarcha and Americanotimarcha ) share one plant family, the Ericaceae. The plant family Rubiaceae is also shared between three subgenera: Timarcha , Timarchostom a and Metallotimarcha . Reflex bleeding among diurnal species, aposematism, thanatosis, stomatic regurgitation are means of defense against predators, but not against parasites and commensals. A very archaic genus, probably originating in early Mesozoic, with around 100 taxa, and 50 subspecies. Mutations remain very common in the group and new species are possibly still emerging.","PeriodicalId":88711,"journal":{"name":"Terrestrial arthropod reviews","volume":"7 1","pages":"3-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18749836-06041071","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64859738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-28DOI: 10.1163/18749836-07011075
J. Santiago-Blay
{"title":"From the desk of the Editor-in-Chief: During the last six years, Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews has been a broadly scoped, peer-reviewed scientific journal emphasizing arthropod ecology, evolution, and systematics","authors":"J. Santiago-Blay","doi":"10.1163/18749836-07011075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18749836-07011075","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":88711,"journal":{"name":"Terrestrial arthropod reviews","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18749836-07011075","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64859507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-28DOI: 10.1163/18749836-00001072
C. B. Marcondes, C. Costa
Controlling visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil has proven difficult for several reasons, including: 1) limitations in diagnosis and treatment, 2) the failure of the dog culling program, and 3) the short-term residual effect of pyrethroids against the main phlebotomine vector Lutzomyia longipalpis . The disease has become more widespread during the last three decades and it now occurs in 21 of the 26 Brazilian states plus the Federal District, and even affects several state capitals and large cities. Although DDT has many environmental drawbacks and possible toxicity to animals, several countries still use this chemical in their public health programs due to its long-lasting effect. Therefore, this study aims to re-evaluate the use of DDT to control zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis.
{"title":"Visceral leishmaniasis control in Brazil: time to re-evaluate DDT?","authors":"C. B. Marcondes, C. Costa","doi":"10.1163/18749836-00001072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18749836-00001072","url":null,"abstract":"Controlling visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil has proven difficult for several reasons, including: 1) limitations in diagnosis and treatment, 2) the failure of the dog culling program, and 3) the short-term residual effect of pyrethroids against the main phlebotomine vector Lutzomyia longipalpis . The disease has become more widespread during the last three decades and it now occurs in 21 of the 26 Brazilian states plus the Federal District, and even affects several state capitals and large cities. Although DDT has many environmental drawbacks and possible toxicity to animals, several countries still use this chemical in their public health programs due to its long-lasting effect. Therefore, this study aims to re-evaluate the use of DDT to control zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis.","PeriodicalId":88711,"journal":{"name":"Terrestrial arthropod reviews","volume":"7 1","pages":"21-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18749836-00001072","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64858496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-03-31DOI: 10.1163/18749836-06041073
K. Slăma
This review describes the over half-centennial history of research on insect juvenile hormone (JH) as well as its natural and synthetic bioanalogues (JHA or juvenoids).The leading theories of insect hormone action in growth and metamorphosis were created more than 50 years ago by the pioneers of insect endocrinology, V. B. Wigglesworth, C. M. Williams, V. J. A. Novak, H. Piepho, H. A. Schneiderman and L. I. Gilbert. There are two principal categories of hormones released from the central neuroendocrine system (neurosecretory cells of the brain, corpora cardiaca, corpora allata) that regulate insect growth and metamorphosis. The first is a complex set of neurohormones (neuropeptides) originating in the neurosecretory cells of the insect brain, which are released from the neurohaemal organs, the corpora cardiaca. These neuropeptides are responsible for stimulation of various developmental events, such as the release of the activation hormone, AH. The second category of centrally produced hormones in insects is the morphogenesis inhibiting hormone, or juvenile hormone (JH), produced by the associated endocrine glands, the corpora allata. JH is responsible for induction of the somatic larval growth in young instar larvae and stimulation of reproduction in the feeding adult stages. Wigglesworth (1935) first described JH as an inhibitory hormone; Williams (1957) discovered its active extracts. Slama (1961) discovered the hormonomimetic or pseudojuvenile effects of various lipid extracts and free fatty acids. In addition to lipid extracts with JH activity, a phenomenon found in various human organs, microorganisms and plants, JH-mimetic materials were found in American paper products in 1964. The source of the so-called “paper factor” was the wood of the Canadian balsam fir. The potential use of these and other analogues of JH as nontoxic, selectively acting “third generation pesticides” stimulated an enormous boom of activity among industrial and academic institutions all over the world, in the pursuit of synthetic JH analogues for replacement of toxic insecticides. For practical reasons, in this review the chemical structures of the synthetic juvenoids have been divided into three categories: a) natural and synthetic, predominantly terpenoid juvenoids known before 1970; b) terpenoid and nonterpenoid juvenoids synthesized and tested before 1980, and; c) predominantly nonterpenoid, polycyclic juvenoids with relatively high JH activity, found and selected for practical use after 1980. Chemical structures of several juvenoids of theoretical or practical importance, together with the essential structure-activity relationships, are outlined in several figures and tables. The total number of all juvenoids reported active in one or more insects species has been estimated to be more than 4000 compounds. A juvenoid molecule has, more or less, a similar molecular size, roughly equivalent to a chain of 15 to 17 carbon atoms, with the presence of some slightly pol
本文综述了昆虫幼体激素(JH)及其天然和合成生物类似物(JHA或幼体)半个多世纪的研究历史。50多年前，昆虫内分泌学的先驱们，V. B. Wigglesworth、C. M. Williams、V. J. A. Novak、H. pipho、H. A. Schneiderman和L. I. Gilbert，创立了昆虫激素在生长和蜕变中的作用的主要理论。从中枢神经内分泌系统(大脑的神经分泌细胞、心体、异形体)释放的激素主要有两类，它们调节昆虫的生长和变态。第一种是一套复杂的神经激素(神经肽)，起源于昆虫大脑的神经分泌细胞，从神经血液器官——心体——释放出来。这些神经肽负责刺激各种发育事件，如激活激素AH的释放。昆虫体内第二类集中产生的激素是形态发生抑制激素，或称幼体激素(JH)，由相关的内分泌腺，即异形体产生。JH对幼龄幼虫的体幼虫生长有诱导作用，对成虫取食期的繁殖有刺激作用。Wigglesworth(1935)首次将JH描述为一种抑制激素;Williams(1957)发现了它的活性提取物。Slama(1961)发现了各种脂质提取物和游离脂肪酸的拟激素或假幼年效应。除了具有JH活性的脂质提取物(一种在各种人体器官、微生物和植物中发现的现象)外，1964年在美国纸制品中也发现了类似JH的材料。所谓的“纸张因素”的来源是加拿大香脂冷杉的木材。这些和其他JH类似物作为无毒的、选择性作用的“第三代农药”的潜在用途，刺激了世界各地工业和学术机构的巨大活动热潮，以寻求合成JH类似物来取代有毒杀虫剂。由于实际原因，本文将合成的类芳烃的化学结构分为三类:a)天然的和合成的，主要是1970年以前已知的萜类芳烃;B) 1980年以前合成和测试的萜类和非萜类幼体;c)主要是非萜类，具有较高JH活性的多环芳烃，1980年后发现并选择用于实际应用。几种具有理论或实际意义的幼烷化合物的化学结构，以及基本的构效关系，在几个图和表中进行了概述。据报道，在一种或多种昆虫中活跃的所有稚虫的总数估计超过4000个化合物。幼体分子或多或少具有类似的分子大小，大致相当于由15到17个碳原子组成的链，具有一些微极性官能团和或多或少亲脂性的物理化学性质。除了这些相似之处，在结构类型上也有许多变化，包括无环萜类衍生物、芳基萜类衍生物、多肽、杂环和多环萜类衍生物、苯氧苯基萜类化合物、类氨基甲酸酯和吡啶衍生物。除了众所周知的和深入研究的幼体效应，如抑制变态、抑制胚胎发生和刺激卵巢生长，还有一些不太显著的和很大程度上未被探索的幼体生物学效应。这些现象包括:a)幼虫对胚胎发育的影响(杀卵效应);b) JH对卵期变态的延迟效应;C)性传播的雌性不育，由雄性的幼年性治疗引起;D)非挥发性的、生化活性的幼体复合物，通过酶水解该复合物产生具有激素活性的幼体;E)具有抗青少年活性的抗激素。关于JH对昆虫变态的调控，近50年来提出了两种基本的激素理论。第一种是Gilbert-Riddiford的理论，通过昆虫生理学、生物化学和内分泌学的教科书在世界各地的大学广泛传播。第二种不太出名的昆虫发育激素理论是Novak-Slama的理论。简而言之，吉尔伯特-里迪福德理论建立在几个基本原则的基础上。 它们是:a) 50多年前创造的脑激素-前胸腺(PG)概念，后来被威廉姆斯推翻;b) pipho的结论，高浓度JH可使单个表皮细胞发育成幼虫型、中浓度下的蛹型和零浓度下的成虫表皮型;c)在内生真菌昆虫的最后幼虫阶段需要少量的JH，以防止象盘的过早增生;d) PG通过一个小的内源性表皮甾体激素峰先于大的蛹前峰刺激变态;e)促胸前激素(pth)从PG中释放出来;f)真正的幼体激素是一种倍半萜类化合物，称为环氧高脂脂酸酯(JH-I)，从成年雄性蚕蛾的腹部分离出来;g) JH和其他激素的生理功能在外周水平受酶(酯酶)或基因(耐甲氧二烯、Met或Broad复合基因)的调节。诺瓦克-斯拉玛理论建立在完全不同的基础之上。简而言之，它们是:a) PG代表一个外周器官，它不参与换羽周期的调节;b) PG是JH(而不是PTTH)的附属靶标，它们在幼虫的最后阶段是不活跃的，它们的去除并不会取消换毛周期;c)在幼龄幼虫生长过程中，PG通过分泌一种脂肪动力学超激素来产生代谢水，刺激日粮脂肪的完全燃烧;d)小、中、大浓度的JH不重要，激素只需要以最低的、生理上有效的浓度存在;e)发生变态的必要条件是从倒数第二个幼虫的后半期开始实际上没有JH;f) JH在单细胞水平上的作用遵循“全有或无”的规则，对JH的时间敏感性严格限制在蜕皮周期开始前的一个狭窄时期，即细胞开始分裂之前;g)异位体在非摄食期不产生JH，倍半萜类幼体JH- i不可能是昆虫真正的JH(其JH活性很低，比人造肽幼体小10万倍);h)发育周期完全由脑神经分泌细胞(AH)产生的神经肽刺激;i) AH的发育刺激与pth或PG没有任何共同之处;J)当激素系统中的环境干预变得过时时，换毛周期的调节变得自主(激素独立)，由基因组编码的刻板指令支持;K)在昆虫数百万年的进化过程中，中枢神经内分泌系统获得了叠加的表观遗传能力，以适应基因功能，并使它们与环境的基本变化同步。本文提出了一种基于中枢神经内分泌系统两种激素(AH、JH)简单联合调控昆虫变态的模型。已经提出了一种可能性，即4000种已知的幼体分子作为影响表皮细胞膜通透性的反馈或稳态因素。关于allatum激素可能的肽或蛋白质性质的推测已被强调。
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