The central function of phosphoinositide 3- kinase (PI3K) activation in tumour cell biology has urged a sizeable trouble to target PI3K and/ or downstream kinases similar as AKT and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in cancer. still, arising clinical data show limited single- agent exertion of impediments targeting PI3K, AKT or mTOR at permitted boluses. One exception is the response to PI3Kδ impediments in habitual lymphocytic leukaemia, where a combination of cell- natural and- foreign conditioning drive efficacity. Then, we review crucial challenges and openings for the clinical development of impediments targeting the PI3K – AKT – mTOR pathway. Through a lesser focus on patient selection, increased understanding of vulnerable modulation and strategic operation of rational combinations, it should be possible to realize the eventuality of this promising class of targeted anticancer agents.
{"title":"A Review on Cancer, Cause of Cancer and Treatment: Role of PIK3 Pathway on Cancer","authors":"Choudhary Ml","doi":"10.23880/beba-16000208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/beba-16000208","url":null,"abstract":"The central function of phosphoinositide 3- kinase (PI3K) activation in tumour cell biology has urged a sizeable trouble to target PI3K and/ or downstream kinases similar as AKT and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in cancer. still, arising clinical data show limited single- agent exertion of impediments targeting PI3K, AKT or mTOR at permitted boluses. One exception is the response to PI3Kδ impediments in habitual lymphocytic leukaemia, where a combination of cell- natural and- foreign conditioning drive efficacity. Then, we review crucial challenges and openings for the clinical development of impediments targeting the PI3K – AKT – mTOR pathway. Through a lesser focus on patient selection, increased understanding of vulnerable modulation and strategic operation of rational combinations, it should be possible to realize the eventuality of this promising class of targeted anticancer agents.","PeriodicalId":8995,"journal":{"name":"Bioequivalence & Bioavailability International Journal","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139362856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this review, short definition of bioequivalence, study types and situations which is/not necessary have been summarized. In the world, it is realized that the most valuable quality control testing is bioequivalence studies and the results of bioequivalence studies have been used as an important indicator by the authors of the subject.
{"title":"Bioequivalence, Bioequivalence Parameters, Study Types and Situations Which Are/Not Necessary","authors":"İsmet Yilmaz","doi":"10.23880/beba-16000202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/beba-16000202","url":null,"abstract":"In this review, short definition of bioequivalence, study types and situations which is/not necessary have been summarized. In the world, it is realized that the most valuable quality control testing is bioequivalence studies and the results of bioequivalence studies have been used as an important indicator by the authors of the subject.","PeriodicalId":8995,"journal":{"name":"Bioequivalence & Bioavailability International Journal","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139362960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plants have played a significant role in healthcare throughout history by providing medicinal substances. Phragmanthera usuiensis leaves have been used by traditional practitioners for the treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases in the study area, primarily for treating arthritis. The objective of the study was to investigate the phytochemical composition, analgesic effect, anti-inflammatory effect, and acute toxicity of the methanolic extract of P. usuiensis leaves. The phytochemical composition of the methanolic extract of P. usuiensis leaves was studied using qualitative and quantitative methods. The analgesic effect was investigated through the hotplate method, and the anti-inflammatory activity through the carrageenan-induced paw edema model. Investigation of acute toxicity was carried out as per the OECD guidelines on acute oral toxicity – Acute Toxic Classic (ATC) method, with the acute toxicity being administered orally by gavage. Treatment of the animals was initiated at the starting dose level of 300 mg/kg body weight and carried out with six animals (three animals per step). Treatment of animals at the next dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight was delayed until the survival of the previously dosed animals was ensured. The methanolic extracts of P. usuiensis possess several phytochemicals that exhibited promising free analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. The phytochemicals found in the methanol extract include alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, saponins, steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols, coumarins, and free sugars. All groups of test animals did not exhibit any serious toxic or lethal effects even at the administration of the limit dose, 2000 mg/kg body weight. The study has successfully validated the use of Phragmanthera usuiensis leaf as having activity that potentially can be used to treat oxidative stress-related disorders like arthritis. Moreover, the study confirmed that these plants exhibit analgesic and anti-inflammatory actives. Additionally, it established the safety of the extracts for use as medicinal agents in the management of oxidative stress.
{"title":"Phytochemistry, Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities and Acute Toxicity Studies of Phragmanthera Usuiensis (Oliv.) M.G. Gilbert","authors":"S. M. Wainaina","doi":"10.23880/beba-16000211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/beba-16000211","url":null,"abstract":"Plants have played a significant role in healthcare throughout history by providing medicinal substances. Phragmanthera usuiensis leaves have been used by traditional practitioners for the treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases in the study area, primarily for treating arthritis. The objective of the study was to investigate the phytochemical composition, analgesic effect, anti-inflammatory effect, and acute toxicity of the methanolic extract of P. usuiensis leaves. The phytochemical composition of the methanolic extract of P. usuiensis leaves was studied using qualitative and quantitative methods. The analgesic effect was investigated through the hotplate method, and the anti-inflammatory activity through the carrageenan-induced paw edema model. Investigation of acute toxicity was carried out as per the OECD guidelines on acute oral toxicity – Acute Toxic Classic (ATC) method, with the acute toxicity being administered orally by gavage. Treatment of the animals was initiated at the starting dose level of 300 mg/kg body weight and carried out with six animals (three animals per step). Treatment of animals at the next dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight was delayed until the survival of the previously dosed animals was ensured. The methanolic extracts of P. usuiensis possess several phytochemicals that exhibited promising free analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. The phytochemicals found in the methanol extract include alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, saponins, steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols, coumarins, and free sugars. All groups of test animals did not exhibit any serious toxic or lethal effects even at the administration of the limit dose, 2000 mg/kg body weight. The study has successfully validated the use of Phragmanthera usuiensis leaf as having activity that potentially can be used to treat oxidative stress-related disorders like arthritis. Moreover, the study confirmed that these plants exhibit analgesic and anti-inflammatory actives. Additionally, it established the safety of the extracts for use as medicinal agents in the management of oxidative stress.","PeriodicalId":8995,"journal":{"name":"Bioequivalence & Bioavailability International Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139363205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The irrational use of drugs has led to antimicrobial resistance and tolerance to most commercial drugs posing a global threat to future management of diseases. Hence there is need to search for new drugs from medicinal edible plants to be incorporated in the nutraceutical management of diseases. The challenges facing the utilization of medicinal edible fruits are the lack of sufficient studies to ascertain their quality, safety and efficacy. Prunus armeniaca (Rosaceae) also known as Apricot is a delicious and most commercial traded fruit globally. Prunus armeniaca can either be consumed as a fresh fruit, dried fruit, processed juice, jam or nectar. This review article purposes to give an up-to-date understanding of the Prunus armeniaca medicinal edible fruit biological activities and phytochemical composition that have been outlined in grey and published literature. Literature has been reviewed using search engines such as Google Scholar, HINARI, Science Direct, PubChem, Sciverse, EBSCO and Scopus. Apricot provides a rich source of phytochemicals including but not limited to polyphenols, alkaloids, flavonoid glycosides, saponins, carotenoids, cyanogenic glucosides, fatty acids, sterol derivatives, volatile components, monosaccharides and polysaccharides. These phytochemicals have shown efficacious and safe biological activity. Biological activities such as antimicrobial, inhibitory activity against several enzymes, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antimutagenic as well as antioxidant activity have been demonstrated. Prunus armeniaca has been utilized in oriental medicine to treat diseases such as leprosy, asthma, leukoderma, bronchitis, constipation, emphysema and nausea. Its safety and toxicity have not been well documented hence the need for evaluation. More studies are needed to elucidated more phytochemicals and biological activities, efficacy, safety and toxicity measures. Prunus armeniaca will provide a source of health promoting health constituent in nutraceutical and new remedy for the emerging resistant human pathogens in the fight against antimicrobial resistance and drug tolerance.
药物的不合理使用导致了抗菌药耐药性和对大多数商业药物的耐受性，对未来的疾病管理构成了全球性威胁。因此，有必要从药用食用植物中寻找新的药物，并将其纳入疾病的营养治疗中。利用药用食用水果面临的挑战是缺乏足够的研究来确定其质量、安全性和有效性。杏树（蔷薇科）又名杏，是一种美味的水果，也是全球最具商业价值的水果。杏可以作为新鲜水果、干果、加工果汁、果酱或花蜜食用。这篇综述文章旨在介绍灰色文献和已发表文献中概述的杏树药用食用果实生物活性和植物化学成分的最新情况。本文使用 Google Scholar、HINARI、Science Direct、PubChem、Sciverse、EBSCO 和 Scopus 等搜索引擎查阅了相关文献。杏含有丰富的植物化学物质，包括但不限于多酚、生物碱、黄酮苷、皂苷、类胡萝卜素、氰基葡萄糖苷、脂肪酸、甾醇衍生物、挥发性成分、单糖和多糖。这些植物化学物质具有高效、安全的生物活性。已证实的生物活性包括抗菌、抑制多种酶的活性、保护心脏、抗炎、抗痛、抗突变以及抗氧化活性。在东方医学中，杨梅被用来治疗麻风病、哮喘、白皮病、支气管炎、便秘、肺气肿和恶心等疾病。它的安全性和毒性尚未得到充分记录，因此需要进行评估。需要进行更多的研究，以阐明更多的植物化学成分和生物活性、功效、安全性和毒性措施。在对抗抗菌药耐药性和药物耐受性的斗争中，杨梅将为营养保健品提供促进健康的保健成分来源，并为新出现的抗药性人类病原体提供新的治疗方法。
{"title":"An Update on Prunus Armeniaca Phytochemical Composition and Biological Activities","authors":"Opwoko Dj","doi":"10.23880/beba-16000206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/beba-16000206","url":null,"abstract":"The irrational use of drugs has led to antimicrobial resistance and tolerance to most commercial drugs posing a global threat to future management of diseases. Hence there is need to search for new drugs from medicinal edible plants to be incorporated in the nutraceutical management of diseases. The challenges facing the utilization of medicinal edible fruits are the lack of sufficient studies to ascertain their quality, safety and efficacy. Prunus armeniaca (Rosaceae) also known as Apricot is a delicious and most commercial traded fruit globally. Prunus armeniaca can either be consumed as a fresh fruit, dried fruit, processed juice, jam or nectar. This review article purposes to give an up-to-date understanding of the Prunus armeniaca medicinal edible fruit biological activities and phytochemical composition that have been outlined in grey and published literature. Literature has been reviewed using search engines such as Google Scholar, HINARI, Science Direct, PubChem, Sciverse, EBSCO and Scopus. Apricot provides a rich source of phytochemicals including but not limited to polyphenols, alkaloids, flavonoid glycosides, saponins, carotenoids, cyanogenic glucosides, fatty acids, sterol derivatives, volatile components, monosaccharides and polysaccharides. These phytochemicals have shown efficacious and safe biological activity. Biological activities such as antimicrobial, inhibitory activity against several enzymes, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antimutagenic as well as antioxidant activity have been demonstrated. Prunus armeniaca has been utilized in oriental medicine to treat diseases such as leprosy, asthma, leukoderma, bronchitis, constipation, emphysema and nausea. Its safety and toxicity have not been well documented hence the need for evaluation. More studies are needed to elucidated more phytochemicals and biological activities, efficacy, safety and toxicity measures. Prunus armeniaca will provide a source of health promoting health constituent in nutraceutical and new remedy for the emerging resistant human pathogens in the fight against antimicrobial resistance and drug tolerance.","PeriodicalId":8995,"journal":{"name":"Bioequivalence & Bioavailability International Journal","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139363341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As science and technology advanced, antimicrobial agents were discovered, bringing with them the burden of antimicrobial resistance. This led to the hunt for effective techniques to combat microbial diseases. Chromolaena odorata is often used for traditional wound healing since it helps to stop bleeding quickly. Chromolaena odorata of the Asteraceae family is one of the world's most invasive weeds. It is also known as Siam weed, devil weed, French weed, communist weed, hagonoy, co chon triffid weed, and Awolowo, Akintola, and Obiarakara weed. Chromolaena odorata is often used for traditional wound healing since it helps to stop bleeding quickly. Several studies have shown that Siam weed extract promotes hemostasis and wound healing. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the bioactive components and antibacterial efficacy of different extracts of Chromolaena odorata on various microbiological isolates. Fresh leaves were collected, identified, air-dried, and ground. Cold maceration and soxhlet extraction were carried out using ethanol and n-hexane as extractive solvents, respectively. The chemical composition was identified using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique, and the antibacterial action was tested using established protocols. The antimicrobial test revealed that the aqueous extract had a bacteriostatic effect, but the ethanol extract had a bactericidal effect against microbiological isolates at a concentration of 200mg/mL. The most prevalent bioactive chemicals discovered in both extracts are oleic acid, octadecanoic acid, and hexadecanoic acid. The extracts possessed antibacterial capabilities and included certain bioactive components, which might contribute to their overall efficacy, according to this research.
{"title":"Evaluation of Antimicrobial Effects of Chromolaena Odorata Extracts on Microbial Isolates","authors":"Osuala Oj","doi":"10.23880/beba-16000219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/beba-16000219","url":null,"abstract":"As science and technology advanced, antimicrobial agents were discovered, bringing with them the burden of antimicrobial resistance. This led to the hunt for effective techniques to combat microbial diseases. Chromolaena odorata is often used for traditional wound healing since it helps to stop bleeding quickly. Chromolaena odorata of the Asteraceae family is one of the world's most invasive weeds. It is also known as Siam weed, devil weed, French weed, communist weed, hagonoy, co chon triffid weed, and Awolowo, Akintola, and Obiarakara weed. Chromolaena odorata is often used for traditional wound healing since it helps to stop bleeding quickly. Several studies have shown that Siam weed extract promotes hemostasis and wound healing. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the bioactive components and antibacterial efficacy of different extracts of Chromolaena odorata on various microbiological isolates. Fresh leaves were collected, identified, air-dried, and ground. Cold maceration and soxhlet extraction were carried out using ethanol and n-hexane as extractive solvents, respectively. The chemical composition was identified using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique, and the antibacterial action was tested using established protocols. The antimicrobial test revealed that the aqueous extract had a bacteriostatic effect, but the ethanol extract had a bactericidal effect against microbiological isolates at a concentration of 200mg/mL. The most prevalent bioactive chemicals discovered in both extracts are oleic acid, octadecanoic acid, and hexadecanoic acid. The extracts possessed antibacterial capabilities and included certain bioactive components, which might contribute to their overall efficacy, according to this research.","PeriodicalId":8995,"journal":{"name":"Bioequivalence & Bioavailability International Journal","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139363084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
COVID-19 pandemic era had shown a notable threat to humans. Initially, in Wuhan COVID-19 arise and promptly extent throughout China to world-wide. The ability effect of COVID-19 inversely the effect of nutrients at the epidemiology is worth of have a look at thinking about the positive and terrible institutions of nutrients with morbidity and mortality. A healthy nutritional diet is important for the recovery of COVID-19 patient such as pulmonary distress, cardiac distress, or critically ill. Excessive quantities of HFD, subtle CHO, sugars, little ranges of fiber, fat and also antioxidants. HFD intake inhibits B and T lymphocyte feature probably in the adaptive immune system through enhancing a oxidative stress. A systemic research analysis was conducted that took place between 26 August and 11 September 2021. About 88.1% were aware of the potential relation between nutritional status and immune functions. 90.6% of them believed that healthy eating is considered important during Covid-19 pandemic. Proper diet along with physical activity is necessary to keep yourself healthy during Covid-19 pandemic. 33.8% accepted the fact that their daily diet fulfills their basic nutritional requirements, while 27.5% of them denied. There are many evidence that healthy dietary intake will either prevent disease or speed up treatment.
{"title":"Impact of Nutrition on Covid-19 Susceptibility","authors":"A. S.","doi":"10.23880/beba-16000184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/beba-16000184","url":null,"abstract":"COVID-19 pandemic era had shown a notable threat to humans. Initially, in Wuhan COVID-19 arise and promptly extent throughout China to world-wide. The ability effect of COVID-19 inversely the effect of nutrients at the epidemiology is worth of have a look at thinking about the positive and terrible institutions of nutrients with morbidity and mortality. A healthy nutritional diet is important for the recovery of COVID-19 patient such as pulmonary distress, cardiac distress, or critically ill. Excessive quantities of HFD, subtle CHO, sugars, little ranges of fiber, fat and also antioxidants. HFD intake inhibits B and T lymphocyte feature probably in the adaptive immune system through enhancing a oxidative stress. A systemic research analysis was conducted that took place between 26 August and 11 September 2021. About 88.1% were aware of the potential relation between nutritional status and immune functions. 90.6% of them believed that healthy eating is considered important during Covid-19 pandemic. Proper diet along with physical activity is necessary to keep yourself healthy during Covid-19 pandemic. 33.8% accepted the fact that their daily diet fulfills their basic nutritional requirements, while 27.5% of them denied. There are many evidence that healthy dietary intake will either prevent disease or speed up treatment.","PeriodicalId":8995,"journal":{"name":"Bioequivalence & Bioavailability International Journal","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79229578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The recent encounter by Sars-Cov2 (COVID-19) presented the need of having stronger immune system as the first line of body’s defense mechanism. Stronger the immune response better will be the pathogen recognition. Better understanding of immune response mechanism and functioning of its components will pave the route for defending against these pathogens. Innate immune defense being non-specific in nature identifies both DNA and RNA viruses as well as other pathogens attacking the body. Presence of foreign nucleic acids bound to the specific pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which include toll-like receptors (TLRs), cGAS-STING, Nod-like receptors (NLR) and RNA helicase receptors (RIG-1 and MDA5) triggers a signaling cascade. These signaling channels direct to the production of type-1 interferons and other cytokine/chemokine effectors of innate immune system which in turn activate adaptive immune response. STING pathway as a prime innate detector of self and non-self-nucleic acids plays an important role in the development of inflammation followed by type-1 interferon production. COVID-19 being involved with the respiratory failure shows the main characteristic feature of cytokine storm which direct to hyper inflammation. These hyper-inflammatory responses worsen the immune compromised state of the patients which makes this disease as the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Understanding the underline mechanisms involved in and regulating the process of hyper inflammation would provide an effective treatment to reduce the mortalities. Deregulation of STING pathway is involved in various inflammatory diseases that make it a potent target to understand its mechanism of work during viral attack. Many recent studies have further supported the importance of delayed STING signaling in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 during the second phase of this disease. This review mainly focuses on the role of STING in inflammation and its function in our immune system which can be harnessed to tackle the recent pathogeneses of COVID-19.
{"title":"Impact of Sting Pathway in Inflammation and Covid-19 Pathogenesis","authors":"B. A","doi":"10.23880/beba-16000194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/beba-16000194","url":null,"abstract":"The recent encounter by Sars-Cov2 (COVID-19) presented the need of having stronger immune system as the first line of body’s defense mechanism. Stronger the immune response better will be the pathogen recognition. Better understanding of immune response mechanism and functioning of its components will pave the route for defending against these pathogens. Innate immune defense being non-specific in nature identifies both DNA and RNA viruses as well as other pathogens attacking the body. Presence of foreign nucleic acids bound to the specific pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which include toll-like receptors (TLRs), cGAS-STING, Nod-like receptors (NLR) and RNA helicase receptors (RIG-1 and MDA5) triggers a signaling cascade. These signaling channels direct to the production of type-1 interferons and other cytokine/chemokine effectors of innate immune system which in turn activate adaptive immune response. STING pathway as a prime innate detector of self and non-self-nucleic acids plays an important role in the development of inflammation followed by type-1 interferon production. COVID-19 being involved with the respiratory failure shows the main characteristic feature of cytokine storm which direct to hyper inflammation. These hyper-inflammatory responses worsen the immune compromised state of the patients which makes this disease as the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Understanding the underline mechanisms involved in and regulating the process of hyper inflammation would provide an effective treatment to reduce the mortalities. Deregulation of STING pathway is involved in various inflammatory diseases that make it a potent target to understand its mechanism of work during viral attack. Many recent studies have further supported the importance of delayed STING signaling in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 during the second phase of this disease. This review mainly focuses on the role of STING in inflammation and its function in our immune system which can be harnessed to tackle the recent pathogeneses of COVID-19.","PeriodicalId":8995,"journal":{"name":"Bioequivalence & Bioavailability International Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79637013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The brain extracellular matrix is a complex structure. The invading tumors like gliomas would interact with the extracellular matrix. There are receptors in the extracellular matrix including Integrins. This brief review tries to point to some important notes about the extracellular matrix and Integrins as a group of receptors in the extracellular matrix which can play the important role in the pathogenesis of gliomas in the brain tissue
{"title":"Glioma and Extracellular Matrix, A Review on the Integrins as the Receptors of the Extracellular Matrix","authors":"Saberi B","doi":"10.23880/beba-16000190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/beba-16000190","url":null,"abstract":"The brain extracellular matrix is a complex structure. The invading tumors like gliomas would interact with the extracellular matrix. There are receptors in the extracellular matrix including Integrins. This brief review tries to point to some important notes about the extracellular matrix and Integrins as a group of receptors in the extracellular matrix which can play the important role in the pathogenesis of gliomas in the brain tissue","PeriodicalId":8995,"journal":{"name":"Bioequivalence & Bioavailability International Journal","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88171644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Global health has been greatly impacted by vaccines. Smallpox, rinderpest, and several other major infections have been eradicated. A variety of infectious diseases of childhood have been significantly improved by whom in the past decade. As polio has been virtually eradicated, and measles has been controlled successfully, it may also be eradicated soon. Vaccines can prevent infections such as pneumonia and diarrhoea which cause 6.6 million deaths each year. Due to new pneumococcal conjugate vaccines and rotavirus vaccines, childhood mortality is expected to decline further. As of now, malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV vaccines have had modest success. Vaccinations that stimulate different immune systems and it may be the most effective way to prevent these infections. On a long-term basis, vaccines may prevent or modulate diseases other than infectious diseases. It is already possible to develop cancer vaccines, and in the future it will be possible to develop vaccines for addictions, diabetes, hypertension, and Alzheimer's disease as well.
{"title":"Current and Future Challenges for Vaccine Development Especially COVID-19","authors":"Khan Yousaf","doi":"10.23880/beba-16000181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/beba-16000181","url":null,"abstract":"Global health has been greatly impacted by vaccines. Smallpox, rinderpest, and several other major infections have been eradicated. A variety of infectious diseases of childhood have been significantly improved by whom in the past decade. As polio has been virtually eradicated, and measles has been controlled successfully, it may also be eradicated soon. Vaccines can prevent infections such as pneumonia and diarrhoea which cause 6.6 million deaths each year. Due to new pneumococcal conjugate vaccines and rotavirus vaccines, childhood mortality is expected to decline further. As of now, malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV vaccines have had modest success. Vaccinations that stimulate different immune systems and it may be the most effective way to prevent these infections. On a long-term basis, vaccines may prevent or modulate diseases other than infectious diseases. It is already possible to develop cancer vaccines, and in the future it will be possible to develop vaccines for addictions, diabetes, hypertension, and Alzheimer's disease as well.","PeriodicalId":8995,"journal":{"name":"Bioequivalence & Bioavailability International Journal","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77707706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Osmotic drug delivery is a technique for managing the controlled, prolonged release of medications. A semi-permeable membrane is used to separate two compartments, one of which contains the medicine and the other of which contains an osmotic agent, in the system, which is based on the osmosis principle. The medicine is pushed through the membrane at a controlled rate thanks to the pressure differential created when the osmotic agent sucks water from the body into the drug compartment. The system can be set up to disperse medications over long periods of time, from a few hours to several months. Osmotic drug delivery is superior to conventional drug delivery techniques in a number of ways, including patient compliance, adverse effects, and efficacy
{"title":"An Insight to Modified Release Dosage Form with Osmotic Drug Delivery System","authors":"Dudhat K","doi":"10.23880/beba-16000193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/beba-16000193","url":null,"abstract":"Osmotic drug delivery is a technique for managing the controlled, prolonged release of medications. A semi-permeable membrane is used to separate two compartments, one of which contains the medicine and the other of which contains an osmotic agent, in the system, which is based on the osmosis principle. The medicine is pushed through the membrane at a controlled rate thanks to the pressure differential created when the osmotic agent sucks water from the body into the drug compartment. The system can be set up to disperse medications over long periods of time, from a few hours to several months. Osmotic drug delivery is superior to conventional drug delivery techniques in a number of ways, including patient compliance, adverse effects, and efficacy","PeriodicalId":8995,"journal":{"name":"Bioequivalence & Bioavailability International Journal","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72816953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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