Research on economic inequality最新文献

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Income Redistribution through Taxes and Transfers across OECD Countries 经合组织国家间通过税收和转移的收入再分配

Research on economic inequality

Pub Date : 2017-12-21 DOI: 10.1787/BC7569C6-EN

O. Causa, M. Hermansen

This paper produces a comprehensive assessment of income redistribution to the working-age population, covering OECD countries over the last two decades. Redistribution is quantified as the relative reduction in market income inequality achieved by personal income taxes, employees’ social security contributions and cash transfers, based on household-level micro data. A detailed decomposition analysis uncovers the respective roles of size, tax progressivity and transfer targeting for overall redistribution, the respective role of various categories of transfers for transfer redistribution; as well as redistribution for various income groups. The paper shows a widespread decline in redistribution across the OECD, both on average and in the majority of countries for which data going back to the mid-1990s are available. This was primarily associated with a decline in cash transfer redistribution while personal income taxes played a less important and more heterogeneous role across countries. In turn, the decline in the redistributive effect of cash transfers reflected a decline in their size and in particular by less redistributive insurance transfers. In some countries, this was mitigated by more redistributive assistance transfers but the resulting increase in the targeting of total transfers was not sufficient to prevent transfer redistribution from declining.

本文对过去二十年来经合组织国家向劳动年龄人口的收入再分配进行了全面评估。再分配被量化为根据家庭层面的微观数据，通过个人所得税、员工社会保障缴款和现金转移实现的市场收入不平等的相对减少。详细的分解分析揭示了规模、税收累进性和转移目标在整体再分配中的各自作用，以及各类转移对转移再分配的各自作用；以及对不同收入群体的再分配。该论文显示，整个经合组织的再分配普遍下降，无论是在平均水平上，还是在大多数有20世纪90年代中期数据的国家。这主要与现金转移再分配的减少有关，而个人所得税在各国发挥的作用不那么重要，也更加多样化。反过来，现金转移再分配效应的下降反映了其规模的下降，尤其是再分配较少的保险转移。在一些国家，通过更多的再分配援助转移缓解了这种情况，但由此增加的转移总额目标不足以防止转移再分配下降。

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引用次数: 89

Chapter 3 Income and Wealth Distributions in a Neoclassical Growth Model With σ ≥ 1 第三章σ≥1的新古典增长模型中的收入和财富分配

Research on economic inequality

Pub Date : 2017-03-04 DOI: 10.1108/S1049-258520180000026004

Mauro Patrão

Abstract The publication of Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Piketty (2014) propelled the debate about the prospects of the evolution of income and wealth inequalities in this century. One of the main controversies is about the effects on the income and wealth inequalities of a decrease in the growth rate g. In Piketty (2014), it is claimed that a decrease in g will cause an increase in the wealth inequality, through an increase in the difference r−g, where r is the rate of return on capital. This claim was criticized by many authors. In this chapter, the author presents a neoclassical growth model with heterogeneous agents and uses it to shed more light on this issue. The author’s model generalizes and improves previous models introduced in Piketty and Zucman (2015) and in Aoki and Nirei (2016). The author also presents a result, relating income, wealth, and wage inequalities.

摘要Piketty（2014）出版的《二十一世纪的资本》一书推动了关于本世纪收入和财富不平等演变前景的辩论。主要的争议之一是增长率g的下降对收入和财富不平等的影响。在Piketty（2014）中，有人声称g的下降将通过差值r−g的增加来导致财富不平等加剧，其中r是资本回报率。这一说法受到许多作者的批评。在本章中，作者提出了一个具有异质主体的新古典增长模型，并用它来阐明这个问题。作者的模型推广并改进了Piketty和Zucman（2015）以及Aoki和Nirei（2016）中引入的先前模型。作者还提出了一个与收入、财富和工资不平等有关的结果。

引用次数: 0

Health Inequalities through the Lens of Health Capital Theory: Issues, Solutions, and Future Directions. 从健康资本理论的角度看健康不平等：问题、解决方案和未来方向。

Research on economic inequality

Pub Date : 2013-06-01 DOI: 10.1108/S1049-2585(2013)0000021013

Titus J Galama, Hans van Kippersluis

We explore what health-capital theory has to offer in terms of informing and directing research into health inequality. We argue that economic theory can help in identifying mechanisms through which specific socioeconomic indicators and health interact. Our reading of the literature, and our own work, leads us to conclude that non-degenerate versions of the Grossman model (1972a;b) and its extensions can explain many salient stylized facts on health inequalities. Yet, further development is required in at least two directions. First, a childhood phase needs to be incorporated, in recognition of the importance of childhood endowments and investments in the determination of later-life socioeconomic and health outcomes. Second, a unified theory of joint investment in skill (or human) capital and in health capital could provide a basis for a theory of the relationship between education and health.

我们探讨了健康资本理论在为健康不平等研究提供信息和指导方面的作用。我们认为，经济理论有助于确定特定社会经济指标与健康之间的相互作用机制。通过对文献的阅读以及我们自己的工作，我们得出结论，格罗斯曼模型（1972a;b）的非退化版本及其扩展版本可以解释许多有关健康不平等的突出的典型事实。然而，至少在两个方面还需要进一步发展。首先，由于认识到童年时期的禀赋和投资在决定日后的社会经济和健康结果方面的重要性，需要纳入童年阶段。其次，技能（或人力）资本和健康资本联合投资的统一理论可以为教育与健康之间关系的理论提供基础。

引用次数: 0

Reference value sensitivity of measures of unfair health inequality. 衡量不公平健康不平等的参考值敏感性。

Research on economic inequality

Pub Date : 2013-01-01 DOI: 10.1108/s1049-2585(2013)0000021008

Pilar García-Gómez, Erik Schokkaert, Tom Van Ourti

Most politicians and ethical observers are not interested in pure health inequalities, as they want to distinguish between different causes of health differences. Measures of "unfair" inequality - direct unfairness and the fairness gap, but also the popular standardized concentration index - therefore neutralize the effects of what are considered to be "legitimate" causes of inequality. This neutralization is performed by putting a subset of the explanatory variables at reference values, e.g. their means. We analyze how the inequality ranking of different policies depends on the specific choice of reference values. We show with mortality data from the Netherlands that the problem is empirically relevant and we suggest a statistical method for fixing the reference values.

大多数政治家和道德观察家对纯粹的健康不平等不感兴趣，因为他们希望区分造成健康差异的不同原因。因此，"不公平 "不平等的衡量标准--直接不公平和公平差距，以及流行的标准化集中指数--中和了被认为是 "合法 "不平等原因的影响。这种中和是通过将一组解释变量置于参考值（例如其平均值）来实现的。我们分析了不同政策的不平等程度如何取决于参考值的具体选择。我们通过荷兰的死亡率数据表明，该问题与经验相关，并提出了一种固定参考值的统计方法。

引用次数: 0

The contribution of occupation to health inequality. 职业对健康不平等的影响。

Research on economic inequality

Pub Date : 2013-01-01 DOI: 10.1108/S1049-2585(2013)0000021014

Bastian Ravesteijn, Hans van Kippersluis, Eddy van Doorslaer

Health is distributed unequally by occupation. Workers on a lower rung of the occupational ladder report worse health, have a higher probability of disability and die earlier than workers higher up the occupational hierarchy. Using a theoretical framework that unveils some of the potential mechanisms underlying these disparities, three core insights emerge: (i) there is selection into occupation on the basis of initial wealth, education, and health, (ii) there will be behavioural responses to adverse working conditions, which can have compensating or reinforcing effects on health, and (iii) workplace conditions increase health inequalities if workers with initially low socioeconomic status choose harmful occupations and don't offset detrimental health effects. We provide empirical illustrations of these insights using data for the Netherlands and assess the evidence available in the economics literature.

健康因职业而分布不均。与职业等级较高的工人相比，职业等级较低的工人健康状况较差，残疾概率较高，死亡时间较早。我们利用理论框架揭示了造成这些差异的一些潜在机制，并提出了三个核心观点：(i) 职业选择基于初始财富、教育和健康状况；(ii) 对不利的工作条件会有行为反应，这可能会对健康产生补偿或强化作用；(iii) 如果社会经济地位最初较低的工人选择了有害的职业，而没有抵消对健康的不利影响，那么工作场所的条件就会加剧健康不平等。我们利用荷兰的数据对这些观点进行了实证说明，并对经济学文献中的证据进行了评估。

引用次数: 0

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