Pub Date : 2008-04-23DOI: 10.2174/1874255600801010022
N. Zech, P. Rubnerb, J. Wissera, A. Thoenic, P. Vanderzwalmenb, H. Zech
This retrospective observational study reports on the higher incidence of cardiac defects in newborns after in vi- tro fertilization (IVF) at a single center. The incidence of major congenital malformations of 379 children born between 1985 and 1989 (group A) following IVF after culture in medium containing human serum was compared to that of 441 children born between 1993 and 1997 (group B) after IVF using commercially produced media in which serum is substi- tuted by synthetic serum replacement/ human serum albumin. In group A, major birth defects were noticed in 4.2% of cases with 2.9% clinically apparent congenital heart defects (CHD) at birth compared to an incidence of major birth de- fects of 0.7% in group B with no clinically apparent CHD (P < 0.001). Components in the in vitro culture system contain- ing serum are likely related to the congenital malformations observed in this study.
{"title":"Cardiac Malformation Rate: A Link to Embryo-Culture in Medium Containing Serum?","authors":"N. Zech, P. Rubnerb, J. Wissera, A. Thoenic, P. Vanderzwalmenb, H. Zech","doi":"10.2174/1874255600801010022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874255600801010022","url":null,"abstract":"This retrospective observational study reports on the higher incidence of cardiac defects in newborns after in vi- tro fertilization (IVF) at a single center. The incidence of major congenital malformations of 379 children born between 1985 and 1989 (group A) following IVF after culture in medium containing human serum was compared to that of 441 children born between 1993 and 1997 (group B) after IVF using commercially produced media in which serum is substi- tuted by synthetic serum replacement/ human serum albumin. In group A, major birth defects were noticed in 4.2% of cases with 2.9% clinically apparent congenital heart defects (CHD) at birth compared to an incidence of major birth de- fects of 0.7% in group B with no clinically apparent CHD (P < 0.001). Components in the in vitro culture system contain- ing serum are likely related to the congenital malformations observed in this study.","PeriodicalId":88757,"journal":{"name":"The open reproductive science journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"22-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87737025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-04-23DOI: 10.2174/1874255600801010016
J. Ten, J. Mendiola, A. Torres-Cantero, J. Moreno-Grau, S. Moreno-Grau, M. Roca, J. Romero, R. Bernabeu
Human semen quality may be declining due to environmental pollutants, occupational exposures or changes in lifestyle. Nonetheless, we still know little about the impact of those factors on male fertility. Some heavy metals, volatile organic compounds or xenoestrogens may compromise reproductive male function. This process could take place along the human life cycle and not only in certain stages of development. We review the main factors that affect human male fertility and their possible influence in current human reproduction.
{"title":"Occupational and Lifestyle Exposures on Male Infertility: A Mini Review","authors":"J. Ten, J. Mendiola, A. Torres-Cantero, J. Moreno-Grau, S. Moreno-Grau, M. Roca, J. Romero, R. Bernabeu","doi":"10.2174/1874255600801010016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874255600801010016","url":null,"abstract":"Human semen quality may be declining due to environmental pollutants, occupational exposures or changes in lifestyle. Nonetheless, we still know little about the impact of those factors on male fertility. Some heavy metals, volatile organic compounds or xenoestrogens may compromise reproductive male function. This process could take place along the human life cycle and not only in certain stages of development. We review the main factors that affect human male fertility and their possible influence in current human reproduction.","PeriodicalId":88757,"journal":{"name":"The open reproductive science journal","volume":"37 2 1","pages":"16-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78057513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-03-27DOI: 10.2174/1874255600801010011
A. A. Vireque, R. Reis, A. A. M. R. E. Silva, L. O. T. Resende, Etelvina Ferreira, A.C.J.S. Rosa e Silva, R. Ferriani
Advances in assisted reproduction techniques and the treatment of diseases known to be correlated with infer- tility such as polycystic ovary syndrome and premature ovarian failure require a better understanding of ovarian physiol- ogy. Despite the enormous quantity of information produced over the last two decades, the mechanisms controlling fol- licular development are not fully understood. Ovarian function is regulated by interactions between gonadotropins, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and local ovarian factors such as inhibins, activins, bone morphogenetic pro- tein-15 (BMP-15) and growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9), all members of the transformation and growth factor-� (TGF-� ) superfamily. There is evidence of a functional ovarian BMP system with countless genes involved in normal fol- licular development and in fertility. The present review summarizes the ligands of the TGF-� superfamily, their receptors and signaling pathways and discusses the ovarian functions of the BMPs secreted by the oocytes as critical regulators of fertility.
{"title":"Involvement of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) in Ovarian Function and Infertility","authors":"A. A. Vireque, R. Reis, A. A. M. R. E. Silva, L. O. T. Resende, Etelvina Ferreira, A.C.J.S. Rosa e Silva, R. Ferriani","doi":"10.2174/1874255600801010011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874255600801010011","url":null,"abstract":"Advances in assisted reproduction techniques and the treatment of diseases known to be correlated with infer- tility such as polycystic ovary syndrome and premature ovarian failure require a better understanding of ovarian physiol- ogy. Despite the enormous quantity of information produced over the last two decades, the mechanisms controlling fol- licular development are not fully understood. Ovarian function is regulated by interactions between gonadotropins, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and local ovarian factors such as inhibins, activins, bone morphogenetic pro- tein-15 (BMP-15) and growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9), all members of the transformation and growth factor-� (TGF-� ) superfamily. There is evidence of a functional ovarian BMP system with countless genes involved in normal fol- licular development and in fertility. The present review summarizes the ligands of the TGF-� superfamily, their receptors and signaling pathways and discusses the ovarian functions of the BMPs secreted by the oocytes as critical regulators of fertility.","PeriodicalId":88757,"journal":{"name":"The open reproductive science journal","volume":"74 1","pages":"11-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79952015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-02-27DOI: 10.2174/1874255600801010008
E. L. Taylor, P. McComb
A new laparoscopic technique of ovarian suspension with microsuture that physically separates the ovary from the ovarian fossa to reduce the incidence of post-operative adhesions is described. Four women with adhesions of the ovary to the ovarian fossa and infertility underwent laparoscopic surgery with ovarian suspension. A 6-0 weight polypro- pylene swaged to a tapered straight needle was passed laterally to medially through the ipsilateral round ligament, through the mesosalpinx and then through the medial aspect of the ovarian insertion of the utero-ovarian ligament. The needle was then passed back through the mesosalpinx and round ligament and tied. The technique, technical feasibility, ease of pro- cedure and post-operative complication rate is detailed. This technique separates the ovarian surface from the peritoneum of the ovarian fossa yet maintains the normal adnexal anatomy.
{"title":"A New Technique of Laparoscopic Ovarian Suspension with Microsuture for Adhesion Prevention in Patients Undergoing Fertility Enhancing Surgery","authors":"E. L. Taylor, P. McComb","doi":"10.2174/1874255600801010008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874255600801010008","url":null,"abstract":"A new laparoscopic technique of ovarian suspension with microsuture that physically separates the ovary from the ovarian fossa to reduce the incidence of post-operative adhesions is described. Four women with adhesions of the ovary to the ovarian fossa and infertility underwent laparoscopic surgery with ovarian suspension. A 6-0 weight polypro- pylene swaged to a tapered straight needle was passed laterally to medially through the ipsilateral round ligament, through the mesosalpinx and then through the medial aspect of the ovarian insertion of the utero-ovarian ligament. The needle was then passed back through the mesosalpinx and round ligament and tied. The technique, technical feasibility, ease of pro- cedure and post-operative complication rate is detailed. This technique separates the ovarian surface from the peritoneum of the ovarian fossa yet maintains the normal adnexal anatomy.","PeriodicalId":88757,"journal":{"name":"The open reproductive science journal","volume":"179 1","pages":"8-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74875357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-15DOI: 10.2174/1874255600801010001
H. Mastoroudes, M. Gorti, G. Hudelist
Third degree perineal tears are a major complication in vaginal childbirth and are more frequent in vaginal op- erative deliveries (VOD). Several studies have reported on risk factors associated with severe perineal trauma and its complications such as fecal and urinary incontinence. Within this, the role performance and type of episiotomy remains controversial, especially if combined with VOD. Although midline and mediolateral episiotomies are commonly per- formed in combination with VOD, their role for prevention of severe perineal trauma in VOD is still unclear. In order to elucidate the impact of midline and mediolateral episiotomy in conjunction with VOD, the present review focuses on the potential risks and benefits of these episiotomy types and their role in VOD. Speciality: Obstetrics Essence: Observational studies suggest that mediolateral episiotomy should be the preferred method to reduce the inci- dence of severe perineal trauma if instruments, especially forceps are used for VOD. Midline episiotomies should be avoided in combination with VOD as they appear to substantially increase the risk for sphincter disruption.
{"title":"Episiotomy and Instrumental Delivery: Can Severe Perineal Injury Be Avoided?","authors":"H. Mastoroudes, M. Gorti, G. Hudelist","doi":"10.2174/1874255600801010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874255600801010001","url":null,"abstract":"Third degree perineal tears are a major complication in vaginal childbirth and are more frequent in vaginal op- erative deliveries (VOD). Several studies have reported on risk factors associated with severe perineal trauma and its complications such as fecal and urinary incontinence. Within this, the role performance and type of episiotomy remains controversial, especially if combined with VOD. Although midline and mediolateral episiotomies are commonly per- formed in combination with VOD, their role for prevention of severe perineal trauma in VOD is still unclear. In order to elucidate the impact of midline and mediolateral episiotomy in conjunction with VOD, the present review focuses on the potential risks and benefits of these episiotomy types and their role in VOD. Speciality: Obstetrics Essence: Observational studies suggest that mediolateral episiotomy should be the preferred method to reduce the inci- dence of severe perineal trauma if instruments, especially forceps are used for VOD. Midline episiotomies should be avoided in combination with VOD as they appear to substantially increase the risk for sphincter disruption.","PeriodicalId":88757,"journal":{"name":"The open reproductive science journal","volume":"71 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88116189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.2174/1874255600801010045
Obinna N Nnedu, Staci McCorvey, Sheila Campbell-Forrester, Janice Chang, Hamisu M Salihu, Pauline E Jolly
The use of condoms can reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We conducted this study to determine factors that impact condom use among patients attending an STI clinic in Montego Bay, Jamaica. A questionnaire containing sections on socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge of STIs and HIV, preventive measures for STI/HIV transmission and sexual practices including condom use was administered to 212 participants. Using logistic regression, we determined the relationship between the different factors and condom use during the last sexual episode. Approximately 43% of study participants reported condom use during the last sexual episode. Employment (OR=2.2; 95%CI=1.1-4.1) and greater knowledge of STIs (OR=1.9, 95%CI=1.02-3.6) were associated with increased likelihood of condom use during the last sexual episode. Having multiple sexual partners was associated with decreased likelihood to report condom use (OR=0.3, 95%CI=0.1-0.9). Also, persons belonging to a religious organization were less likely to report condom use (OR=0.5, 95%CI=0.2-0.9). The results of this study can be used in formulating effective strategies to increase condom use in Montego Bay. This would decrease the transmission of STIs and HIV.
{"title":"Factors Influencing Condom Use among Sexually Transmitted Infection Clinic Patients in Montego Bay, Jamaica.","authors":"Obinna N Nnedu, Staci McCorvey, Sheila Campbell-Forrester, Janice Chang, Hamisu M Salihu, Pauline E Jolly","doi":"10.2174/1874255600801010045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874255600801010045","url":null,"abstract":"The use of condoms can reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We conducted this study to determine factors that impact condom use among patients attending an STI clinic in Montego Bay, Jamaica. A questionnaire containing sections on socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge of STIs and HIV, preventive measures for STI/HIV transmission and sexual practices including condom use was administered to 212 participants. Using logistic regression, we determined the relationship between the different factors and condom use during the last sexual episode. Approximately 43% of study participants reported condom use during the last sexual episode. Employment (OR=2.2; 95%CI=1.1-4.1) and greater knowledge of STIs (OR=1.9, 95%CI=1.02-3.6) were associated with increased likelihood of condom use during the last sexual episode. Having multiple sexual partners was associated with decreased likelihood to report condom use (OR=0.3, 95%CI=0.1-0.9). Also, persons belonging to a religious organization were less likely to report condom use (OR=0.5, 95%CI=0.2-0.9). The results of this study can be used in formulating effective strategies to increase condom use in Montego Bay. This would decrease the transmission of STIs and HIV.","PeriodicalId":88757,"journal":{"name":"The open reproductive science journal","volume":"1 ","pages":"45-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2826793/pdf/nihms-154526.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28736560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.2174/1874255600801010035
Zhen Zhen Zhao, Dale R Nyholt, Lien Le, Susan A Treloar, Grant W Montgomery
Endometriosis is a complex disease involving multiple susceptibility genes and environmental factors. Our previous studies on endometriosis identified a region of significant linkage on chromosome 10q. Two biological candidate genes (CYP17A1 and IFIT1) located on chromosome 10q, have previously been implicated in endometriosis and/or uterine function. We hypothesized that variation in CYP17A1 and/or IFIT1 could contribute to the risk of endometriosis and may account for some of the linkage signal on chromosome 10q. We genotyped 17 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CYP17A1 and IFIT1 genes including SNP rs743572 previously associated with endometriosis in 768 endometriosis cases and 768 unrelated controls. We found no evidence for association between endometriosis and individual SNPs or SNP haplotypes in CYP17A1 and IFIT1. Common variation in these genes does not appear to be a major contributor to endometriosis susceptibility in our Australian sample.
{"title":"Common Variation in the CYP17A1 and IFIT1 Genes on Chromosome 10 Does Not Contribute to the Risk of Endometriosis.","authors":"Zhen Zhen Zhao, Dale R Nyholt, Lien Le, Susan A Treloar, Grant W Montgomery","doi":"10.2174/1874255600801010035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874255600801010035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Endometriosis is a complex disease involving multiple susceptibility genes and environmental factors. Our previous studies on endometriosis identified a region of significant linkage on chromosome 10q. Two biological candidate genes (CYP17A1 and IFIT1) located on chromosome 10q, have previously been implicated in endometriosis and/or uterine function. We hypothesized that variation in CYP17A1 and/or IFIT1 could contribute to the risk of endometriosis and may account for some of the linkage signal on chromosome 10q. We genotyped 17 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CYP17A1 and IFIT1 genes including SNP rs743572 previously associated with endometriosis in 768 endometriosis cases and 768 unrelated controls. We found no evidence for association between endometriosis and individual SNPs or SNP haplotypes in CYP17A1 and IFIT1. Common variation in these genes does not appear to be a major contributor to endometriosis susceptibility in our Australian sample.</p>","PeriodicalId":88757,"journal":{"name":"The open reproductive science journal","volume":"1 ","pages":"35-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2856969/pdf/nihms121570.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28939758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-02-25DOI: 10.2174/1874255600801010005
H. Nabeshima, T. Murakami, Shinichi Hayasaka, Y. Terada, N. Yaegashi, K. Okamura
Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection is a common cause of tubal factor infertility, and is considered a contra- indication for tubal surgery. In vitro fertilization with embryo transfer (IVF/ET) is the most widely used treatment for tu- bal factor infertility, including that caused by CT infection. Falloposcopy to re-canalize occluded tubes may also be useful therapeutically. It is unclear, however, what effect CT infection has on its efficacy. We examined the relationship between the efficacy of Falloposcopic tuboplasty (FT) and CT infection, retrospectively. Of 38 patients with tubal obstruction in which the surgery was performed, with follow-up, 21 patients had CT infections while 17 patients were not infected. In the Chlamydia positive group (CT+), 38 tubes were treated with FT and 29 tubes were treated in the Chlamydia negative group (CT-). Re-canalization rates per tube was 60% in the CT+ group and 79% in the CT- group. The success rate per case was 90% in the CT+ group and 94% in the CT- group. Cases were followed-up using either hysterosalpingography or second look laparoscopy, and a post-operative patency rate of 56% in the CT+ group and 75% in the CT- group was ob- served. In patients in followed for two years or more, the CT+ group had 5 spontaneous pregnancies (36%) and the CT- group had 9 spontaneous pregnancies (60%). There was a trend to better outcome in the CT- group, but there was no sig- nificant statistical difference between the two groups. In Conclusion, CT infection decreases fertility after FT. Despite CT infection having a negative impact on FT, the CT+ group had a post-operative pregnancy rate of 35.7%, which was com- parable to IVF-ET. Given this, we recommend FT for patients who have isolated tubal occlusion before beginning IVF/ET, even if the patients were previously infected with CT.
{"title":"Comparison of Reproductive Outcome of Falloposcopic Tuboplasty for theProximal Tubal Obstruction with or without Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection","authors":"H. Nabeshima, T. Murakami, Shinichi Hayasaka, Y. Terada, N. Yaegashi, K. Okamura","doi":"10.2174/1874255600801010005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874255600801010005","url":null,"abstract":"Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection is a common cause of tubal factor infertility, and is considered a contra- indication for tubal surgery. In vitro fertilization with embryo transfer (IVF/ET) is the most widely used treatment for tu- bal factor infertility, including that caused by CT infection. Falloposcopy to re-canalize occluded tubes may also be useful therapeutically. It is unclear, however, what effect CT infection has on its efficacy. We examined the relationship between the efficacy of Falloposcopic tuboplasty (FT) and CT infection, retrospectively. Of 38 patients with tubal obstruction in which the surgery was performed, with follow-up, 21 patients had CT infections while 17 patients were not infected. In the Chlamydia positive group (CT+), 38 tubes were treated with FT and 29 tubes were treated in the Chlamydia negative group (CT-). Re-canalization rates per tube was 60% in the CT+ group and 79% in the CT- group. The success rate per case was 90% in the CT+ group and 94% in the CT- group. Cases were followed-up using either hysterosalpingography or second look laparoscopy, and a post-operative patency rate of 56% in the CT+ group and 75% in the CT- group was ob- served. In patients in followed for two years or more, the CT+ group had 5 spontaneous pregnancies (36%) and the CT- group had 9 spontaneous pregnancies (60%). There was a trend to better outcome in the CT- group, but there was no sig- nificant statistical difference between the two groups. In Conclusion, CT infection decreases fertility after FT. Despite CT infection having a negative impact on FT, the CT+ group had a post-operative pregnancy rate of 35.7%, which was com- parable to IVF-ET. Given this, we recommend FT for patients who have isolated tubal occlusion before beginning IVF/ET, even if the patients were previously infected with CT.","PeriodicalId":88757,"journal":{"name":"The open reproductive science journal","volume":"43 1","pages":"5-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88255052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：