Pub Date : 2014-11-14DOI: 10.2174/1874941001407010017
T. Heffernan, T. O’neill
The recreational use of androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) has been associated with a range of health and psychological problems in the past, but very little research has considered what impact AAS might have upon cognition and memory. The present study aimed to identify whether the recreational use of AAS is linked to deficits in everyday retrospective memory (RM) and everyday prospective memory (PM). We assessed self-reports of RM and PM in 25 regular AAS users and 28 Non-Users (all were males, regular gym users and aged between 18-30 years) using the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire. A Recreational Drug Use Questionnaire was used to measure AAS use and alcohol use. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale measuredtwo dimensions of mood (anxiety and depression). The results revealed thatrecreational AAS users reported significantly more everyday RM lapses (AAS Mean = 2.41 vs Non-Users Mean = 1.66; p<0.001)and significantly more everyday PM lapses (AAS Mean = 2.79 vs Non-User Mean = 1.84; p<0.001) than the Non-User group. These findings were not attributable to other substance use or mood variations. This is the first study to demonstrate everyday memory deficits associated with AAS use and it is suggested that such deficits be added to the growing list of health and cognitive problems associated with AAS use.
{"title":"Prospective and Retrospective Memory Deficits Associated with Androgenic Anabolic Steroid Use","authors":"T. Heffernan, T. O’neill","doi":"10.2174/1874941001407010017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874941001407010017","url":null,"abstract":"The recreational use of androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) has been associated with a range of health and psychological problems in the past, but very little research has considered what impact AAS might have upon cognition and memory. The present study aimed to identify whether the recreational use of AAS is linked to deficits in everyday retrospective memory (RM) and everyday prospective memory (PM). We assessed self-reports of RM and PM in 25 regular AAS users and 28 Non-Users (all were males, regular gym users and aged between 18-30 years) using the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire. A Recreational Drug Use Questionnaire was used to measure AAS use and alcohol use. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale measuredtwo dimensions of mood (anxiety and depression). The results revealed thatrecreational AAS users reported significantly more everyday RM lapses (AAS Mean = 2.41 vs Non-Users Mean = 1.66; p<0.001)and significantly more everyday PM lapses (AAS Mean = 2.79 vs Non-User Mean = 1.84; p<0.001) than the Non-User group. These findings were not attributable to other substance use or mood variations. This is the first study to demonstrate everyday memory deficits associated with AAS use and it is suggested that such deficits be added to the growing list of health and cognitive problems associated with AAS use.","PeriodicalId":89289,"journal":{"name":"The open addiction journal","volume":"36 1","pages":"17-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68097489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-09-11DOI: 10.2174/1874941001407010008
A. Jaffe, J. Aurora, Z. Pham, Igal Tarash, Sasha Getty, M. Fanselow, J. Jentsch
Rationale: The importance of reward-associated cues in eliciting behavior is well established, with stimuli associated with drugs of abuse known to play a crucial role in recidivism. Recently, Redish (2004) proposed that drugs, acting as unconditional stimuli (US), remain associable even after being fully predicted by a conditional stimulus (CS), meaning that they are not susceptible to the blocking effect (1); if correct, this may represent a possible mechanism to explain exaggerated cue-controlled drug-seeking and reinstatement in nicotine dependence and substance dependence problems in general. Objectives: We tested whether pairings between nicotine and an environmental CS would convey conditioned reinforcement properties onto the CS, even when nicotine's rewarding effects were already fully predicted by another cue (whether there was an absence of the blocking effect). Methods: 134 male Long-Evans rats were implanted with jugular catheters and assigned to either food- or nicotine-reward (0.06 mg/kg/inf) conditions. Each group was exposed to paired or unpaired presentations of their respective reward with one CS in 10 daily sessions; subsequently, they were exposed to 4 more daily sessions of paired presentations of the reward paired with a compound CS composed of the original CS and a second CS. Tests of the conditioned reinforcing value of both CSs using the active-lever-presses to total-presses ratio as an outcome were conducted following training. Results: Pressing for a blocked second CS (µ = 0.59, SD = 0.21) was significantly lower than pressing for an unblocked second CS (µ = 0.69, SD = 0.14) in the food-reward condition, but not in nicotine-rewarded animals, verifying the hypothesis that nicotine, but not food, is resilient to the blocking effect. Conclusion: The absence of blocking when nicotine is the reward may explain the powerful role for cues in supporting tobacco dependenceby allowing for the extension of nicotine's rewarding value across numerous associated cues.
{"title":"The Absence of Blocking Innicotine High-Responders as a Possible Factor in the Development of Nicotine Dependence?","authors":"A. Jaffe, J. Aurora, Z. Pham, Igal Tarash, Sasha Getty, M. Fanselow, J. Jentsch","doi":"10.2174/1874941001407010008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874941001407010008","url":null,"abstract":"Rationale: The importance of reward-associated cues in eliciting behavior is well established, with stimuli associated with drugs of abuse known to play a crucial role in recidivism. Recently, Redish (2004) proposed that drugs, acting as unconditional stimuli (US), remain associable even after being fully predicted by a conditional stimulus (CS), meaning that they are not susceptible to the blocking effect (1); if correct, this may represent a possible mechanism to explain exaggerated cue-controlled drug-seeking and reinstatement in nicotine dependence and substance dependence problems in general. Objectives: We tested whether pairings between nicotine and an environmental CS would convey conditioned reinforcement properties onto the CS, even when nicotine's rewarding effects were already fully predicted by another cue (whether there was an absence of the blocking effect). Methods: 134 male Long-Evans rats were implanted with jugular catheters and assigned to either food- or nicotine-reward (0.06 mg/kg/inf) conditions. Each group was exposed to paired or unpaired presentations of their respective reward with one CS in 10 daily sessions; subsequently, they were exposed to 4 more daily sessions of paired presentations of the reward paired with a compound CS composed of the original CS and a second CS. Tests of the conditioned reinforcing value of both CSs using the active-lever-presses to total-presses ratio as an outcome were conducted following training. Results: Pressing for a blocked second CS (µ = 0.59, SD = 0.21) was significantly lower than pressing for an unblocked second CS (µ = 0.69, SD = 0.14) in the food-reward condition, but not in nicotine-rewarded animals, verifying the hypothesis that nicotine, but not food, is resilient to the blocking effect. Conclusion: The absence of blocking when nicotine is the reward may explain the powerful role for cues in supporting tobacco dependenceby allowing for the extension of nicotine's rewarding value across numerous associated cues.","PeriodicalId":89289,"journal":{"name":"The open addiction journal","volume":"7 1","pages":"8-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68097446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-24DOI: 10.2174/1874941001407010001
Jichuan Wang, B. Kelly
This article aims to introduce and demonstrate the application of the standardization and decomposition analysis (SDA) method to gauge differences in HIV prevalence rates among injection drug users (IDUs) across regions (Northeast, South, Midwest, and West) in the U.S. Using the SDA, the regional HIV prevalence rates were standardized and a rate difference between regions was decomposed into component effects, such as the "real" rate difference, and component effects attributed to differences in specific compositions of confounding factors. A total of 9,824 injection drug users (IDUs) retrieved from the national database of the National Institute on Drug Abuse's Cooperative Agreement for AIDS Community-Based Outreach/Intervention Research Program (COOP) projects constitute the sample for the study. A computer program DECOMP was used to implement the multi-population SDA.
{"title":"Gauging Regional Differences in the HIV Prevalence Rate Among Injection Drug Users in the U.S.","authors":"Jichuan Wang, B. Kelly","doi":"10.2174/1874941001407010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874941001407010001","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims to introduce and demonstrate the application of the standardization and decomposition analysis (SDA) method to gauge differences in HIV prevalence rates among injection drug users (IDUs) across regions (Northeast, South, Midwest, and West) in the U.S. Using the SDA, the regional HIV prevalence rates were standardized and a rate difference between regions was decomposed into component effects, such as the \"real\" rate difference, and component effects attributed to differences in specific compositions of confounding factors. A total of 9,824 injection drug users (IDUs) retrieved from the national database of the National Institute on Drug Abuse's Cooperative Agreement for AIDS Community-Based Outreach/Intervention Research Program (COOP) projects constitute the sample for the study. A computer program DECOMP was used to implement the multi-population SDA.","PeriodicalId":89289,"journal":{"name":"The open addiction journal","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68097403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-29DOI: 10.2174/1874941001306010006
Jan Bashford, J. Copeland, R. Flett
Introduction and Aims: The trajectories of cannabis use disorder (CUD) require more comprehensive delineation to expedite recognition of incubating dependence among high-risk users. This study examined baseline cannabis use and CUD over 12 months using DSM-IV/ICD10 diagnoses to distinguish transition groups. Design and Methods: In a prospective naturalistic design, 194 heterogeneous cannabis users (128 adolescents, 66 adults) aged 13-61 years were voluntarily recruited and assessed at baseline, and then re-assessed 12-months later. Results: Most participants met criteria for a baseline CUD (70% dependence, 20% abuse), 12 adolescents were 'diagnostic orphans', and 5 symptom-free. At follow-up, 25% adolescents reported using less, 6% the same level, and 69% using more cannabis. Significantly increased symptoms and dependence severity were reported, with no adolescent/adult differences evident. Three diagnostic transition groups were identified. While 84% adolescents (n=108) remained stable, 5% (n=7) had improved, 10% (n=13) had deteriorated. 'Deteriorators' scored significantly higher than 'improvers' on cannabis use, symptoms, and dependence severity measures. A subjective loss of control over cannabis use was among the earliest DSM-IV features among younger users on a trajectory towards dependence. Most participants (79%) anticipated difficulty trying to reduce/quit their use
{"title":"Cannabis use and disorder transitions among a mixed community sample of at-risk adolescents and adults: A prospective New Zealand study","authors":"Jan Bashford, J. Copeland, R. Flett","doi":"10.2174/1874941001306010006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874941001306010006","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction and Aims: The trajectories of cannabis use disorder (CUD) require more comprehensive delineation to expedite recognition of incubating dependence among high-risk users. This study examined baseline cannabis use and CUD over 12 months using DSM-IV/ICD10 diagnoses to distinguish transition groups. Design and Methods: In a prospective naturalistic design, 194 heterogeneous cannabis users (128 adolescents, 66 adults) aged 13-61 years were voluntarily recruited and assessed at baseline, and then re-assessed 12-months later. Results: Most participants met criteria for a baseline CUD (70% dependence, 20% abuse), 12 adolescents were 'diagnostic orphans', and 5 symptom-free. At follow-up, 25% adolescents reported using less, 6% the same level, and 69% using more cannabis. Significantly increased symptoms and dependence severity were reported, with no adolescent/adult differences evident. Three diagnostic transition groups were identified. While 84% adolescents (n=108) remained stable, 5% (n=7) had improved, 10% (n=13) had deteriorated. 'Deteriorators' scored significantly higher than 'improvers' on cannabis use, symptoms, and dependence severity measures. A subjective loss of control over cannabis use was among the earliest DSM-IV features among younger users on a trajectory towards dependence. Most participants (79%) anticipated difficulty trying to reduce/quit their use","PeriodicalId":89289,"journal":{"name":"The open addiction journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"6-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68097391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-10-01DOI: 10.2174/1874941001003010092
T. Martin, S. Larowe, R. Malcolm
Objectives: To evaluate the role of cue exposure therapy in addiction treatment. Methods: A Pubmed/PsycInfo literature search was performed for cue exposure treatments for addictions from 2002 to 2009. Findings: We located sixteen cue exposure therapy studies involving multiple addictions that were conducted between 2002 and 2009. Four of these studies consisted of clinical efficacy trials that assessed drug use after Cue Exposure Therapy (CET). In three of the four trials, cue exposure was no better or worse than the comparison therapy. Two trials showed somewhat worse retention in those receiving CET and one appeared to have higher relapse rates in those receiving CET. We did not find evidence of safety concerns in any of the four trials. Several promising methodological innovations included use of virtual reality, medication augmentation, investigation of renewal effects, use of fMRI methods, and study of individual differences. Conclusions: Superior efficacy for CET over other forms of general treatment has not been demonstrated. However, research in this area may yet be advanced through adequately powered, multi-site CET trials combining multiple methodological innovations including investigation of individual differences and medication augmentation. Until such trials are conducted, cue exposure treatment for addiction will remain a speculative and uncommonly used therapy in clinical settings.
{"title":"Progress in Cue Exposure Therapy for the Treatment of Addictive Disorders: A Review Update","authors":"T. Martin, S. Larowe, R. Malcolm","doi":"10.2174/1874941001003010092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874941001003010092","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: To evaluate the role of cue exposure therapy in addiction treatment. Methods: A Pubmed/PsycInfo literature search was performed for cue exposure treatments for addictions from 2002 to 2009. Findings: We located sixteen cue exposure therapy studies involving multiple addictions that were conducted between 2002 and 2009. Four of these studies consisted of clinical efficacy trials that assessed drug use after Cue Exposure Therapy (CET). In three of the four trials, cue exposure was no better or worse than the comparison therapy. Two trials showed somewhat worse retention in those receiving CET and one appeared to have higher relapse rates in those receiving CET. We did not find evidence of safety concerns in any of the four trials. Several promising methodological innovations included use of virtual reality, medication augmentation, investigation of renewal effects, use of fMRI methods, and study of individual differences. Conclusions: Superior efficacy for CET over other forms of general treatment has not been demonstrated. However, research in this area may yet be advanced through adequately powered, multi-site CET trials combining multiple methodological innovations including investigation of individual differences and medication augmentation. Until such trials are conducted, cue exposure treatment for addiction will remain a speculative and uncommonly used therapy in clinical settings.","PeriodicalId":89289,"journal":{"name":"The open addiction journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"92-101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68096656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-10-01DOI: 10.2174/1874941001003010057
J. Widholm
Extinction is the process by which a previously established stimulus relationship is broken by the removal of reinforcers and/or biologically relevant stimuli, causing a reduction in responding. Given the importance of this phenomenon in terms of understanding not only learning and behavior, but also of enhancing our understanding of drug addiction and treatment, there is renewed attention being given to the study of extinction in the behavioral, neuroscientific, and therapeutic disciplines. The purpose of the current review is to provide an overview of the basic Pavlovian extinction paradigm and its relevance for treating drug addiction and discuss the typical "threats to extinction" as they model the tendency for drug relapse.
{"title":"Extinction Learning as a Model of Drug Treatment and Relapse: A Behavioral Overview","authors":"J. Widholm","doi":"10.2174/1874941001003010057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874941001003010057","url":null,"abstract":"Extinction is the process by which a previously established stimulus relationship is broken by the removal of reinforcers and/or biologically relevant stimuli, causing a reduction in responding. Given the importance of this phenomenon in terms of understanding not only learning and behavior, but also of enhancing our understanding of drug addiction and treatment, there is renewed attention being given to the study of extinction in the behavioral, neuroscientific, and therapeutic disciplines. The purpose of the current review is to provide an overview of the basic Pavlovian extinction paradigm and its relevance for treating drug addiction and discuss the typical \"threats to extinction\" as they model the tendency for drug relapse.","PeriodicalId":89289,"journal":{"name":"The open addiction journal","volume":"23 1","pages":"57-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68096204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-10-01DOI: 10.2174/18749410010030200063
R. M. Cleva, J. Gass
Abstract: This review summarizes current knowledge about the neurobiological components underlying the extinction of drug-associated memories and how they may contribute to the treatment of drug addiction. Evidence suggests that extinction learning is not the forgetting, or unlearning, of the associations between external stimuli and drug effects, but that new reinforcer expectancies are necessary for extinction of drug-seeking behavior to take place. Several theories suggest that addiction is a disorder of learning and memory, and recent evidence indicates that the brain circuits, neurotransmitters, and signal transduction mechanisms that underlie drug addiction are similar to those that mediate learning and memory processes. According to these theories, drug addiction results from repeated drug use and the formation of lasting associations between a drug’s effects, withdrawal symptoms, and the environmental cues and contexts within which they are experienced. Unfortunately, standard behavioral modification techniques, such as cue exposure therapy, have shown only moderate efficacy in reducing and/or extinguishing the salience of drug-associated cues and contexts. Therefore, a greater understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms involved in the extinction of drug-related memories could provide novel therapeutic interventions for the treatment of drug addiction.
{"title":"Neuroanatomical Structures Underlying the Extinction of Drug-Seeking Behavior","authors":"R. M. Cleva, J. Gass","doi":"10.2174/18749410010030200063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18749410010030200063","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: This review summarizes current knowledge about the neurobiological components underlying the extinction of drug-associated memories and how they may contribute to the treatment of drug addiction. Evidence suggests that extinction learning is not the forgetting, or unlearning, of the associations between external stimuli and drug effects, but that new reinforcer expectancies are necessary for extinction of drug-seeking behavior to take place. Several theories suggest that addiction is a disorder of learning and memory, and recent evidence indicates that the brain circuits, neurotransmitters, and signal transduction mechanisms that underlie drug addiction are similar to those that mediate learning and memory processes. According to these theories, drug addiction results from repeated drug use and the formation of lasting associations between a drug’s effects, withdrawal symptoms, and the environmental cues and contexts within which they are experienced. Unfortunately, standard behavioral modification techniques, such as cue exposure therapy, have shown only moderate efficacy in reducing and/or extinguishing the salience of drug-associated cues and contexts. Therefore, a greater understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms involved in the extinction of drug-related memories could provide novel therapeutic interventions for the treatment of drug addiction.","PeriodicalId":89289,"journal":{"name":"The open addiction journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"63-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68096736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-10-01DOI: 10.2174/1874941001003010131
J. Howland, D. Rohsenow, J. McGeary, C. Streeter, J. Verster
The importance of hangover research lies in its effects on student and worker performance and the implications of hangover-related impairment for safety and worker productivity. Few previous hangover studies used rigorous laboratory methods that controlled with matched placebo, ensured that next-day performance was measured when BAC was at or near zero, and used validated hangover measures. Recently, consensus was reached on methodological issues of alcohol hangover research [1].
{"title":"Proceedings of the 2010 Symposium on Hangover and Other Residual Alcohol Effects: Predictors and Consequences","authors":"J. Howland, D. Rohsenow, J. McGeary, C. Streeter, J. Verster","doi":"10.2174/1874941001003010131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874941001003010131","url":null,"abstract":"The importance of hangover research lies in its effects on student and worker performance and the implications of hangover-related impairment for safety and worker productivity. Few previous hangover studies used rigorous laboratory methods that controlled with matched placebo, ensured that next-day performance was measured when BAC was at or near zero, and used validated hangover measures. Recently, consensus was reached on methodological issues of alcohol hangover research [1].","PeriodicalId":89289,"journal":{"name":"The open addiction journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"131-132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68096719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-08-19DOI: 10.2174/1874941001306010001
K. Hsueh, S. Hsueh, M. Chou, Ming-Shium Tu, H. McRobbie, O. West, P. Hajek
Several clinical trials of both behavioural and pharmacological treatments across Europe and the US have reported lower smoking cessation rates in women than in men, while population data and data from smokers attending routine stop-smoking services show little or no gender differences in outcome. Data from countries with a large gender difference in smoking prevalence can clarify whether self-selection could be responsible for this discrepancy. We analyzed data from a smoking cessation clinic in Taiwan, where 47% of men and 4% of women smoke. 1,090 smokers (963 men and 127 women) seeking help at a Taiwanese smokers' clinic between 2002 and 2007 received nicotine patches and up to 8 support sessions. Several baseline variables were collected together with self-reported smoking status at 3 and 6 months. Sustained abstinence rates (abstinent at both 3 months and 6 months) were significantly lower in women than in men (18.0% vs 30.3%, p=0.04), as were point-prevalence abstinence rates at both 3 (28.3% vs 38.5%, p=0.026) and 6 months (22.0% vs 35.0%, p=0.004). In a multiple regression including all baseline variables, only gender and cigarettes per day were significant predictors of sustained abstinence. In conclusion, among a cohort of treatment-seekers in Taiwan, there was a significant gender difference in smoking cessation outcomes. Given that such an effect is small or non-existent in countries where the prevalence of smoking across genders is similar, this suggests that sporadic gender differences could be an artifact of self-selection.
{"title":"Smoking Cessation Treatment Outcomes in Men and Women in Taiwan:Implications for Interpreting Gender Differences in Smoking Cessation","authors":"K. Hsueh, S. Hsueh, M. Chou, Ming-Shium Tu, H. McRobbie, O. West, P. Hajek","doi":"10.2174/1874941001306010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874941001306010001","url":null,"abstract":"Several clinical trials of both behavioural and pharmacological treatments across Europe and the US have reported lower smoking cessation rates in women than in men, while population data and data from smokers attending routine stop-smoking services show little or no gender differences in outcome. Data from countries with a large gender difference in smoking prevalence can clarify whether self-selection could be responsible for this discrepancy. We analyzed data from a smoking cessation clinic in Taiwan, where 47% of men and 4% of women smoke. 1,090 smokers (963 men and 127 women) seeking help at a Taiwanese smokers' clinic between 2002 and 2007 received nicotine patches and up to 8 support sessions. Several baseline variables were collected together with self-reported smoking status at 3 and 6 months. Sustained abstinence rates (abstinent at both 3 months and 6 months) were significantly lower in women than in men (18.0% vs 30.3%, p=0.04), as were point-prevalence abstinence rates at both 3 (28.3% vs 38.5%, p=0.026) and 6 months (22.0% vs 35.0%, p=0.004). In a multiple regression including all baseline variables, only gender and cigarettes per day were significant predictors of sustained abstinence. In conclusion, among a cohort of treatment-seekers in Taiwan, there was a significant gender difference in smoking cessation outcomes. Given that such an effect is small or non-existent in countries where the prevalence of smoking across genders is similar, this suggests that sporadic gender differences could be an artifact of self-selection.","PeriodicalId":89289,"journal":{"name":"The open addiction journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68097352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-04-27DOI: 10.2174/1874941001205010041
Dunja Przulj, H. McRobbie, P. Hajek
Current treatments for smoking cessation such as nicotine replacement therapy or varenicline address the primary reinforcer of smoking (nicotine), but sensorimotor stimuli (e.g. smell/taste of smoke, inhaling/exhaling, airway sensations, holding the cigarette) may act as secondary reinforcers and also contribute to smoking reward. Addressing both these aspects of smoking may help to enhance smoking cessation treatment. The aim of this review was to examine whether sensorimotor replacement can help to alleviate craving and aid smoking cessation. Three sensorimotor replacement products were examined: non-nicotine inhalators/aerosols, de-nicotinised cigarettes and electronic cigarettes. The current research suggests that sensorimotor replacement may enhance the efficacy of nicotine replacement therapy, but is unlikely to be useful if used alone. Electronic cigarettes may be the most promising approach, due to the combination of nicotine delivery and sensorimotor input.
{"title":"The Effect of Sensorimotor Replacement on Smoking Cessation and Craving","authors":"Dunja Przulj, H. McRobbie, P. Hajek","doi":"10.2174/1874941001205010041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874941001205010041","url":null,"abstract":"Current treatments for smoking cessation such as nicotine replacement therapy or varenicline address the primary reinforcer of smoking (nicotine), but sensorimotor stimuli (e.g. smell/taste of smoke, inhaling/exhaling, airway sensations, holding the cigarette) may act as secondary reinforcers and also contribute to smoking reward. Addressing both these aspects of smoking may help to enhance smoking cessation treatment. The aim of this review was to examine whether sensorimotor replacement can help to alleviate craving and aid smoking cessation. Three sensorimotor replacement products were examined: non-nicotine inhalators/aerosols, de-nicotinised cigarettes and electronic cigarettes. The current research suggests that sensorimotor replacement may enhance the efficacy of nicotine replacement therapy, but is unlikely to be useful if used alone. Electronic cigarettes may be the most promising approach, due to the combination of nicotine delivery and sensorimotor input.","PeriodicalId":89289,"journal":{"name":"The open addiction journal","volume":"5 1","pages":"41-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68097803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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