Diabetes mellitus (DM), which affects a substantial portion of the population and has become more common in modern society, is actually a metabolic condition. The hallmark of diabetes mellitus is excessively high blood sugar levels brought on by a breakdown in glucose homeostasis brought on by a partial or complete lack of insulin in the body or by insulin activity. Hyperglycaemia is caused by changes in insulin levels or activity as well as cell activities that affect the biochemical processes involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids in target organs like the liver function. skeletal muscle, kidney, and adipose tissue. 1.5 million deaths per year are attributed to diabetes, and 48 percent of these fatalities occurring before the age of 70. Premature mortality from diabetes increased by 5% between the years 2000 and 2016. Therefore, it's essential to pick the appropriate diabetic therapy. Professional anti-diabetic medications are available to treat diabetes, however there are significant concerns over their cost and side effects. The drawbacks of currently available drugs necessitate the development of new, less expensive, and safer remedies. While Anisomeles malabarica (A. malabarica), an indigenous medicinal plant, has been shown to have anti-epileptic, anti-diabetic, anti-proliferative, and other qualities, the focus of this review is on AM's anti-diabetic advantages.
{"title":"An Overview of Anti-diabetic Efficacy and Biochemical Mechanism of Anisomeles Malabarica (Malabar Catmint): A Review","authors":"Kulshreshtha M","doi":"10.23880/beba-16000201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/beba-16000201","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes mellitus (DM), which affects a substantial portion of the population and has become more common in modern society, is actually a metabolic condition. The hallmark of diabetes mellitus is excessively high blood sugar levels brought on by a breakdown in glucose homeostasis brought on by a partial or complete lack of insulin in the body or by insulin activity. Hyperglycaemia is caused by changes in insulin levels or activity as well as cell activities that affect the biochemical processes involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids in target organs like the liver function. skeletal muscle, kidney, and adipose tissue. 1.5 million deaths per year are attributed to diabetes, and 48 percent of these fatalities occurring before the age of 70. Premature mortality from diabetes increased by 5% between the years 2000 and 2016. Therefore, it's essential to pick the appropriate diabetic therapy. Professional anti-diabetic medications are available to treat diabetes, however there are significant concerns over their cost and side effects. The drawbacks of currently available drugs necessitate the development of new, less expensive, and safer remedies. While Anisomeles malabarica (A. malabarica), an indigenous medicinal plant, has been shown to have anti-epileptic, anti-diabetic, anti-proliferative, and other qualities, the focus of this review is on AM's anti-diabetic advantages.","PeriodicalId":8995,"journal":{"name":"Bioequivalence & Bioavailability International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139362866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sensory neural hearing loss (SNHL) is a pervasive audiological disorder characterized by damage to the inner ear's hair cells or auditory nerve. Despite extensive research efforts, SNHL treatment remains a challenge due to various barriers, including limited drug penetration into the inner ear and the risk of systemic side effects. This abstract explores the innovative use of nanoparticles in intratympanic drug delivery as a promising solution to overcome these hurdles. Nanoparticles offer a unique platform for drug delivery to the inner ear, enhancing bioavailability and ensuring bioequivalence of therapeutic agents. Through targeted delivery, controlled release, and drug protection, nanoparticles address critical limitations in traditional SNHL treatments. These abstract reviews the barriers to SNHL treatment, the advantages of nanoparticle-based delivery systems, and their potential to revolutionize the management of SNHL. Further research in this field promises to unlock new opportunities for more effective and accessible treatments for SNHL patients
{"title":"Enhancement of Bioavailability and Bioequivalence of Drug Delivery in Sensory Neural Hearing Loss","authors":"Bhatt Pr","doi":"10.23880/beba-16000215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/beba-16000215","url":null,"abstract":"Sensory neural hearing loss (SNHL) is a pervasive audiological disorder characterized by damage to the inner ear's hair cells or auditory nerve. Despite extensive research efforts, SNHL treatment remains a challenge due to various barriers, including limited drug penetration into the inner ear and the risk of systemic side effects. This abstract explores the innovative use of nanoparticles in intratympanic drug delivery as a promising solution to overcome these hurdles. Nanoparticles offer a unique platform for drug delivery to the inner ear, enhancing bioavailability and ensuring bioequivalence of therapeutic agents. Through targeted delivery, controlled release, and drug protection, nanoparticles address critical limitations in traditional SNHL treatments. These abstract reviews the barriers to SNHL treatment, the advantages of nanoparticle-based delivery systems, and their potential to revolutionize the management of SNHL. Further research in this field promises to unlock new opportunities for more effective and accessible treatments for SNHL patients","PeriodicalId":8995,"journal":{"name":"Bioequivalence & Bioavailability International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139363049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After the few years of COVID -19, Omicron has reported as a new variant found in the Botswana. Some studies have reported that it is much milder then COVID-19. Symptoms include cough, fatigue, loss of smell, runny nose etc. It is not clear that Omicron can transfer from one person to another. Treatment is not clear. This short view is my best collection of published scientific data on Omicron till now. It also includes the origin, epidemiological data, and treatment etc. of new variant.
{"title":"Omicron; New COVID-19 Strain","authors":"Kulshreshtha M","doi":"10.23880/beba-16000200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/beba-16000200","url":null,"abstract":"After the few years of COVID -19, Omicron has reported as a new variant found in the Botswana. Some studies have reported that it is much milder then COVID-19. Symptoms include cough, fatigue, loss of smell, runny nose etc. It is not clear that Omicron can transfer from one person to another. Treatment is not clear. This short view is my best collection of published scientific data on Omicron till now. It also includes the origin, epidemiological data, and treatment etc. of new variant.","PeriodicalId":8995,"journal":{"name":"Bioequivalence & Bioavailability International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139363253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thymol is a naturally occurring compound found in the essential oils of thyme, oregano, and other plants. It has been shown to have a variety of pharmacological activities, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. In recent years, researchers have investigated the potential of thymol as an anticancer agent. However, thymol has limited solubility and poor bioavailability, which limits its use as a therapeutic agent. To overcome these limitations, researchers have developed various nano-based drug delivery systems (NDDS) to improve the efficacy of thymol. In this article, we will review the current state of research on thymol NDDS with anti-tumor activity.
{"title":"Nanotechnology as a Tool to Improve the Biological Activity of Thymol: A Review","authors":"Mittu B","doi":"10.23880/beba-16000220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/beba-16000220","url":null,"abstract":"Thymol is a naturally occurring compound found in the essential oils of thyme, oregano, and other plants. It has been shown to have a variety of pharmacological activities, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. In recent years, researchers have investigated the potential of thymol as an anticancer agent. However, thymol has limited solubility and poor bioavailability, which limits its use as a therapeutic agent. To overcome these limitations, researchers have developed various nano-based drug delivery systems (NDDS) to improve the efficacy of thymol. In this article, we will review the current state of research on thymol NDDS with anti-tumor activity.","PeriodicalId":8995,"journal":{"name":"Bioequivalence & Bioavailability International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139363320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this study was to prepare and evaluate solid lipid nanoparticles for the skin delivery of Ciprofloxacin. Ciprofloxacin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) have been successfully developed by using a microemulsion technique. Three different formulations were prepared It was found that variation in the amount of ingredients had profound effects on the Ciprofloxacin loading capacity, mean particle size, size distribution of charge, morphology, and drug-lipid compatibility. At optimized process conditions, Ciprofloxacin loaded SLNs showed spherical particles with a mean particle size of 250 ɳm and 60% Ciprofloxacin incorporation efficacy was achieved. The SLN sustained the drug release for 6 h in vitro. The results suggest formulation could be used as a potential topical formulation for fungal infection.
{"title":"Formulation and Characterization of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Topical Delivery of Antibacterial Drug","authors":"Pandey Ak","doi":"10.23880/beba-16000204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/beba-16000204","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to prepare and evaluate solid lipid nanoparticles for the skin delivery of Ciprofloxacin. Ciprofloxacin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) have been successfully developed by using a microemulsion technique. Three different formulations were prepared It was found that variation in the amount of ingredients had profound effects on the Ciprofloxacin loading capacity, mean particle size, size distribution of charge, morphology, and drug-lipid compatibility. At optimized process conditions, Ciprofloxacin loaded SLNs showed spherical particles with a mean particle size of 250 ɳm and 60% Ciprofloxacin incorporation efficacy was achieved. The SLN sustained the drug release for 6 h in vitro. The results suggest formulation could be used as a potential topical formulation for fungal infection.","PeriodicalId":8995,"journal":{"name":"Bioequivalence & Bioavailability International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139362877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study objective was to determine the bioequivalence of two Favipiravir 200 mg Film-Coated Tablet formulations (test and reference formulation). This study was an open label, randomized, single-dose, two-period, two-sequences, crossover study under fasting condition which included 30 healthy Indonesian volunteers. The participants were informed about this study and provided written consent. Subjects were fasted for at least 8 hours before receiving the test and reference drugs. Blood samples were collected at 17 different time points, including prior to drug administration and at various intervals up to 24 hours after drug administration. Favipiravir plasma concentrations were determined using an LC-MS/MS method. The main pharmacokinetic parameters calculated, namely the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-t) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), are expected to demonstrate bioequivalence. The bioequivalence acceptance range is 80.00%- 125.00% for the 90% confidence interval of the geometric least square means ratio for AUC0-t and Cmax. The mean ± SD values for AUC0-24 and Cmax of the test drug were 15,756.77± 4,773.47 ng·mL-1·hr and 7,237.49 ± 1,441.07 ng/mL, respectively. The mean ± SD values for AUC0-24 and Cmax of the Reference drug were 15,491.62 ± 4,288.43 ng·mL-1·hr and 7,218.51 ± 1,896.11 ng/mL, respectively. The geometric mean ratio of the test drug to the Reference drug (90% CI) was 101.27% (96.89-105.86) for AUC0-24 and 101.22% (96.80-105.84) for Cmax. The results of this study in healthy indonesian volunteers indicate that Favipiravir 200 mg Film-Coated Tablet manufactured by PT Kimia Farma Tbk are bioequivalent to the reference product — Avigan® 200 mg mg Film-Coated Tablet manufactured by Fujifilm Toyama Chemical Co., Ltd.
{"title":"Pharmacokinetics and Bioequivalence Study of Two Formulations of Favipiravir 200 mg Film-Coated Tablet in Healthy Indonesian Volunteers","authors":"Priyanto P","doi":"10.23880/beba-16000214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/beba-16000214","url":null,"abstract":"This study objective was to determine the bioequivalence of two Favipiravir 200 mg Film-Coated Tablet formulations (test and reference formulation). This study was an open label, randomized, single-dose, two-period, two-sequences, crossover study under fasting condition which included 30 healthy Indonesian volunteers. The participants were informed about this study and provided written consent. Subjects were fasted for at least 8 hours before receiving the test and reference drugs. Blood samples were collected at 17 different time points, including prior to drug administration and at various intervals up to 24 hours after drug administration. Favipiravir plasma concentrations were determined using an LC-MS/MS method. The main pharmacokinetic parameters calculated, namely the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-t) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), are expected to demonstrate bioequivalence. The bioequivalence acceptance range is 80.00%- 125.00% for the 90% confidence interval of the geometric least square means ratio for AUC0-t and Cmax. The mean ± SD values for AUC0-24 and Cmax of the test drug were 15,756.77± 4,773.47 ng·mL-1·hr and 7,237.49 ± 1,441.07 ng/mL, respectively. The mean ± SD values for AUC0-24 and Cmax of the Reference drug were 15,491.62 ± 4,288.43 ng·mL-1·hr and 7,218.51 ± 1,896.11 ng/mL, respectively. The geometric mean ratio of the test drug to the Reference drug (90% CI) was 101.27% (96.89-105.86) for AUC0-24 and 101.22% (96.80-105.84) for Cmax. The results of this study in healthy indonesian volunteers indicate that Favipiravir 200 mg Film-Coated Tablet manufactured by PT Kimia Farma Tbk are bioequivalent to the reference product — Avigan® 200 mg mg Film-Coated Tablet manufactured by Fujifilm Toyama Chemical Co., Ltd.","PeriodicalId":8995,"journal":{"name":"Bioequivalence & Bioavailability International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139362928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The phenolic compounds present in food cover a wide range of structures that have different biological properties. Highlighting its antioxidant properties and the presence mainly of spices, herbs and other foods. Some compounds present in spices can be listed for their antioxidant activity, such as: cloves have eugenol, pinene in their composition, cinnamon also has eugenol, limonene, pinene, catechins and other phenolic compounds in their composition, anise has pinene, rutin, apigenin, oregano has apigenin, quercecin, rosmarinic, caffeic, p-coumaric acids, and others. Rosemary presents the carnosic, rosmarinic, caffeic and hydroxycinnamic. The tissue inflammatory process normally starts with the presence of free radicals that are associated with the oxidative process activated by reactive oxygen species represented by peroxides, superoxide ion, presence of hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen, among others. The highlighted phenolic compounds have in their structure one or more hydroxyls that have the property of donating a hydrogen atom to free radical structures, which can block the triggering of the oxidative process and thus inflammation.
{"title":"Natural Antioxidants and Tissue Inflammation","authors":"Mancini-Filho J","doi":"10.23880/beba-16000203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/beba-16000203","url":null,"abstract":"The phenolic compounds present in food cover a wide range of structures that have different biological properties. Highlighting its antioxidant properties and the presence mainly of spices, herbs and other foods. Some compounds present in spices can be listed for their antioxidant activity, such as: cloves have eugenol, pinene in their composition, cinnamon also has eugenol, limonene, pinene, catechins and other phenolic compounds in their composition, anise has pinene, rutin, apigenin, oregano has apigenin, quercecin, rosmarinic, caffeic, p-coumaric acids, and others. Rosemary presents the carnosic, rosmarinic, caffeic and hydroxycinnamic. The tissue inflammatory process normally starts with the presence of free radicals that are associated with the oxidative process activated by reactive oxygen species represented by peroxides, superoxide ion, presence of hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen, among others. The highlighted phenolic compounds have in their structure one or more hydroxyls that have the property of donating a hydrogen atom to free radical structures, which can block the triggering of the oxidative process and thus inflammation.","PeriodicalId":8995,"journal":{"name":"Bioequivalence & Bioavailability International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139363164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Low-grade gliomas are among the most common CNS tumors in the pediatric patients group. From the genetics, histopathology, treatment strategies, distribution and molecular points of view, these tumors are different from ones which can be seen in the adult patients group. From the histological point of view, low-grade gliomas in the pediatric patients group encompass tumors of oligodendroglial, astrocytic and mixed glial-neuronal histology. Transforming into malignancy would usually not occur in most of these tumors. Understanding the genetics of these tumors is of importance in learning their behaviors. This brief review tries to point to some important notes about the genetics of the low-grade gliomas in the pediatric patients group.
{"title":"Low-Grade Gliomas Genetics In The Pediatric Patients Group, A Review On Some Important Notes","authors":"Saberi B","doi":"10.23880/beba-16000205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/beba-16000205","url":null,"abstract":"Low-grade gliomas are among the most common CNS tumors in the pediatric patients group. From the genetics, histopathology, treatment strategies, distribution and molecular points of view, these tumors are different from ones which can be seen in the adult patients group. From the histological point of view, low-grade gliomas in the pediatric patients group encompass tumors of oligodendroglial, astrocytic and mixed glial-neuronal histology. Transforming into malignancy would usually not occur in most of these tumors. Understanding the genetics of these tumors is of importance in learning their behaviors. This brief review tries to point to some important notes about the genetics of the low-grade gliomas in the pediatric patients group.","PeriodicalId":8995,"journal":{"name":"Bioequivalence & Bioavailability International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139363193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zidovudine is a synthetic nucleoside analogue, specifically a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), that inhibits the replication of retroviruses, including HIV. Study Objective: This study objective was to determine the bioequivalence of Zidovudine 100 mg capsules produced by PT Kimia Farma Tbk compared to Retrovir 100 mg capsules produced by GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals S.A, in healthy subjects Methods: The study was conducted in a randomized, single-dose, open-label, two-way crossover design (2 treatments, 2 periods, and 2 sequences) under fasting state with 7 (seven) days washed-out period between each period. The number of subjects who participated and completed the study were 31 of 32 adult male and female. One subject dropped out from 2nd period because of personal reason. The subjects received an explanation of the study and signed informed consent. Subjects fasted for a minimum of 8 hours before receiving the test drug and reference drug. Blood samples were collected 15 times at the following time points: 0 hours (before drug administration), 0.16, 0.33, 0.50, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 10 hours after drug administration. Plasma concentrations of the drug were determined by LC-MS/MS method. The pharmacokinetic parameters calculated in this study are AUC0-t, AUC0-inf, Cmax, tmax, and t½, while the statistical interval proposed was 80.00 - 125.00% for AUC0-t and Cmax with 90% Confidence Interval (CI) with α = 5.00%. Results: The main pharmacokinetic parameters of the test drug Zidovudine (BN: G2 1346 J) compared to reference drug, Retrovir (BN: JN8K) were calculated based on geometric mean ratio and 90% confidence interval (CI). The results for AUC0-t and Cmax were 101.65% (96.77- 106.83%) and 95.63% (84.09-108.76%) respectively, with intra-subject variability (%CV) for AUC0-t and Cmax were 11.49% and 30.47%. Hence, the number of 31 subjects has adequate number for required power of study. Conclusion: Based on the AUC0-t and Cmax values, Zidovudine 100 mg Capsules Produced by PT. Kimia Farma Tbk is bioequivalent to Retrovir 100 mg Capsules Produced by GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals S.A.
{"title":"Bioequivalence Study of Zidovudine 100 Mg Capsule with TwoWay Crossover Design","authors":"Priyanto P","doi":"10.23880/beba-16000209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/beba-16000209","url":null,"abstract":"Zidovudine is a synthetic nucleoside analogue, specifically a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), that inhibits the replication of retroviruses, including HIV. Study Objective: This study objective was to determine the bioequivalence of Zidovudine 100 mg capsules produced by PT Kimia Farma Tbk compared to Retrovir 100 mg capsules produced by GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals S.A, in healthy subjects Methods: The study was conducted in a randomized, single-dose, open-label, two-way crossover design (2 treatments, 2 periods, and 2 sequences) under fasting state with 7 (seven) days washed-out period between each period. The number of subjects who participated and completed the study were 31 of 32 adult male and female. One subject dropped out from 2nd period because of personal reason. The subjects received an explanation of the study and signed informed consent. Subjects fasted for a minimum of 8 hours before receiving the test drug and reference drug. Blood samples were collected 15 times at the following time points: 0 hours (before drug administration), 0.16, 0.33, 0.50, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 10 hours after drug administration. Plasma concentrations of the drug were determined by LC-MS/MS method. The pharmacokinetic parameters calculated in this study are AUC0-t, AUC0-inf, Cmax, tmax, and t½, while the statistical interval proposed was 80.00 - 125.00% for AUC0-t and Cmax with 90% Confidence Interval (CI) with α = 5.00%. Results: The main pharmacokinetic parameters of the test drug Zidovudine (BN: G2 1346 J) compared to reference drug, Retrovir (BN: JN8K) were calculated based on geometric mean ratio and 90% confidence interval (CI). The results for AUC0-t and Cmax were 101.65% (96.77- 106.83%) and 95.63% (84.09-108.76%) respectively, with intra-subject variability (%CV) for AUC0-t and Cmax were 11.49% and 30.47%. Hence, the number of 31 subjects has adequate number for required power of study. Conclusion: Based on the AUC0-t and Cmax values, Zidovudine 100 mg Capsules Produced by PT. Kimia Farma Tbk is bioequivalent to Retrovir 100 mg Capsules Produced by GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals S.A.","PeriodicalId":8995,"journal":{"name":"Bioequivalence & Bioavailability International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139363385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Epidemiological studies have consistently linked abundant consumption of foods of plant origin, to the reduced risk of cancer. The present study was conducted to perform the of chemical and phytochemical characterization of selected medicinal herbs Centella asiatica and Cymbopogan citratus which are commonly used in Malaysian diet. Phytochemical and chemical characterization of the plant extracts were determined by qualitative phytochemical analysis, HPLC analysis and GC-TOFMS analysis. The results from the phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of saponin, anthroquinone, flavonoid, tannin, alkaloid in Centella asiatica: reducing sugar, saponins, flavonoid, tannin, alkaloids in Cymbopogan citratus. In addition, the GC spectrum of Cymbopogan citratus indicated monoterpenes and cyclic terpenes, aromatic amine and alcohols and fatty acid methyl ester. Further, the GC spectrum of Centella asiatica indicated mono and cyclic terpenes and terpenoid alcohols, aromatic amine, alcohols and alkanes, caryophyllene and steroids. Since the major phytochemicals and chemicals identified in the tested plants are found to be chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory potential and anti-tumor potential, the plants investigated may be recommended as good candidates for cytotoxicity and antiangiogenic potential.
{"title":"Phytochemical and Chemical Characterization of Centella Asiatica and Cymbopogan Citratus Extracts","authors":"Naidu Jr","doi":"10.23880/beba-16000213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/beba-16000213","url":null,"abstract":"Epidemiological studies have consistently linked abundant consumption of foods of plant origin, to the reduced risk of cancer. The present study was conducted to perform the of chemical and phytochemical characterization of selected medicinal herbs Centella asiatica and Cymbopogan citratus which are commonly used in Malaysian diet. Phytochemical and chemical characterization of the plant extracts were determined by qualitative phytochemical analysis, HPLC analysis and GC-TOFMS analysis. The results from the phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of saponin, anthroquinone, flavonoid, tannin, alkaloid in Centella asiatica: reducing sugar, saponins, flavonoid, tannin, alkaloids in Cymbopogan citratus. In addition, the GC spectrum of Cymbopogan citratus indicated monoterpenes and cyclic terpenes, aromatic amine and alcohols and fatty acid methyl ester. Further, the GC spectrum of Centella asiatica indicated mono and cyclic terpenes and terpenoid alcohols, aromatic amine, alcohols and alkanes, caryophyllene and steroids. Since the major phytochemicals and chemicals identified in the tested plants are found to be chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory potential and anti-tumor potential, the plants investigated may be recommended as good candidates for cytotoxicity and antiangiogenic potential.","PeriodicalId":8995,"journal":{"name":"Bioequivalence & Bioavailability International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139363007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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