Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1163/187498308X414733
Margaret Savanick Guiney, K. Oberhauser
Insect conservation has generally received less public attention than vertebrate conservation. Less is known about threats to invertebrates, and invertebrates generally have less public charisma than vertebrates and thus engender less concern. We argue that an additional reason is that invertebrates are rarely used as flagship conservation species, and that increased focus on invertebrate conservation in public campaigns would benefit this important group of species and conservation efforts in general. We describe conservation efforts focused on three groups: charismatic insects, endangered insects, and insects that provide important ecological services. In each of these cases, we provide a case study that illustrates ways in which these efforts have wide-reaching conservation and education impacts. Our goals are to expand insect conservation efforts and to motivate entomologists and conservationists in general to utilize appropriate insect species to garner support for conservation efforts.
{"title":"Insects as flagship conservation species","authors":"Margaret Savanick Guiney, K. Oberhauser","doi":"10.1163/187498308X414733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/187498308X414733","url":null,"abstract":"Insect conservation has generally received less public attention than vertebrate conservation. Less is known about threats to invertebrates, and invertebrates generally have less public charisma than vertebrates and thus engender less concern. We argue that an additional reason is that invertebrates are rarely used as flagship conservation species, and that increased focus on invertebrate conservation in public campaigns would benefit this important group of species and conservation efforts in general. We describe conservation efforts focused on three groups: charismatic insects, endangered insects, and insects that provide important ecological services. In each of these cases, we provide a case study that illustrates ways in which these efforts have wide-reaching conservation and education impacts. Our goals are to expand insect conservation efforts and to motivate entomologists and conservationists in general to utilize appropriate insect species to garner support for conservation efforts.","PeriodicalId":88711,"journal":{"name":"Terrestrial arthropod reviews","volume":"1 1","pages":"111-123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/187498308X414733","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64856804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1163/187498309X435649
S. Dupont, T. Pape
A review is provided of the morphological and behavioural observations known for the 190 recorded termitophilous and other termite-associated species of Phoridae (scuttle flies) known worldwide. A full list of these termite-associated phorids is provided, together with their recorded termite hosts, as an Appendix. The influence of batch size, egg size, developmental cycle, wing reduction and winglessness, egg-laying and morphological adaptations of a termite-associated lifestyle is discussed, based on differences observed among termite-associated phorids. A high number of termitophilous phorid species with batch sizes of four eggs or less are noted, probably reflecting the stable environment termitophilous phorids experience, and the high percentage of species with parasitoid or predatory larvae. Minimising the free-living larval stage by a reduction of the number of instars, by larval instar curtailment, or by endoparasitism is here hypothesised to be an advantageous life history strategy for many termite-associated phorids. Termite-associated phorids can be divided into four main types, according to their biology and morphology. The exploitive- and generalistic-types include both obligate and non-obligate termite associates that take advantage of the more vulnerable stages of the termites. The protective- and guest-types are obligate associates, spending full larval and pupal stages with their hosts. The guest-type is described as being socially integrated, communicating with the host and being involved in worker/nymph interactions.
{"title":"A review of termitophilous and other termite-associated scuttle flies worldwide (Diptera: Phoridae)","authors":"S. Dupont, T. Pape","doi":"10.1163/187498309X435649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/187498309X435649","url":null,"abstract":"A review is provided of the morphological and behavioural observations known for the 190 recorded termitophilous and other termite-associated species of Phoridae (scuttle flies) known worldwide. A full list of these termite-associated phorids is provided, together with their recorded termite hosts, as an Appendix. The influence of batch size, egg size, developmental cycle, wing reduction and winglessness, egg-laying and morphological adaptations of a termite-associated lifestyle is discussed, based on differences observed among termite-associated phorids. A high number of termitophilous phorid species with batch sizes of four eggs or less are noted, probably reflecting the stable environment termitophilous phorids experience, and the high percentage of species with parasitoid or predatory larvae. Minimising the free-living larval stage by a reduction of the number of instars, by larval instar curtailment, or by endoparasitism is here hypothesised to be an advantageous life history strategy for many termite-associated phorids. Termite-associated phorids can be divided into four main types, according to their biology and morphology. The exploitive- and generalistic-types include both obligate and non-obligate termite associates that take advantage of the more vulnerable stages of the termites. The protective- and guest-types are obligate associates, spending full larval and pupal stages with their hosts. The guest-type is described as being socially integrated, communicating with the host and being involved in worker/nymph interactions.","PeriodicalId":88711,"journal":{"name":"Terrestrial arthropod reviews","volume":"2 1","pages":"3-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/187498309X435649","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64857085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1163/187498309X455052
S. Henshall, J. Sadler, D. Hannah, Adam Bates Crone
{"title":"Christianizing Freud: Sublimation and Creativity in Modern Russian Religious Thought","authors":"S. Henshall, J. Sadler, D. Hannah, Adam Bates Crone","doi":"10.1163/187498309X455052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/187498309X455052","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":88711,"journal":{"name":"Terrestrial arthropod reviews","volume":"2 1","pages":"77-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/187498309X455052","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64857141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1163/187498308X414751
K. Spitzer, J. Jaros
Temporal variability of moth abundance was monitored for 28 years (1981-2008) by nightly light trap samples during the growing season in native habitat in the Cernis alder carr (open forested wetland) in South Bohemia, Czech Republic. The results of this long-term inventory are summarized and discussed. The wetland moth community was analysed for species richness and population dynamics (temporal variability of abundance were measured by a coefficient of variation – CV) and evaluated against select ecological parameters. Moth population variability (year to year fluctuation), which is highly species-specific, is a result of complex interactions between bionomic strategies (correlates of “r-K continuum”) and habitat characteristics. High bioindicator and conservation values are characteristic of moths with low values of coefficient of variation associated with vegetation units close to edaphic “climax” in the alder carr wetland. The local and regional dynamics of all moth populations associated with the natural wetland (alder carr) were investigated, and the data obtained are critical for predicting patterns of biodiversity.
{"title":"Long-term monitoring of moth populations (Lepidoptera) associated with a natural wetland forest: synthesis after 25 years","authors":"K. Spitzer, J. Jaros","doi":"10.1163/187498308X414751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/187498308X414751","url":null,"abstract":"Temporal variability of moth abundance was monitored for 28 years (1981-2008) by nightly light trap samples during the growing season in native habitat in the Cernis alder carr (open forested wetland) in South Bohemia, Czech Republic. The results of this long-term inventory are summarized and discussed. The wetland moth community was analysed for species richness and population dynamics (temporal variability of abundance were measured by a coefficient of variation – CV) and evaluated against select ecological parameters. Moth population variability (year to year fluctuation), which is highly species-specific, is a result of complex interactions between bionomic strategies (correlates of “r-K continuum”) and habitat characteristics. High bioindicator and conservation values are characteristic of moths with low values of coefficient of variation associated with vegetation units close to edaphic “climax” in the alder carr wetland. The local and regional dynamics of all moth populations associated with the natural wetland (alder carr) were investigated, and the data obtained are critical for predicting patterns of biodiversity.","PeriodicalId":88711,"journal":{"name":"Terrestrial arthropod reviews","volume":"1 1","pages":"155-163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/187498308X414751","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64857079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1163/187498209X12525675906031
F. Infante, J. Jaramillo, A. Castillo, F. Vega
The coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari), is the most devastating insect pest of coffee throughout the world. Adult females bore a hole in the coffee berry, where they deposit their eggs; upon hatching, larvae feed on the coffee seeds inside the berry, thus reducing yield and quality of the marketable product. The insect spends most of its life inside the coffee berry, making it extremely difficult to control. This paper presents a short review of the literature dealing with natural enemies of the coffee berry borer, on the possible use of fungal endophytes as a biocontrol strategy, and on factors that might be involved in attracting the insect towards the coffee plant. The paper identifies some areas where research efforts should be focused to increase the chances of successfully developing an effective pest management strategy against the coffee berry borer.
{"title":"The coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): a short review, with recent findings and future research directions","authors":"F. Infante, J. Jaramillo, A. Castillo, F. Vega","doi":"10.1163/187498209X12525675906031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/187498209X12525675906031","url":null,"abstract":"The coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari), is the most devastating insect pest of coffee throughout the world. Adult females bore a hole in the coffee berry, where they deposit their eggs; upon hatching, larvae feed on the coffee seeds inside the berry, thus reducing yield and quality of the marketable product. The insect spends most of its life inside the coffee berry, making it extremely difficult to control. This paper presents a short review of the literature dealing with natural enemies of the coffee berry borer, on the possible use of fungal endophytes as a biocontrol strategy, and on factors that might be involved in attracting the insect towards the coffee plant. The paper identifies some areas where research efforts should be focused to increase the chances of successfully developing an effective pest management strategy against the coffee berry borer.","PeriodicalId":88711,"journal":{"name":"Terrestrial arthropod reviews","volume":"2 1","pages":"129-147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/187498209X12525675906031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64856761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1163/187498310X492707
J. Santiago-Blay
{"title":"From the desk of the Editor-in-Chief","authors":"J. Santiago-Blay","doi":"10.1163/187498310X492707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/187498310X492707","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":88711,"journal":{"name":"Terrestrial arthropod reviews","volume":"3 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/187498310X492707","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64857420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.1163/187498308X345415
J. Santiago-Blay, M. Thijssen
{"title":"Terrestrial Arthropod Review From the Editor-in-Chief and the Publisher","authors":"J. Santiago-Blay, M. Thijssen","doi":"10.1163/187498308X345415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/187498308X345415","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":88711,"journal":{"name":"Terrestrial arthropod reviews","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/187498308X345415","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64856629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.1163/187498308X345433
K. Slăma
Terrestrial insects exhibit extracardiac pulsations (ExP) in haemocoelic pressure, similar in some respect to the human blood pressure pulse. The pulsations are produced by large intersegmental abdominal musculature (abdominal pressure pump). The dorsal vessel of insects is a relatively weak organ which is unable to pump haemolymph against an increased gradient of pressure. The weak cardiac pulsations (myogenic nature) and strong ExP (neurogenic nature) occasionally occur hand in hand during similar periods with similar, but not identical frequencies. This increases the possibility of their mutual confusion. ExP can be recorded directly from haemocoelic cavity by means of hydraulic transducers or, indirectly from the body surface by recording movements of some flexible segments. In most cases, we recorded pulsations in haemocoelic pressure indirectly by recording movements of the terminal abdominal segments in immobile pupal stages. The movements caused by ExP are generally very small and invisible, only in the μm range. However, the corresponding abdominal movements or changes in haemocoelic pressure associated with the heartbeat are 30- to 500-fold smaller, in the range of nanometers. During the past three decades we have recorded cardiac and extracardiac pulsations in haemocoelic pressure in a number of insects and ticks. Practical examples of extracardiac pulsation patterns and their distinction from the heartbeat is described here for all major groups of terrestrial insects. The results obtained with monitoring of haemocoelic pulsations have revealed that terrestrial insects and possibly other arthropods posses a brain-independent, neuroendocrine system, called coelopulse. This type of newly discovered, autonomic, cholinergic system of insects shows apparent structural and functional analogy with the parasympathetic system of vertebrate animals. It regulates a number of homeostatic physiological and developmental functions, using pulsations in haemocoelic pressure for controlling circulatory and respiratory functions. The regulatory nervous center of the coelopulse system is located within thoracic ganglia of the ventral nerve cord (in analogy with parasympathetic centers in the spinal cord). Nerve impulses are dispatched from neurons of the thoracic ganglia through connectives and abdominal ganglia into large intersegmental abdominal muscles, whose contractions cause large peaks in haemocoelic pressure. The described coelopulse system controls a number of important physiological functions. For instance: 1) ExP in haemocoelic pressure cause rapid circulatory inflow and outflow of haemolymph between thoracic and abdominal parts of the body; 2) The relatively strong pressure changes caused by ExP can vigorously move tissue and organs against each other, thus preventing occlusion of haemolymph among densely packed organs; 3) Large extracardiac peaks in haemocoelic pressure open or close passively, one-way valves or tissue fold and promote circu
{"title":"Extracardiac haemocoelic pulsations and the autonomic neuroendocrine system (coelopulse) of terrestrial insects","authors":"K. Slăma","doi":"10.1163/187498308X345433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/187498308X345433","url":null,"abstract":"Terrestrial insects exhibit extracardiac pulsations (ExP) in haemocoelic pressure, similar in some respect to the human blood pressure pulse. The pulsations are produced by large intersegmental abdominal musculature (abdominal pressure pump). The dorsal vessel of insects is a relatively weak organ which is unable to pump haemolymph against an increased gradient of pressure. The weak cardiac pulsations (myogenic nature) and strong ExP (neurogenic nature) occasionally occur hand in hand during similar periods with similar, but not identical frequencies. This increases the possibility of their mutual confusion. ExP can be recorded directly from haemocoelic cavity by means of hydraulic transducers or, indirectly from the body surface by recording movements of some flexible segments. In most cases, we recorded pulsations in haemocoelic pressure indirectly by recording movements of the terminal abdominal segments in immobile pupal stages. The movements caused by ExP are generally very small and invisible, only in the μm range. However, the corresponding abdominal movements or changes in haemocoelic pressure associated with the heartbeat are 30- to 500-fold smaller, in the range of nanometers. During the past three decades we have recorded cardiac and extracardiac pulsations in haemocoelic pressure in a number of insects and ticks. Practical examples of extracardiac pulsation patterns and their distinction from the heartbeat is described here for all major groups of terrestrial insects. The results obtained with monitoring of haemocoelic pulsations have revealed that terrestrial insects and possibly other arthropods posses a brain-independent, neuroendocrine system, called coelopulse. This type of newly discovered, autonomic, cholinergic system of insects shows apparent structural and functional analogy with the parasympathetic system of vertebrate animals. It regulates a number of homeostatic physiological and developmental functions, using pulsations in haemocoelic pressure for controlling circulatory and respiratory functions. The regulatory nervous center of the coelopulse system is located within thoracic ganglia of the ventral nerve cord (in analogy with parasympathetic centers in the spinal cord). Nerve impulses are dispatched from neurons of the thoracic ganglia through connectives and abdominal ganglia into large intersegmental abdominal muscles, whose contractions cause large peaks in haemocoelic pressure. The described coelopulse system controls a number of important physiological functions. For instance: 1) ExP in haemocoelic pressure cause rapid circulatory inflow and outflow of haemolymph between thoracic and abdominal parts of the body; 2) The relatively strong pressure changes caused by ExP can vigorously move tissue and organs against each other, thus preventing occlusion of haemolymph among densely packed organs; 3) Large extracardiac peaks in haemocoelic pressure open or close passively, one-way valves or tissue fold and promote circu","PeriodicalId":88711,"journal":{"name":"Terrestrial arthropod reviews","volume":"1 1","pages":"39-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/187498308X345433","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64856790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.1163/187498308X345442
J. Choo
The practice of human entomophagy is important to the livelihood of many subsistence cultures. Insect foods are a source of protein in traditional diets and are often considered delicacies. While considerable research has been conducted on the nutritional benefits of insects to human welfare, there has been little focus on understanding how harvests of insect foods can potentially impact local ecology. In this paper, I address the potential ecological consequences of insect harvesting activities with a focus on Neotropical subsistence communities. I confine my discussion to four insect foods - palm weevils, bruchid beetles, ants, and termites. Insect harvesting has the potential to not only influence insect populations but also to alter ecological interactions between plant and insects. I propose that rigorous studies on insect harvest intensity, in space and time, are necessary steps in understanding the full effects of harvesting activities on insect populations and broader forest communities. Research on the ecological implications of insect harvests are important in the face of potential increases in the demand for insect food as a result of rapid population growth within indigenous communities and increased hunting pressures on wild game.
{"title":"Potential ecological implications of human entomophagy by subsistence groups of the Neotropics","authors":"J. Choo","doi":"10.1163/187498308X345442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/187498308X345442","url":null,"abstract":"The practice of human entomophagy is important to the livelihood of many subsistence cultures. Insect foods are a source of protein in traditional diets and are often considered delicacies. While considerable research has been conducted on the nutritional benefits of insects to human welfare, there has been little focus on understanding how harvests of insect foods can potentially impact local ecology. In this paper, I address the potential ecological consequences of insect harvesting activities with a focus on Neotropical subsistence communities. I confine my discussion to four insect foods - palm weevils, bruchid beetles, ants, and termites. Insect harvesting has the potential to not only influence insect populations but also to alter ecological interactions between plant and insects. I propose that rigorous studies on insect harvest intensity, in space and time, are necessary steps in understanding the full effects of harvesting activities on insect populations and broader forest communities. Research on the ecological implications of insect harvests are important in the face of potential increases in the demand for insect food as a result of rapid population growth within indigenous communities and increased hunting pressures on wild game.","PeriodicalId":88711,"journal":{"name":"Terrestrial arthropod reviews","volume":"1 1","pages":"81-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/187498308X345442","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64856795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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