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New therapeutic approaches in psychiatry: contribution of neuroscience 精神病学的新治疗方法:神经科学的贡献
Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.3402/snp.v6.31403
V. Moulier
No abstract available. (Published: 17 March 2016) This paper is part of the Special Issue: New therapeutic neuroscience-based approaches in psychiatry. More papers from this issue can be found at www.socioaffectiveneuroscipsychol.net Citation: Socioaffective Neuroscience & Psychology 2016, 6 : 31403 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/snp.v6.31403
没有摘要。(发表于2016年3月17日)本文是特刊的一部分:精神病学中基于神经科学的新治疗方法。更多相关论文请访问www.socioaffectiveneuroscipsychol.net。引文:社会情感神经科学与心理学,2016,6:31403 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/snp.v6.31403
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引用次数: 1
Effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on mood in healthy subjects 反复经颅磁刺激对健康受试者情绪的影响
Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.3402/snp.v6.29672
V. Moulier, C. Gaudeau-Bosma, C. Isaac, A. Allard, N. Bouaziz, D. Sidhoumi, S. Braha-Zeitoun, R. Benadhira, F. Thomas, D. Januel
Background High frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has shown significant efficiency in the treatment of resistant depression. However in healthy subjects, the effects of rTMS remain unclear. Objective Our aim was to determine the impact of 10 sessions of rTMS applied to the DLPFC on mood and emotion recognition in healthy subjects. Design In a randomised double-blind study, 20 subjects received 10 daily sessions of active (10 Hz frequency) or sham rTMS. The TMS coil was positioned on the left DLPFC through neuronavigation. Several dimensions of mood and emotion processing were assessed at baseline and after rTMS with clinical scales, visual analogue scales (VASs), and the Ekman 60 faces test. Results The 10 rTMS sessions targeting the DLPFC were well tolerated. No significant difference was found between the active group and the control group for clinical scales and the Ekman 60 faces test. Compared to the control group, the active rTMS group presented a significant improvement in their adaptation to daily life, which was assessed through VAS. Conclusion This study did not show any deleterious effect on mood and emotion recognition of 10 sessions of rTMS applied on the DLPFC in healthy subjects. This study also suggested a positive effect of rTMS on quality of life.
背景高频重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)对左背外侧前额叶皮层(DLPFC)治疗难治性抑郁症有显著的疗效。然而,在健康受试者中,rTMS的效果尚不清楚。我们的目的是确定10次rTMS应用于DLPFC对健康受试者情绪和情绪识别的影响。在一项随机双盲研究中,20名受试者每天接受10次主动(10hz频率)或假rTMS。经颅磁刺激线圈通过神经导航定位于左侧DLPFC。使用临床量表、视觉模拟量表(VASs)和Ekman 60面部测试,在基线和rTMS后评估情绪和情绪处理的几个维度。结果针对DLPFC的10次rTMS治疗耐受良好。在临床量表和Ekman 60面部测试中,治疗组与对照组无显著差异。与对照组相比,积极的rTMS组在日常生活适应方面有显著改善,通过VAS评估。结论10次rTMS对健康受试者DLPFC的情绪和情绪识别无不良影响。本研究也提示rTMS对生活质量有积极的影响。
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引用次数: 17
Determinants of female sexual orgasms 女性性高潮的决定因素
Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.3402/snp.v6.31624
O. Kontula, A. Miettinen
Background The pursuit of sexual pleasure is a key motivating factor in sexual activity. Many things can stand in the way of sexual orgasms and enjoyment, particularly among women. These are essential issues of sexual well-being and gender equality. Objective This study presents long-term trends and determinants of female orgasms in Finland. The aim is to analyze the roles of factors such as the personal importance of orgasms, sexual desire, masturbation, clitoral and vaginal stimulation, sexual self-esteem, communication with partner, and partner’s sexual techniques. Design In Finland, five national sex surveys that are based on random samples from the central population register have been conducted. They are representative of the total population within the age range of 18–54 years in 1971 (N=2,152), 18–74 years in 1992 (N=2,250), 18–81 years in 1999 (N=1,496), 18–74 years in 2007 (N=2,590), and 18–79 years in 2015 (N=2,150). Another dataset of 2,049 women in the age group of 18–70 years was collected in 2015 via a national Internet panel. Results Contrary to expectations, women did not have orgasms that are more frequent by increasing their experience and practice of masturbation, or by experimenting with different partners in their lifetime. The keys to their more frequent orgasms lay in mental and relationship factors. These factors and capacities included orgasm importance, sexual desire, sexual self-esteem, and openness of sexual communication with partners. Women valued their partner’s orgasm more than their own. In addition, positive determinants were the ability to concentrate, mutual sexual initiations, and partner’s good sexual techniques. A relationship that felt good and worked well emotionally, and where sex was approached openly and appreciatively, promoted orgasms. Conclusion The findings indicate that women differ greatly from one another in terms of their tendency and capacity to experience orgasms. The improvements in gender equality and sexual education since the 1970s have not helped women to become more orgasmic. Neither has the major increase in masturbation habits (among women in general). One challenge for future studies is to understand why women value their partner’s orgasms more than their own.
对性快感的追求是性行为的一个关键激励因素。很多事情会阻碍性高潮和性享受,尤其是女性。这些都是性健康和性别平等的基本问题。目的研究芬兰女性性高潮的长期趋势和决定因素。目的是分析性高潮的个人重要性、性欲、手淫、阴蒂和阴道刺激、性自尊、与伴侣的沟通以及伴侣的性技巧等因素的作用。在芬兰,根据中央人口登记处的随机样本进行了五项全国性的性别调查。他们分别代表了1971年18-54岁(N= 2152)、1992年18-74岁(N= 2250)、1999年18-81岁(N= 1496)、2007年18-74岁(N= 2590)、2015年18-79岁(N= 2150)年龄段的人口总数。另一个数据集是2015年通过全国互联网小组收集的,其中包括2049名年龄在18-70岁之间的女性。结果与预期相反,女性并没有通过增加自慰的经验和练习,或者在一生中与不同的伴侣尝试而获得更频繁的高潮。她们更频繁性高潮的关键在于心理和情感因素。这些因素和能力包括性高潮的重要性、性欲、性自尊和与伴侣性交流的开放性。比起自己的高潮,女性更看重伴侣的高潮。此外,积极的决定因素是集中注意力的能力,相互的性启蒙,以及伴侣良好的性技巧。一段情感上感觉良好、运转良好的关系,以及对性的公开和欣赏,会促进性高潮。结论:研究结果表明,女性在体验性高潮的倾向和能力方面存在很大差异。自20世纪70年代以来,性别平等和性教育的改善并没有帮助女性获得更多的性高潮。自慰习惯(在女性中普遍)也没有显著增加。未来研究的一个挑战是理解为什么女性更看重伴侣的高潮而不是自己的高潮。
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引用次数: 86
Activation of sensory cortex by imagined genital stimulation: an fMRI analysis 通过想象生殖器刺激激活感觉皮层:fMRI分析
Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.3402/snp.v6.31481
N. Wise, E. Frangos, B. Komisaruk
Background During the course of a previous study, our laboratory made a serendipitous finding that just thinking about genital stimulation resulted in brain activations that overlapped with, and differed from, those generated by physical genital stimulation. Objective This study extends our previous findings by further characterizing how the brain differentially processes physical ‘touch’ stimulation and ‘imagined’ stimulation. Design Eleven healthy women (age range 29–74) participated in an fMRI study of the brain response to imagined or actual tactile stimulation of the nipple and clitoris. Two additional conditions – imagined dildo self-stimulation and imagined speculum stimulation – were included to characterize the effects of erotic versus non-erotic imagery. Results Imagined and tactile self-stimulation of the nipple and clitoris each activated the paracentral lobule (the genital region of the primary sensory cortex) and the secondary somatosensory cortex. Imagined self-stimulation of the clitoris and nipple resulted in greater activation of the frontal pole and orbital frontal cortex compared to tactile self-stimulation of these two bodily regions. Tactile self-stimulation of the clitoris and nipple activated the cerebellum, primary somatosensory cortex (hand region), and premotor cortex more than the imagined stimulation of these body regions. Imagining dildo stimulation generated extensive brain activation in the genital sensory cortex, secondary somatosensory cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, insula, nucleus accumbens, and medial prefrontal cortex, whereas imagining speculum stimulation generated only minimal activation. Conclusion The present findings provide evidence of the potency of imagined stimulation of the genitals and that the following brain regions may participate in erogenous experience: primary and secondary sensory cortices, sensory-motor integration areas, limbic structures, and components of the ‘reward system’. In addition, these results suggest a mechanism by which some individuals may be able to generate orgasm by imagery in the absence of physical stimulation.
在之前的一项研究过程中,我们的实验室偶然发现,仅仅考虑生殖器刺激就会导致大脑激活,这与物理生殖器刺激产生的大脑激活重叠,但又不同。本研究通过进一步表征大脑如何处理物理“触摸”刺激和“想象”刺激的差异,扩展了我们之前的发现。设计11位健康女性(年龄29-74岁)参加了一项功能磁共振成像研究,研究大脑对乳头和阴蒂的想象或实际触觉刺激的反应。另外两个条件——想象的假阳具自我刺激和想象的窥镜刺激——被包括在内,以表征色情意象与非色情意象的影响。结果乳头和阴蒂的想象和触觉自我刺激分别激活了中央旁小叶(初级感觉皮层的生殖区)和次级体感皮层。与对这两个身体区域的触觉自我刺激相比,对阴蒂和乳头的想象自我刺激导致额极和眶额皮质的更大激活。对阴蒂和乳头的触觉自我刺激激活了小脑、初级体感皮层(手区)和运动前皮层,而不是对这些身体区域的想象刺激。想象假阳具刺激在生殖器感觉皮层、次级体感觉皮层、海马、杏仁核、脑岛、伏隔核和内侧前额叶皮层产生了广泛的大脑激活,而想象镜刺激只产生了很小的激活。结论:目前的研究结果为生殖器想象刺激的效力以及以下大脑区域可能参与性体验提供了证据:初级和次级感觉皮质、感觉-运动整合区、边缘结构和“奖励系统”的组成部分。此外,这些结果表明了一种机制,通过这种机制,一些人可能能够在没有身体刺激的情况下通过想象产生性高潮。
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引用次数: 27
The application of tDCS in psychiatric disorders: a brain imaging view tDCS在精神疾病中的应用:脑成像观点
Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.3402/snp.v6.29588
C. Baeken, J. Brunelin, R. Duprat, M. Vanderhasselt
Background Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive, non-convulsive technique for modulating brain function. In contrast to other non-invasive brain stimulation techniques, where costs, clinical applicability, and availability limit their large-scale use in clinical practices, the low-cost, portable, and easy-to-use tDCS devices may overcome these restrictions. Objective Despite numerous clinical applications in large numbers of patients suffering from psychiatric disorders, it is not quite clear how tDCS influences the mentally affected human brain. In order to decipher potential neural mechanisms of action of tDCS in patients with psychiatric conditions, we focused on the combination of tDCS with neuroimaging techniques. Design We propose a contemporary overview on the currently available neurophysiological and neuroimaging data where tDCS has been used as a research or treatment tool in patients with psychiatric disorders. Results Over a reasonably short period of time, tDCS has been broadly used as a research tool to examine neuronal processes in the healthy brain. tDCS has also commonly been applied as a treatment application in a variety of mental disorders, with to date no straightforward clinical outcome and not always accompanied by brain imaging techniques. Conclusion tDCS, as do other neuromodulation devices, clearly affects the underlying neuronal processes. However, research on these mechanisms in psychiatric patients is rather limited. A better comprehension of how tDCS modulates brain function will help us to define optimal parameters of stimulation in each indication and may result in the detection of biomarkers in favor of clinical response.
背景:经颅直流电刺激(tDCS)是一种非侵入性、非惊厥性的脑功能调节技术。与其他非侵入性脑刺激技术相比,成本、临床适用性和可用性限制了它们在临床实践中的大规模应用,低成本、便携式和易于使用的tDCS设备可以克服这些限制。尽管tDCS在大量精神疾病患者中有大量临床应用,但目前尚不清楚tDCS如何影响精神疾病患者的大脑。为了揭示tDCS在精神疾病患者中潜在的神经机制,我们重点研究了tDCS与神经影像学技术的结合。我们对目前可用的神经生理学和神经影像学数据进行了当代概述,其中tDCS已被用作精神疾病患者的研究或治疗工具。结果在相当短的时间内,tDCS已被广泛用作一种研究工具来检查健康大脑中的神经元过程。tDCS也被广泛应用于各种精神障碍的治疗,迄今为止没有直接的临床结果,也并不总是伴随着脑成像技术。结论tDCS与其他神经调节装置一样,明显影响基础神经元过程。然而,对这些机制在精神病患者中的研究相当有限。更好地理解tDCS如何调节脑功能将有助于我们确定每种适应症的最佳刺激参数,并可能导致有利于临床反应的生物标志物的检测。
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引用次数: 22
Neural correlates of cognitive improvements following cognitive remediation in schizophrenia: a systematic review of randomized trials 精神分裂症患者认知修复后认知改善的神经相关因素:随机试验的系统回顾
Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.3402/snp.v6.30054
C. Isaac, D. Januel
Background Cognitive impairments are a core feature in schizophrenia and are linked to poor social functioning. Numerous studies have shown that cognitive remediation can enhance cognitive and functional abilities in patients with this pathology. The underlying mechanism of these behavioral improvements seems to be related to structural and functional changes in the brain. However, studies on neural correlates of such enhancement remain scarce. Objectives We explored the neural correlates of cognitive enhancement following cognitive remediation interventions in schizophrenia and the differential effect between cognitive training and other therapeutic interventions or patients’ usual care. Method We searched MEDLINE, PsycInfo, and ScienceDirect databases for studies on cognitive remediation therapy in schizophrenia that used neuroimaging techniques and a randomized design. Search terms included randomized controlled trial, cognitive remediation, cognitive training, rehabilitation, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, electroencephalography, magnetoencephalography, near infrared spectroscopy, and diffusion tensor imaging. We selected randomized controlled trials that proposed multiple sessions of cognitive training to adult patients with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder and assessed its efficacy with imaging techniques. Results In total, 15 reports involving 19 studies were included in the systematic review. They involved a total of 455 adult patients, 271 of whom received cognitive remediation. Cognitive remediation therapy seems to provide a neurobiological enhancing effect in schizophrenia. After therapy, increased activations are observed in various brain regions mainly in frontal – especially prefrontal – and also in occipital and anterior cingulate regions during working memory and executive tasks. Several studies provide evidence of an improved functional connectivity after cognitive training, suggesting a neuroplastic effect of therapy through mechanisms of functional reorganization. Neurocognitive and social-cognitive training may have a cumulative effect on neural networks involved in social cognition. The variety of proposed programs, imaging tasks, and techniques may explain the heterogeneity of observed neural improvements. Future studies would need to specify the effect of cognitive training depending on those variables.
认知障碍是精神分裂症的核心特征,与社会功能低下有关。大量研究表明,认知修复可以提高患有这种病理的患者的认知和功能能力。这些行为改善的潜在机制似乎与大脑的结构和功能变化有关。然而,对这种增强的神经相关研究仍然很少。目的探讨精神分裂症患者认知修复干预后认知增强的神经相关因素,以及认知训练与其他治疗干预或患者常规护理的差异效果。方法:我们检索MEDLINE、PsycInfo和ScienceDirect数据库,检索使用神经影像学技术和随机设计的关于精神分裂症认知修复治疗的研究。检索词包括随机对照试验、认知修复、认知训练、康复、磁共振成像、正电子发射断层扫描、脑电图、脑磁图、近红外光谱和扩散张量成像。我们选择了随机对照试验,这些试验建议对患有精神分裂症谱系障碍的成年患者进行多期认知训练,并用成像技术评估其疗效。结果本次系统评价共纳入15篇报道,涉及19项研究。他们共涉及455名成年患者,其中271人接受了认知修复。认知修复疗法似乎对精神分裂症具有神经生物学增强作用。在治疗后,在工作记忆和执行任务期间,观察到大脑各区域的激活增加,主要是在额叶-特别是前额叶-以及枕叶和前扣带区。一些研究提供了认知训练后功能连接改善的证据,表明治疗通过功能重组机制产生神经可塑性效应。神经认知和社会认知训练可能对参与社会认知的神经网络产生累积效应。提出的方案、成像任务和技术的多样性可以解释观察到的神经改善的异质性。未来的研究需要根据这些变量来明确认知训练的效果。
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引用次数: 50
Regularity effect in prospective memory during aging 衰老过程中前瞻记忆的规律性效应
Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.3402/snp.v6.31238
Geoffrey Blondelle, M. Hainselin, Y. Gounden, L. Heurley, H. Voisin, O. Megalakaki, Estelle Bressous, V. Quaglino
Background Regularity effect can affect performance in prospective memory (PM), but little is known on the cognitive processes linked to this effect. Moreover, its impacts with regard to aging remain unknown. To our knowledge, this study is the first to examine regularity effect in PM in a lifespan perspective, with a sample of young, intermediate, and older adults. Objective and design Our study examined the regularity effect in PM in three groups of participants: 28 young adults (18–30), 16 intermediate adults (40–55), and 25 older adults (65–80). The task, adapted from the Virtual Week, was designed to manipulate the regularity of the various activities of daily life that were to be recalled (regular repeated activities vs. irregular non-repeated activities). We examine the role of several cognitive functions including certain dimensions of executive functions (planning, inhibition, shifting, and binding), short-term memory, and retrospective episodic memory to identify those involved in PM, according to regularity and age. Results A mixed-design ANOVA showed a main effect of task regularity and an interaction between age and regularity: an age-related difference in PM performances was found for irregular activities (older < young), but not for regular activities. All participants recalled more regular activities than irregular ones with no age effect. It appeared that recalling of regular activities only involved planning for both intermediate and older adults, while recalling of irregular ones were linked to planning, inhibition, short-term memory, binding, and retrospective episodic memory. Conclusion Taken together, our data suggest that planning capacities seem to play a major role in remembering to perform intended actions with advancing age. Furthermore, the age-PM-paradox may be attenuated when the experimental design is adapted by implementing a familiar context through the use of activities of daily living. The clinical implications of regularity effect are discussed.
背景规则效应可以影响前瞻记忆(PM)的表现,但对与此效应相关的认知过程知之甚少。此外,它对衰老的影响尚不清楚。据我们所知,这项研究是第一次从生命周期的角度研究PM的规律性影响,样本包括年轻人、中年人和老年人。目的和设计本研究检测了三组参与者PM的规律性效应:28名年轻人(18-30岁),16名中年人(40-55岁)和25名老年人(65-80岁)。该任务改编自虚拟周,旨在操纵日常生活中要回忆的各种活动的规律性(有规律的重复活动与不规律的不重复活动)。我们研究了几种认知功能的作用,包括执行功能的某些维度(计划、抑制、转移和结合)、短期记忆和回顾性情景记忆,以根据规律性和年龄确定与PM有关的认知功能。结果混合设计方差分析显示了任务规律性的主要影响以及年龄和规律性之间的相互作用:在不规律的活动(老年人<年轻人)中发现了PM表现的年龄相关差异,而在常规活动中则没有。在没有年龄影响的情况下,所有参与者都能回忆起更多有规律的活动。结果表明,对于中老年人来说,回忆有规律的活动只与计划有关,而回忆不规律的活动则与计划、抑制、短期记忆、约束和回顾性情景记忆有关。综上所述,我们的数据表明,随着年龄的增长,计划能力似乎在记住执行预期行动方面发挥了重要作用。此外,当实验设计通过使用日常生活活动实现熟悉的环境时,年龄- pm悖论可能会减弱。讨论了规律效应的临床意义。
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引用次数: 11
Social interaction is associated with changes in infants' motor activity. 社交互动与婴儿运动活动的变化有关。
Pub Date : 2015-11-05 eCollection Date: 2015-01-01 DOI: 10.3402/snp.v5.28256
Céline Scola, Marie Bourjade, Marianne Jover

Background: In developmental research, infants are commonly assumed to be early stakeholders in interactions with their caregivers. The tools that infants can use to interact with others vary from visual contact to smiling or vocalizing, and also include motor activity. However, surprisingly few studies have explored how the nature and context of social interactions affect infants' engagement in motor activity.

Methods: We investigated the kinematic properties of foot and face movements produced by 11 infants aged between 5 and 9 months during six contrasting dyadic episodes (i.e. passive presence of a stranger or the infant's mother, weak or intense interaction with the stranger/mother as she sings a nursery play song).

Results: The infants' face and foot motor activity was significantly reduced during the interactive episodes, compared with the episodes without any interaction, in both the mother and stranger conditions. Furthermore, the level of their motor activity was significantly lower in the stranger condition than in the mother one for some parameters.

Conclusion: These results are in line with those reported by previous studies and confirm the relevance of using motor activity to delineate the early forms of interactive episodes in infants.

背景:在发育研究中,婴儿通常被认为是与照料者互动的早期利益相关者。婴儿与他人互动的工具多种多样,从视觉接触到微笑或发声,还包括运动活动。然而,令人惊讶的是,很少有研究探讨社会互动的性质和背景如何影响婴儿参与运动活动:我们调查了 11 名 5 到 9 个月大的婴儿在 6 个对比鲜明的二元对立情境(即陌生人或婴儿母亲被动在场、陌生人/母亲唱儿歌时与婴儿的互动较弱或较强)中产生的脚部和面部运动的运动学特性:结果:在母亲和陌生人在场的情况下,与没有任何互动的情况相比,婴儿在互动情节中的脸部和脚部运动活动明显减少。此外,在某些参数上,陌生人条件下婴儿的运动活动水平明显低于母亲条件下的水平:这些结果与之前的研究结果一致,并证实了使用运动活动来划分婴儿早期互动事件的相关性。
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引用次数: 0
How we remember what we can do. 我们如何记住我们能做什么。
Pub Date : 2015-10-26 eCollection Date: 2015-01-01 DOI: 10.3402/snp.v5.24807
Gunnar Declerck

According to the motor simulation theory, the knowledge we possess of what we can do is based on simulation mechanisms triggered by an off-line activation of the brain areas involved in motor control. Action capabilities memory does not work by storing some content, but consists in the capacity, rooted in sensory-motor systems, to reenact off-line action sequences exhibiting the range of our powers. In this paper, I present several arguments from cognitive neuropsychology, but also first-person analysis of experience, against this hypothesis. The claim that perceptual access to affordances is mediated by motor simulation processes rests on a misunderstanding of what affordances are, and comes up against a computational reality principle. Motor simulation cannot provide access to affordances because (i) the affordances we are aware of at each moment are too many for their realization to be simulated by the brain and (ii) affordances are not equivalent to currently or personally feasible actions. The explanatory significance of the simulation theory must then be revised downwards compared to what is claimed by most of its advocates. One additional challenge is to determine the prerequisite, in terms of cognitive processing, for the motor simulation mechanisms to work. To overcome the limitations of the simulation theory, I propose a new approach: the direct content specification hypothesis. This hypothesis states that, at least for the most basic actions of our behavioral repertoire, the action possibilities we are aware of through perception are directly specified by perceptual variables characterizing the content of our experience. The cognitive system responsible for the perception of action possibilities is consequently far more direct, in terms of cognitive processing, than what is stated by the simulation theory. To support this hypothesis I review evidence from current neuropsychological research, in particular data suggesting a phenomenon of 'fossilization' of affordances. Fossilization can be defined as a gap between the capacities that are treated as available by the cognitive system and the capacities this system really has at its disposal. These considerations do not mean that motor simulation cannot contribute to explain how we gain perceptual knowledge of what we can do based on the memory of our past performances. However, when precisely motor simulation plays a role and what it is for exactly currently remain largely unknown.

根据运动模拟理论,我们所拥有的关于我们能做什么的知识是基于模拟机制,该机制是由涉及运动控制的大脑区域的离线激活触发的。动作能力记忆不是通过存储一些内容来工作的,而是根植于感觉-运动系统的一种能力,这种能力可以重现离线的动作序列,展示我们的能力范围。在本文中,我提出了一些来自认知神经心理学的论点,以及第一人称经验分析,反对这一假设。对启示的知觉获取是由运动模拟过程介导的,这种说法是基于对启示是什么的误解,并且违背了计算现实原则。运动模拟不能提供对能力的访问,因为(i)我们每时每刻意识到的能力太多了,大脑无法模拟它们的实现;(ii)能力不等同于当前或个人可行的行动。与大多数支持者所宣称的相比,模拟理论的解释意义必须向下修正。另一个挑战是确定运动模拟机制工作的认知加工的先决条件。为了克服模拟理论的局限性,我提出了一种新的方法:直接内容规范假设。这一假设认为,至少对于我们行为库中最基本的行为,我们通过感知意识到的行为可能性是由表征我们经验内容的感知变量直接指定的。因此,就认知处理而言,负责感知行动可能性的认知系统比模拟理论所陈述的要直接得多。为了支持这一假设,我回顾了当前神经心理学研究的证据,特别是显示能力“石化”现象的数据。僵化可以被定义为认知系统认为可用的能力与该系统真正拥有的能力之间的差距。这些考虑并不意味着运动模拟不能解释我们如何获得基于过去表现记忆的感知知识。然而,当精确运动模拟发挥作用,它到底是什么目前仍然很大程度上是未知的。
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引用次数: 8
Perceiving what you intend to do from what you do: evidence for embodiment in social interactions. 从你的行为中感知你打算做什么:在社会互动中体现的证据。
Pub Date : 2015-08-04 eCollection Date: 2015-01-01 DOI: 10.3402/snp.v5.28602
Francois Quesque, Yann Coello

Although action and perception are central components of our interactions with the external world, the most recent experimental investigations also support their implications in the emotional, decision-making, and goal ascription processes in social context. In this article, we review the existing literature supporting this view and highlighting a link between reach-to-grasp motor actions and social communicative processes. First, we discuss the most recent experimental findings showing how the social context subtly influences the execution of object-oriented motor actions. Then, we show that the kinematic characteristics of object-oriented motor actions are modulated by the actor's social intention. Finally, we demonstrate that naïve observers can implicitly take advantage of these kinematic effects for their own motor productions. Considered together, these data are compatible with the embodied cognition framework stating that cognition, and in our case social cognition, is grounded in knowledge associated with past sensory and motor experiences.

虽然行动和感知是我们与外部世界互动的核心组成部分,但最近的实验研究也支持它们在社会背景下的情感、决策和目标归因过程中的含义。在本文中,我们回顾了支持这一观点的现有文献,并强调了伸手抓握动作与社会交际过程之间的联系。首先,我们讨论了最近的实验结果,表明社会环境如何微妙地影响面向对象的运动动作的执行。然后,我们证明了面向对象的运动动作的运动学特征是由行为人的社会意图调节的。最后,我们证明naïve观察者可以隐式地利用这些运动学效应为他们自己的电机产品。综合考虑,这些数据与具身认知框架是一致的,即认知,在我们的例子中是社会认知,是建立在与过去的感觉和运动经验相关的知识基础上的。
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引用次数: 21
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Socioaffective neuroscience & psychology
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