Retinoic acid is an indispensable regulator of inner ear development. However, in either excess or deficiency, retinoic acid acts as a potent teratogen. Pathological effects produced in the inner ear by aberrant retinoic acid conditions lead to impaired functionality. This article will provide an overview of critical components of the retinoic acid signaling pathway, and demonstrate how changes in retinoid signaling affect otic development, with particular emphasis on the inner ear. The downstream targets of retinoic acid signaling and the implications of their misexpression to otic morphogenesis are discussed.
{"title":"Molecular Signaling in Retinoic Acid-Induced Inner Ear Teratogenesis","authors":"Frank G. Garritano, D. Frenz","doi":"10.4137/CMENT.S1116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/CMENT.S1116","url":null,"abstract":"Retinoic acid is an indispensable regulator of inner ear development. However, in either excess or deficiency, retinoic acid acts as a potent teratogen. Pathological effects produced in the inner ear by aberrant retinoic acid conditions lead to impaired functionality. This article will provide an overview of critical components of the retinoic acid signaling pathway, and demonstrate how changes in retinoid signaling affect otic development, with particular emphasis on the inner ear. The downstream targets of retinoic acid signaling and the implications of their misexpression to otic morphogenesis are discussed.","PeriodicalId":89906,"journal":{"name":"Clinical medicine insights. Ear, nose and throat","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/CMENT.S1116","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70695567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We present a case of 82 years old female with two-week history of neck swelling, odynophagia, hoarseness and cough. There was a tender, fluctuant swelling below the mandible on right side. An urgent C.T scan showed it to be a pyolaryngocele. High dose intra venous antibiotic, analgesia and nasogastric feeding resolved the acute infective episode. The residual laryngocele was treated by an excision via an external approach. A pyolaryngocele is a rare complication of laryngocele that becomes secondarily infected. It can cause feeding and respiratory compromise because of its compression symptoms. A CT is helpful for prompt diagnosis and for planning definitive surgical management. The aim of this paper is to highlight the need to recognise and then treat these cases aggressively. The best treatment option is to remove the laryngocele in-toto to prevent recurrence.
{"title":"Pyolaryngocoele: Management of an Unusual Cause of Odynophagia and Neck Swelling","authors":"N. Khan, G. Watson, E. Sivayoham, D. Willatt","doi":"10.4137/CMENT.S746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/CMENT.S746","url":null,"abstract":"We present a case of 82 years old female with two-week history of neck swelling, odynophagia, hoarseness and cough. There was a tender, fluctuant swelling below the mandible on right side. An urgent C.T scan showed it to be a pyolaryngocele. High dose intra venous antibiotic, analgesia and nasogastric feeding resolved the acute infective episode. The residual laryngocele was treated by an excision via an external approach. A pyolaryngocele is a rare complication of laryngocele that becomes secondarily infected. It can cause feeding and respiratory compromise because of its compression symptoms. A CT is helpful for prompt diagnosis and for planning definitive surgical management. The aim of this paper is to highlight the need to recognise and then treat these cases aggressively. The best treatment option is to remove the laryngocele in-toto to prevent recurrence.","PeriodicalId":89906,"journal":{"name":"Clinical medicine insights. Ear, nose and throat","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/CMENT.S746","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70695837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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