Biomarkers最新文献

Background: Biomarkers for CTD-ILD diagnosis, treatment response evaluation, and pathogenesis elucidation are lacking. Licorice-dried ginger soup alleviates lung injury, but its mechanism is unknown. This study aimed to identify biomarkers of this herbal treatment for CTD-ILD.

Methods: Public datasets of Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from CTD-ILD (n = 4) and connective tissue disease-associated non-Inflammatory lung disease (CTD-NILD) (n = 3) patients were analyzed using differential expression (p.adj < 0.05 & |log2 Fold Change (FC)| > 0.5), protein-protein interaction networks, and cytohubba algorithms (Top5 genes from six algorithms). Functional enrichment, upstream pathway activity, phosphorylation, molecular regulatory networks, and molecular docking were performed and the expression of biomarkers was validated in clinical samples.

Results: Five biomarkers (CXCL8, IL1A, IL1B, NFE2L2, and PTGS2) were identified. Functional analysis linked these pathways to innate immunity, cytokine activity, and pertussis pathways. Regulatory networks have been implicated in toll-like receptors, chemokine signaling, and DNA replication. Biomarkers correlated with lung injury and showed high expression in the blood/immune cells. Molecular docking confirmed strong binding between the biomarkers and quercetin.

Conclusion: CXCL8, IL1A, IL1B, NFE2L2, and PTGS2 are critical CTD-ILD biomarkers. Licorice ginger soup may target these genes via quercetin, providing novel diagnostic and therapeutic insights.

Objective: Base excision repair (BER) plays a vital role in repairing DNA damage; however, polymorphisms in BER genes may influence an individual's susceptibility to disease risk. We investigated the role of BER genes as a biomarker of susceptibility among agricultural workers in Haryana, India.

Methods: The pesticide-exposed workers (110) and unexposed controls (114) were genotyped for XRCC1 C26304T (rs1799782), XRCC1 G28152A (rs25487), APE1 T2197G (rs1130409), and OGG1 C1245G (rs1052133) using the PCR-RFLP technique. The allelic frequencies were compared using chi-square tests, with a significance level set at p < 0.05.

Results: Significant results were observed for XRCC1: rs1799782 (T allele: 0.1409 vs. 0.0658; OR: 2.32; CI: 1.08-4.99; p: 0.028) and rs25487 (A allele: 0.332 vs. 0.202; OR: 1.90; CI: 1.29-2.80; p: 0.001) between exposed and control groups. The frequency of the APE1 Glu allele was significantly lower in exposed individuals (OR: 0.49; CI: 0.31-0.78; p = 0.003). In contrast, the OGG1 Cys allele was more frequent in the exposed group; however, the difference was not statistically significant (OR: 1.43; CI: 0.91-2.23; p = 0.113).

Conclusion: Our findings suggest that DNA repair gene polymorphism may influence an individual's susceptibility to pesticide exposure, leading to oxidative damage and genotoxic effects.

Background: Several studies have identified that HOTAIR polymorphisms were expressed abnormally in a range of cancers, including breast, gastric, liver, and lung cancers. However, the impact of this gene on colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a topic of debate. To obtain the most accurate results, the association of HOTAIR polymorphisms with CRC risk was analyzed in this meta-analysis (MA).

Methods: The PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases were searched to find the correlation of HOTAIR polymorphisms with CRC up to February 2024. The association of HOTAIR polymorphisms with CRC susceptibility was assessed using odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results: Five relevant studies were identified in total. In all HOTAIR polymorphism studies involving CRC, it was found that the subgroup analysis by ethnicity revealed that the rs1899663 G > T codominant and dominant models were positively correlated with CRC development in Asian populations and negatively correlated with CRC development in non-Asian populations (Codominant: OR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.39-1.25; D: Dominant: OR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.28-1.53).

Conclusions: This MA indicates that HOTAIR polymorphism-the rs1899663 G > T genotype-might have a racially specific impact on CRC risk.

Background: Pancreatic Stone Protein (PSP) has been proposed as a sepsis biomarker, but its role in severity stratification in pediatric intensive care and its relation to infectious source have not been explored.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 97 pediatric patients admitted to the PICU with new-onset sepsis (within 24h from diagnosis). Blood samples were collected within 24h to measure PSP levels and compared with microbiological culture results.

Results: Among 97 patients, PSP levels were significantly higher in those with positive blood cultures (n = 24; median 108 ng/mL) compared with negatives (n = 73; 82 ng/mL, p = 0.008). When combining blood molecular testing with cultures, PSP remained higher in positives (n = 31; 111 ng/mL) than negatives (n = 66; 85 ng/mL, p = 0.026). PSP levels also correlated with sepsis severity: Non-septic (n = 55, median 72 ng/mL), sepsis (n = 22, median 238 ng/mL), septic shock (n = 20, 375 ng/mL) (p = 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that PSP had superior accuracy in predicting sepsis severity (AUC 0.75, 95% CI 0.64-0.87) compared with C-reactive protein (C-RP, AUC 0.54, 95% 0.37-0.64) and procalcitonin (PCT, AUC 0.60, 95% CI 0.35-0.67).

Conclusions: PSP is a promising biomarker for sepsis detection and severity prediction in critically ill pediatric patients. Further studies are required to validate its integration into diagnostic protocols.

Objective: This retrospective immunohistochemical study evaluated the expression of 4-hydroxy-nonenal (4-HNE), a marker of lipid peroxidation (LP), in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and compared staining intensities across different histopathological grades.

Materials and methods: Archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks from 55 primary OSCC patients were analysed. Normal oral mucosa samples (n = 10) served as controls. Immuno-histochemical staining intensity for 4-HNE was semi-quantitatively assessed. Data were analysed using SPSS version 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). The Chi-square test compared 4-HNE expression between normal and OSCC tissues, while the Kruskal-Wallis H test assessed differences among OSCC grades. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: In normal tissues, 90% showed no staining, and 10% exhibited mild staining (median score = 0). OSCC samples displayed moderate staining in 34.5% and intense staining in 65.5% (median score = 3). Among histological grades, well-differentiated (WD) tumours showed 40% moderate and 60% intense staining; moderately differentiated (MD), 30% moderate and 70% intense; poorly differentiated (PD), 33.3% moderate and 66.7% intense staining. Expression of 4-HNE was significantly higher in OSCC compared to controls (p < 0.001) but did not differ significantly among OSCC grades.

Conclusion: Elevated 4-HNE levels in OSCC suggest enhanced oxidative stress (OS) and LP, supporting its potential as a biomarker in carcinogenesis.

Background: Aflatoxin exposure studies in Kenya have focused mainly on risk-prone regions and food-based risk estimates, which may under- or overestimate internal dose.

Objective: This study estimated the chronic health risks associated with AFB₁ exposure among smallholder farmers in Baringo County using urinary biomarker.

Methods: Urinary AFM₁ (n = 72) was quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and probable daily intake of AFB₁ derived, incorporating participant-specific urine volumes and AFM₁ excretion factors (1-2%). Deterministic and Monte Carlo modelling were used to assess risk.

Results: AFM₁ was detected in 61.1% of urine samples (LOD: 0.10 ng/mL), indicating recent AFB₁ exposure. The deterministic PDI range (86.236-260.976 ng/kg bw/day) yielded Margin of Exposure values (1.381-4.297), well below the European Food Safety Authority threshold (10,000), suggesting high public health concern. Monte Carlo simulation mean PDI was 149.349 ng/kg bw/day. Annual liver cancer risk exceeded the 1 case/100,000 person-years reference under national (HBV prevalence 3.0%; mean: 2.793; 95th percentile: 6.648) and county-level (HBV prevalence 11.9%; mean: 3.885; 95th percentile: 9.248) estimates.

Conclusions: These results indicate ongoing aflatoxin exposure and elevated health risk among the smallholder farmers in Baringo County. There is an urgent need for targeted dietary, storage and community education interventions and biomarker-integrated surveillance.

Breast cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women worldwide, emphasizing the urgent need for improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. This review comprehensively explores the emerging landscape of breast cancer biomarkers, integrating insights from molecular mechanisms, clinical validation, and future translational applications. It highlights the evolution from classical receptor-based classification (ER, PR, HER2) to next-generation multi omics and AI-assisted biomarker discovery. Particular emphasis is placed on genetic, epigenetic, proteomic, and metabolomic markers, as well as liquid biopsy derived components such as ctDNA methylation, exosomal RNA, and extracellular vesicle biomarkers. The review critically analyses the reliability, reproducibility, and regulatory challenges of biomarker validation in clinical trials, including assay standardization and patient heterogeneity. Additionally, the discussion underscores the growing role of artificial intelligence in computational pathology and data harmonization across omics platforms. Limitations of current approaches and future research directions such as integrative modelling, personalized diagnostics, and real-world clinical translation are outlined to guide ongoing advancements in precision oncology. Overall, this article provides a mechanistic, evidence-based, and forward-looking overview of how emerging biomarkers are reshaping breast cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic decision-making.

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) typically shows no symptoms in its initial stages. A quick diagnosis (stages 1-3) can change the course of CKD and lessen its effects. Significant kidney damage becomes apparent during stages 4 and 5, which typically leads to end-stage renal failure. Although blood urea and serum creatinine (sCr) values are mainly used to diagnose CKD, sCr has shown low predictive ability.

Methods: We searched Pubmed, google scholar, and various databases to see the role of various biomarkers in CKD. The advent of new methods will enable the discovery of new biomarkers in renal disorders due to advancements in transcriptomics, genomes, epigenetics, proteomics, and metabolomics.

Results: Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), Galectin-3, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), Interleukin 18 (IL-18), Immunoglobulin G, Liver Fatty Acid-Binding Protein (L-FABP), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), miRNA biomarker, uromodulin, Nephrin, epidermal growth factor (EGF), proteomic and metabolomic biomarkers, as well as podocalyxin are few novel potential biomarkers for CKD detection as well as forecasting outcomes presented in this review.

Conclusion: It appears that novel markers could replace traditional ones in future and evaluation of their effectiveness, sensitivity, specificity etc. are also necessary.

Objectives: The current study explores the synthesis, characterization and toxicity of copper oxides (CuO-NPs) in albino mice.

Methods: NPs were synthesized and albino mice were exposed to these nps orally for 30 days.

Results: The nanoparticles exhibited a porous, rough-surfaced, spherical morphology; XRD confirmed their crystallinity, while FTIR revealed key functional groups. H1 (5 mg/kg) and H2 (15 mg/kg) of CuO-NPs exposure induced significant alterations in haematological parameters, including elevated WBCs counts, platelets and a significant decrease in haemoglobin and platelets distribution width. Biochemical analyses revealed changes in lipid profile, kidney, and liver biomarkers, indicating potential toxicity. Histological studies of the liver indicated sinusoidal lumen, necrosis, opening of the central vein, lymphocytic infiltration, irregular nucleus, degeneration of hepatocytes, and antinucleosis. In the kidney, glomerular destruction, necrosis, tubular degeneration, vascular degeneration, anisokaryosis, and expansion of the central vein were recorded. The heart tissues showed congestion, fatty degeneration, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and necrosis in the treated group. Molecular interactions revealed CuO NPs interacted with albumin, AST, bilirubin, and fibrinogen showing potential toxicity.

Conclusion: This study highlights the link between nanomaterial properties, physiological changes, and molecular interactions underlying CuO NP toxicity, emphasizing the need for further research on their safe use and biomedical applications.

Objective: The aim of this study is to see the association of P-selectin, E-selectin, Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1) with Vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC) in sickle cell disease patients.

Methods: In this longitudinal study, a total of 140 SCD patients admitted into a Government Medical College, Jabalpur, were recruited. Plasma levels of soluble P-selectin, E-Selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 were measured at three different time points, that is, (i) at the time of admission (n = 140), (ii) at discharge (n = 139), and (iii) during steady state (n = 118).

Results: The most common presenting symptoms at the time of VOC were severe joint pain (65.7%) and back pain (49.3%). All the cell adhesion molecule levels were similar in males and females except sVCAM-1. The plasma P-selectin, E-Selectin, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 levels were significantly higher during crisis than at the discharge and steady state. No statistically significant association of any of the CAM levels with the severity of pain was observed. High plasma VCAM-1 levels (≥1676 ng/mL) were associated with longer duration of hospital stay.

Conclusions: Significant association of soluble CAMs with VOC in SCD suggests that soluble CAMs play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of the VOC.