Pub Date : 2010-05-04DOI: 10.2174/1874941001003020055
M. Olive
Some of the key defining characteristics of drug addiction (substance dependence) is the persistence of drug-seeking behavior despite attempts at abstinence, adverse health and legal consequences, and impaired social, occupational or academic functioning [1]. From a behavior modification standpoint, extinction refers to the gradual and intentional reduction of a maladaptive behavior, such as drug-seeking or drug self-administration behavior. From a cognitive-behavioral therapeutic perspective, extinction refers to a gradual and intentional reduction in psychological and/or physiological responses, such as autonomic nervous system activation and drug craving, to drug-associated stimuli. In the latter sense, extinction is essentially a “desensitization” process that is performed via cue exposure therapy (CET). During CET, addicts are presented with pictures of or actual physical exposure to drug-related stimuli such as drug paraphernalia (i.e., crack pipes), drug-related olfactory stimuli (i.e., the aroma of alcohol or cigarette smoke), or even drug self-administration contextual environments. Over time, the conditioned psychological and physiological responses to drug-associated stimuli extinguish. Similar cue exposure therapy procedures, such as exposure plus response prevention, are successfully used for the treatment of anxiety disorders including disabling phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder.
{"title":"Editorial: Extinction of Drug-Seeking Behavior","authors":"M. Olive","doi":"10.2174/1874941001003020055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874941001003020055","url":null,"abstract":"Some of the key defining characteristics of drug addiction (substance dependence) is the persistence of drug-seeking behavior despite attempts at abstinence, adverse health and legal consequences, and impaired social, occupational or academic functioning [1]. From a behavior modification standpoint, extinction refers to the gradual and intentional reduction of a maladaptive behavior, such as drug-seeking or drug self-administration behavior. From a cognitive-behavioral therapeutic perspective, extinction refers to a gradual and intentional reduction in psychological and/or physiological responses, such as autonomic nervous system activation and drug craving, to drug-associated stimuli. In the latter sense, extinction is essentially a “desensitization” process that is performed via cue exposure therapy (CET). During CET, addicts are presented with pictures of or actual physical exposure to drug-related stimuli such as drug paraphernalia (i.e., crack pipes), drug-related olfactory stimuli (i.e., the aroma of alcohol or cigarette smoke), or even drug self-administration contextual environments. Over time, the conditioned psychological and physiological responses to drug-associated stimuli extinguish. Similar cue exposure therapy procedures, such as exposure plus response prevention, are successfully used for the treatment of anxiety disorders including disabling phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder.","PeriodicalId":89289,"journal":{"name":"The open addiction journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"55-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68096813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-05-04DOI: 10.2174/1874941001003020063
R. M. Cleva, J. Gass
{"title":"Neuroanatomical Structures Underlying the Extinction of Drug-Seeking Behavior~!2009-09-18~!2010-01-24~!2010-04-09~!","authors":"R. M. Cleva, J. Gass","doi":"10.2174/1874941001003020063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874941001003020063","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89289,"journal":{"name":"The open addiction journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"63-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68096868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-05-04DOI: 10.2174/1874941001003020088
S. Larowe, P. Kalivas
Previous work has found that N-acetylcysteine inhibits extinction responding in rats trained to self-administer heroin. The current study examined the ability of N-acetylcysteine to inhibit extinction responding in rats trained to self-administer cocaine. Rats were trained to self-administer cocaine (0.39mg/kg) for 10 to 12 days and were pretreated with either N-acetylcysteine (60mg/kg) or saline beginning on the first day of extinction training and on each extinction training day thereafter. Results indicated that chronically administered N-acetylcysteine reduced lever pressing during extinction sessions. In addition to demonstrating the impact N-acetylcysteine has on lever pressing during extinction, the present study underscores the importance of using responding during extinction as a dependent measure in the development of medications for addictive behaviors.
{"title":"The Role of N-Acetylcysteine in Inhibiting Responding During Extinction in Rats Trained to Self-Administer Cocaine.","authors":"S. Larowe, P. Kalivas","doi":"10.2174/1874941001003020088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874941001003020088","url":null,"abstract":"Previous work has found that N-acetylcysteine inhibits extinction responding in rats trained to self-administer heroin. The current study examined the ability of N-acetylcysteine to inhibit extinction responding in rats trained to self-administer cocaine. Rats were trained to self-administer cocaine (0.39mg/kg) for 10 to 12 days and were pretreated with either N-acetylcysteine (60mg/kg) or saline beginning on the first day of extinction training and on each extinction training day thereafter. Results indicated that chronically administered N-acetylcysteine reduced lever pressing during extinction sessions. In addition to demonstrating the impact N-acetylcysteine has on lever pressing during extinction, the present study underscores the importance of using responding during extinction as a dependent measure in the development of medications for addictive behaviors.","PeriodicalId":89289,"journal":{"name":"The open addiction journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"88-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68096891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-05-04DOI: 10.2174/1874941001003020076
P. Janak, N. Chaudhri
Environments in which the pharmacological effects of alcohol have been experienced become potent triggers for relapse in abstinent humans. Animal models developed to study the effect of environmental contexts on relapse to alcohol-seeking behavior demonstrate that alcohol-seeking is renewed by exposure to an alcohol-associated context, following the extinction of alcohol-seeking in a different context. Hence, contexts in which alcohol conditioning and extinction learning occur can be critical determinants for whether or not alcohol-seeking behavior is observed. This review summarizes preclinical research to date examining the role of alcohol contexts on the reinstatement of extinguished responding for alcohol. Behavioral studies have elucidated factors that are important for eliciting context-dependent relapse, and have uncovered novel interactions between alcohol-seeking driven by discrete alcohol cues in different contexts. Neuropharmacological studies provide substantial evidence for a role of dopaminergic systems in context-dependent reinstatement, and growing support for opioidergic mechanisms as well. Several key limbic brain regions have been identified in the modulation of alcohol-seeking by context, supporting a proposed neural circuit that includes the hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, basolateral amygdala, lateral hypothalamus, and the paraventricular thalamus.
{"title":"The Potent Effect of Environmental Context on Relapse to Alcohol-Seeking After Extinction.","authors":"P. Janak, N. Chaudhri","doi":"10.2174/1874941001003020076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874941001003020076","url":null,"abstract":"Environments in which the pharmacological effects of alcohol have been experienced become potent triggers for relapse in abstinent humans. Animal models developed to study the effect of environmental contexts on relapse to alcohol-seeking behavior demonstrate that alcohol-seeking is renewed by exposure to an alcohol-associated context, following the extinction of alcohol-seeking in a different context. Hence, contexts in which alcohol conditioning and extinction learning occur can be critical determinants for whether or not alcohol-seeking behavior is observed. This review summarizes preclinical research to date examining the role of alcohol contexts on the reinstatement of extinguished responding for alcohol. Behavioral studies have elucidated factors that are important for eliciting context-dependent relapse, and have uncovered novel interactions between alcohol-seeking driven by discrete alcohol cues in different contexts. Neuropharmacological studies provide substantial evidence for a role of dopaminergic systems in context-dependent reinstatement, and growing support for opioidergic mechanisms as well. Several key limbic brain regions have been identified in the modulation of alcohol-seeking by context, supporting a proposed neural circuit that includes the hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, basolateral amygdala, lateral hypothalamus, and the paraventricular thalamus.","PeriodicalId":89289,"journal":{"name":"The open addiction journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"76-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68096880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-05-04DOI: 10.2174/1874941001003020092
T. Martin, S. Larowe, R. Malcolm
{"title":"Progress in Cue Exposure Therapy for the Treatment of Addictive Disorders: A Review Update~!2009-11-25~!2010-02-08~!2010-04-09~!","authors":"T. Martin, S. Larowe, R. Malcolm","doi":"10.2174/1874941001003020092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874941001003020092","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89289,"journal":{"name":"The open addiction journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"92-101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68096918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-05-04DOI: 10.2174/1874941001003020057
J. Widholm
Extinction is the process by which a previously established stimulus relationship is broken by the removal of reinforcers and/or biologically relevant stimuli, causing a reduction in responding. Given the importance of this phenomenon in terms of understanding not only learning and behavior, but also of enhancing our understanding of drug addiction and treatment, there is renewed attention being given to the study of extinction in the behavioral, neuroscientific, and therapeutic disciplines. The purpose of the current review is to provide an overview of the basic Pavlovian extinction paradigm and its relevance for treating drug addiction and discuss the typical “threats to extinction” as they model the tendency for drug relapse.
{"title":"Extinction Learning as a Model of Drug Treatment and Relapse: A Behavioral Overview~!2009-12-19~!2010-02-03~!2010-04-09~!","authors":"J. Widholm","doi":"10.2174/1874941001003020057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874941001003020057","url":null,"abstract":"Extinction is the process by which a previously established stimulus relationship is broken by the removal of reinforcers and/or biologically relevant stimuli, causing a reduction in responding. Given the importance of this phenomenon in terms of understanding not only learning and behavior, but also of enhancing our understanding of drug addiction and treatment, there is renewed attention being given to the study of extinction in the behavioral, neuroscientific, and therapeutic disciplines. The purpose of the current review is to provide an overview of the basic Pavlovian extinction paradigm and its relevance for treating drug addiction and discuss the typical “threats to extinction” as they model the tendency for drug relapse.","PeriodicalId":89289,"journal":{"name":"The open addiction journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"57-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68096824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-04-07DOI: 10.2174/1874941001003010050
K. Rosendahl, M. Galanti
Knowledge concerning developmental trajectories of tobacco use has until recently been limited to smoking. We utilized information on 960 adolescents who participated in the BROMS cohort study, with follow-up between the ages of 11 and 18 years. Factors related to personal monetary allowance, psychosocial factors and alcohol drinking were used to predict individual probability of progression of snus (the Swedish smokeless tobacco) and of cigarettes. Predictors of snus use and smoking showed more similarities than differences. Friends' and parents' tobacco use did only discriminate between early and late progression in cigarette smoking (OR = 3.2, CI = 1.2 - 8.7 for friends' tobacco use and OR = 1.5, CI = 1.0 - 2.1 for parents' tobacco use). Weekly alcohol drinking was the strongest predictor of early progression to use tobacco (OR = 2.6, CI = 1.1 - 6.2 for snus use and OR = 6.3, CI = 2.4 - 16.8 for cigarette smoking). This knowledge can be used as a base for dedicated prevention strategies targeting different groups of young users.
直到最近，有关烟草使用发展轨迹的知识还仅限于吸烟。我们利用960名参加BROMS队列研究的青少年的信息，随访年龄在11至18岁之间。使用与个人货币津贴、社会心理因素和饮酒有关的因素来预测鼻烟(瑞典无烟烟草)和香烟的个人进展概率。鼻烟使用和吸烟的预测指标显示出更多的相似性而不是差异性。朋友和父母的烟草使用仅在吸烟的早期和晚期进展中有所区别(朋友的烟草使用OR = 3.2, CI = 1.2 - 8.7，父母的烟草使用OR = 1.5, CI = 1.0 - 2.1)。每周饮酒是早期发展为吸烟的最强预测因子(使用鼻烟OR = 2.6, CI = 1.1 - 6.2，吸烟OR = 6.3, CI = 2.4 - 16.8)。这些知识可以作为针对不同青年使用者群体的专门预防战略的基础。
{"title":"Predictors of Early and Late Escalation of Smokeless Tobacco Use and Cigarette Smoking Among Swedish Adolescents","authors":"K. Rosendahl, M. Galanti","doi":"10.2174/1874941001003010050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874941001003010050","url":null,"abstract":"Knowledge concerning developmental trajectories of tobacco use has until recently been limited to smoking. We utilized information on 960 adolescents who participated in the BROMS cohort study, with follow-up between the ages of 11 and 18 years. Factors related to personal monetary allowance, psychosocial factors and alcohol drinking were used to predict individual probability of progression of snus (the Swedish smokeless tobacco) and of cigarettes. Predictors of snus use and smoking showed more similarities than differences. Friends' and parents' tobacco use did only discriminate between early and late progression in cigarette smoking (OR = 3.2, CI = 1.2 - 8.7 for friends' tobacco use and OR = 1.5, CI = 1.0 - 2.1 for parents' tobacco use). Weekly alcohol drinking was the strongest predictor of early progression to use tobacco (OR = 2.6, CI = 1.1 - 6.2 for snus use and OR = 6.3, CI = 2.4 - 16.8 for cigarette smoking). This knowledge can be used as a base for dedicated prevention strategies targeting different groups of young users.","PeriodicalId":89289,"journal":{"name":"The open addiction journal","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68096192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-19DOI: 10.2174/1874941001003010043
A. Jong, P. Jacobs
The aim of the present study is to explore the relation between interpersonal self-perceptions and memories on parental rearing taking into account the influence of alcohol dependence. Based on interpersonal and object relation theories, the existence and the directions of this relation are hypothesized. A comparative, cross-sectional study was conducted including 126 alcohol dependent inpatients (87 males, 39 females) and 119 healthy control subjects without alcohol-related problems or psychopathology (64 males, 49 females). The interpersonal self-perception was measured with the ICL-R and memories on parental rearing with the EMBU. Results show that memories on parental rearing significantly contribute to interpersonal self-perceptions especially in healthy male subjects and alcohol dependent females. Memories of rearing styles by father are most influential in female and those of mother in male. Limitations of the study are discussed, as well as some clinical implications.
{"title":"Interpersonal Self-Perception and Memories on Parental Rearing in Alcohol Dependent Patients and Outpatient Controls","authors":"A. Jong, P. Jacobs","doi":"10.2174/1874941001003010043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874941001003010043","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the present study is to explore the relation between interpersonal self-perceptions and memories on parental rearing taking into account the influence of alcohol dependence. Based on interpersonal and object relation theories, the existence and the directions of this relation are hypothesized. A comparative, cross-sectional study was conducted including 126 alcohol dependent inpatients (87 males, 39 females) and 119 healthy control subjects without alcohol-related problems or psychopathology (64 males, 49 females). The interpersonal self-perception was measured with the ICL-R and memories on parental rearing with the EMBU. Results show that memories on parental rearing significantly contribute to interpersonal self-perceptions especially in healthy male subjects and alcohol dependent females. Memories of rearing styles by father are most influential in female and those of mother in male. Limitations of the study are discussed, as well as some clinical implications.","PeriodicalId":89289,"journal":{"name":"The open addiction journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"43-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68096181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-13DOI: 10.2174/1874941001003010024
J. Verster, Y. Kuerten, B. Olivier, M. Laar
Studies report consistently that cocaine and alcohol is currently the most upcoming drug combination in Europe. The Alcohol and Cocaine Impaired Drivers (ACID)-survey was conducted among Dutch partygoers (18-30 years old) to establish who will drive a car after using alcohol and/or cocaine and why. The purpose of this paper is to describe the methodology and design of the ACID-survey. The online survey comprised a large number of questions on demographics and respondent characteristics, alcohol and drug use, reasons for driving after using cocaine, and prevention methods. A total of 64,575 subjects read the invitation and 10,153 started the survey (15.7%). N=7,834 subjects completed the survey and met all criteria to be included in the analyses. The ACID-survey has provided a valid and reliable data set, representative for Dutch partygoers. The employed methodology showed to be a cost efficient way to monitor substance use and other risk behaviors in a high risk group of young adults.
{"title":"The ACID-Survey: Methodology and Design of an Online Survey to Assess Alcohol and Recreational Cocaine Use and its Consequences for Traffic Safety","authors":"J. Verster, Y. Kuerten, B. Olivier, M. Laar","doi":"10.2174/1874941001003010024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874941001003010024","url":null,"abstract":"Studies report consistently that cocaine and alcohol is currently the most upcoming drug combination in Europe. The Alcohol and Cocaine Impaired Drivers (ACID)-survey was conducted among Dutch partygoers (18-30 years old) to establish who will drive a car after using alcohol and/or cocaine and why. The purpose of this paper is to describe the methodology and design of the ACID-survey. The online survey comprised a large number of questions on demographics and respondent characteristics, alcohol and drug use, reasons for driving after using cocaine, and prevention methods. A total of 64,575 subjects read the invitation and 10,153 started the survey (15.7%). N=7,834 subjects completed the survey and met all criteria to be included in the analyses. The ACID-survey has provided a valid and reliable data set, representative for Dutch partygoers. The employed methodology showed to be a cost efficient way to monitor substance use and other risk behaviors in a high risk group of young adults.","PeriodicalId":89289,"journal":{"name":"The open addiction journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"24-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68096097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-13DOI: 10.2174/1874941001003010032
D. Lachenmeier, David Nathan-Maister, Theodore A Breaux, J. Luauté, J. Emmert
Absinthe, a strong alcoholic aperitif, is notorious for containing the compound 'thujone', which has been commonly regarded as its 'active ingredient'. It has been widely theorized that the thujone content of vintage absinthe made it harmful to public health, and caused the distinct syndrome absinthism, which was extensively described in the literature prior to the spirit's ban in 1915. The interdisciplinary research presented in this paper shows that 1) absinthism cannot be distinguished from common alcoholism in the medical research literature of the time, and that 2) due to the physical chemistry of the distillation process, the thujone content of vintage absinthe was considerably lower than previously estimated and corresponds to levels generally recognized as safe, as proven by analyses of absinthes from the pre-ban era. Due to the re-legalization of absinthe in the European Union and more recently in the United States, potential public health concerns have re-emerged, not expressly based on worries about thujone content or absinthism, but on alcohol-related harm and youth protection issues, exacerbated by marketing strategies promoting absinthe using false and discredited claims pertaining to thujone and stubbornly persistant myths.
{"title":"Absinthe, Absinthism and Thujone - New Insight into the Spirit's Impact on Public Health","authors":"D. Lachenmeier, David Nathan-Maister, Theodore A Breaux, J. Luauté, J. Emmert","doi":"10.2174/1874941001003010032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874941001003010032","url":null,"abstract":"Absinthe, a strong alcoholic aperitif, is notorious for containing the compound 'thujone', which has been commonly regarded as its 'active ingredient'. It has been widely theorized that the thujone content of vintage absinthe made it harmful to public health, and caused the distinct syndrome absinthism, which was extensively described in the literature prior to the spirit's ban in 1915. The interdisciplinary research presented in this paper shows that 1) absinthism cannot be distinguished from common alcoholism in the medical research literature of the time, and that 2) due to the physical chemistry of the distillation process, the thujone content of vintage absinthe was considerably lower than previously estimated and corresponds to levels generally recognized as safe, as proven by analyses of absinthes from the pre-ban era. Due to the re-legalization of absinthe in the European Union and more recently in the United States, potential public health concerns have re-emerged, not expressly based on worries about thujone content or absinthism, but on alcohol-related harm and youth protection issues, exacerbated by marketing strategies promoting absinthe using false and discredited claims pertaining to thujone and stubbornly persistant myths.","PeriodicalId":89289,"journal":{"name":"The open addiction journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"32-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68096127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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