Traditional theories of development and evolutionary developmental psychology propose that early environmental experiences shape an individual’s developmental trajectory. According to the Adaptive Calibration Model (ACM), for example, calibration of speed of life history strategy to ecological cues encountered during development contributes to behavior that is conditionally adaptive to the organism’s environment. These theories emphasize the role of environmental influences and typically do not use designs that control potential genetic confounds. To address this methodological problem, the current study used a genetically informative design to test whether the phenotypic associations of parental instability and abuse with a slow life history factor were confounded by common genetic factors. We analyzed twin and singleton data from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) Survey using two convergent structural equation modeling approaches. Both approaches suggest that, when accounting for shared genetic variance across instability, abuse, and slow life history, some hypothesized environmental pathways between the early environmental measures and slow life history were not required. Once genetic factors were controlled, only parental instability was directly related to slow life history, while other hypothesized environmental pathways were non-significant. This suggests that developmental models that emphasize environmental and contextual pathways should control for possible genetic confounds.
{"title":"Hybrid Behavior-Genetic Models of the Confounding Gene-Environment Correlations in the Development of Life History Strategy: Two Convergent Approaches","authors":"A. Figueredo, T. C. Baca, G. Richardson","doi":"10.2458/V11I1.23914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2458/V11I1.23914","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional theories of development and evolutionary developmental psychology propose that early environmental experiences shape an individual’s developmental trajectory. According to the Adaptive Calibration Model (ACM), for example, calibration of speed of life history strategy to ecological cues encountered during development contributes to behavior that is conditionally adaptive to the organism’s environment. These theories emphasize the role of environmental influences and typically do not use designs that control potential genetic confounds. To address this methodological problem, the current study used a genetically informative design to test whether the phenotypic associations of parental instability and abuse with a slow life history factor were confounded by common genetic factors. We analyzed twin and singleton data from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) Survey using two convergent structural equation modeling approaches. Both approaches suggest that, when accounting for shared genetic variance across instability, abuse, and slow life history, some hypothesized environmental pathways between the early environmental measures and slow life history were not required. Once genetic factors were controlled, only parental instability was directly related to slow life history, while other hypothesized environmental pathways were non-significant. This suggests that developmental models that emphasize environmental and contextual pathways should control for possible genetic confounds.","PeriodicalId":90602,"journal":{"name":"Journal of methods and measurement in the social sciences","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46265246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current investigation uses latent variable modeling to investigate Subjective Well-Being (SWB). Previous research has suggested that Subjective Well-Being is made up of a tripartite model consisting of life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect. However, recently, extant research has suggested that the tripartite model of SWB comes short of considering nuances of SWB, specifically relationship outcomes and general life challenges. This investigation presents multiple hierarchical models of SWB, including a third-order factor structure of SWB to explain satisfaction with life, subjective happiness, resiliency, and assessment of the relationship.
{"title":"An Expanded Life Satisfaction Model: A Component of Subjective Well-Being","authors":"K. Larwin, M. Harvey, S. Constantinou","doi":"10.2458/V11I1.23915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2458/V11I1.23915","url":null,"abstract":"The current investigation uses latent variable modeling to investigate Subjective Well-Being (SWB). Previous research has suggested that Subjective Well-Being is made up of a tripartite model consisting of life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect. However, recently, extant research has suggested that the tripartite model of SWB comes short of considering nuances of SWB, specifically relationship outcomes and general life challenges. This investigation presents multiple hierarchical models of SWB, including a third-order factor structure of SWB to explain satisfaction with life, subjective happiness, resiliency, and assessment of the relationship.","PeriodicalId":90602,"journal":{"name":"Journal of methods and measurement in the social sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48158477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daily diaries and ecological momentary assessments are plagued by the assessment itself becoming an intervention, known as the observation effect. Bayesian hierarchical level modeling is a technique to analyze repeated measures or multiple outcomes. In a study of twice-daily self-reporting of sun protection behavior among high-risk individuals, we investigate observation effects, agreement between retrospectively self-reported reminder effect and observation effect, differential observation effects, and consistency of behaviors. Participants who retrospectively reported no reminder effect showed a decrease in protective behaviors over time, whereas those who reported they were reminded showed sustained use. Advantages of the Bayesian methodology are demonstrated for assessing consistency of behaviors. Although we cannot observe prior behavior, we theorize that individuals experience an initial elevation at the onset of observation, though this unobserved increase is only sustained for a subset who later attribute this sustained behavior to a reminder effect. Implications for study designs with repeated observations are discussed.
{"title":"Observation Effect in Ecological Momentary Assessments: A Study of Sun Protection Practices","authors":"E. Schofield, J. Hay, Yuelin Li","doi":"10.2458/v10i2.23786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2458/v10i2.23786","url":null,"abstract":"Daily diaries and ecological momentary assessments are plagued by the assessment itself becoming an intervention, known as the observation effect. Bayesian hierarchical level modeling is a technique to analyze repeated measures or multiple outcomes. In a study of twice-daily self-reporting of sun protection behavior among high-risk individuals, we investigate observation effects, agreement between retrospectively self-reported reminder effect and observation effect, differential observation effects, and consistency of behaviors. Participants who retrospectively reported no reminder effect showed a decrease in protective behaviors over time, whereas those who reported they were reminded showed sustained use. Advantages of the Bayesian methodology are demonstrated for assessing consistency of behaviors. Although we cannot observe prior behavior, we theorize that individuals experience an initial elevation at the onset of observation, though this unobserved increase is only sustained for a subset who later attribute this sustained behavior to a reminder effect. Implications for study designs with repeated observations are discussed.","PeriodicalId":90602,"journal":{"name":"Journal of methods and measurement in the social sciences","volume":"10 1","pages":"95-110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42928889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stevens redefined measurement as “the assignment of numerals to objects and events according to a rule.” Using this definition, he defined four scales of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio) and set out criteria for the appropriate statistical tests to be used with each. Stevens’ paper has been influential in statistics for the social sciences, but it is not grounded in either science or mathematics and confuses measurement with labeling and mathematization. Mathematization using set theory obviates the need for Stevens’ ad hoc framework.
{"title":"Mathematization, Not Measurement: A Critique of Stevens’ Scales of Measurement","authors":"M. Thomas","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2412765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2412765","url":null,"abstract":"Stevens redefined measurement as “the assignment of numerals to objects and events according to a rule.” Using this definition, he defined four scales of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio) and set out criteria for the appropriate statistical tests to be used with each. Stevens’ paper has been influential in statistics for the social sciences, but it is not grounded in either science or mathematics and confuses measurement with labeling and mathematization. Mathematization using set theory obviates the need for Stevens’ ad hoc framework.","PeriodicalId":90602,"journal":{"name":"Journal of methods and measurement in the social sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41714876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Figueredo, Mateo Peñaherrera-Aguirre, H. Fernandes, S. Lomayesva, S. Hertler, M. Sarraf
We report successful diachronic replication of two major sets of prior findings in the social biogeography of human life history (LH) strategy: (1) the constructive replication of the diachronic changes in the latent hierarchical structure of intelligence in Britannic populations, but as presently applied to the latent hierarchical structure of human LH strategy, now cross-validated in both Britannic and Gallic populations; and (2) the diachronic replication in both Britannic and Gallic populations of the structural relations found synchronically among human LH strategy, between-group competition, and economic productivity in cross-sectional data on contemporary samples of both national and subnational polities. In addition, a supplementary methodological objective was: (3) the convergent validation of diachronic lexicographic measures of LH strategy with respect to more traditional non-lexicographic indicators of LH strategy, such as infant mortality rates, total fertility rates, and life expectancies. We obtained complete configural invariance across Britannic and Gallic biocultural groups, meaning that the same model predictors were statistically significant, but incomplete metric invariance, meaning that most but not all model parameter estimates were statistically equivalent in magnitude and direction. All new results obtained from diachronic data in Britannic populations were replicated almost perfectly in Gallic populations.
{"title":"War and Peace: A Diachronic Social Biogeography of Life History Strategy and Between-Group Relations in Two Western European Populations","authors":"A. Figueredo, Mateo Peñaherrera-Aguirre, H. Fernandes, S. Lomayesva, S. Hertler, M. Sarraf","doi":"10.2458/V10I1.23522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2458/V10I1.23522","url":null,"abstract":"We report successful diachronic replication of two major sets of prior findings in the social biogeography of human life history (LH) strategy: (1) the constructive replication of the diachronic changes in the latent hierarchical structure of intelligence in Britannic populations, but as presently applied to the latent hierarchical structure of human LH strategy, now cross-validated in both Britannic and Gallic populations; and (2) the diachronic replication in both Britannic and Gallic populations of the structural relations found synchronically among human LH strategy, between-group competition, and economic productivity in cross-sectional data on contemporary samples of both national and subnational polities. In addition, a supplementary methodological objective was: (3) the convergent validation of diachronic lexicographic measures of LH strategy with respect to more traditional non-lexicographic indicators of LH strategy, such as infant mortality rates, total fertility rates, and life expectancies. We obtained complete configural invariance across Britannic and Gallic biocultural groups, meaning that the same model predictors were statistically significant, but incomplete metric invariance, meaning that most but not all model parameter estimates were statistically equivalent in magnitude and direction. All new results obtained from diachronic data in Britannic populations were replicated almost perfectly in Gallic populations.","PeriodicalId":90602,"journal":{"name":"Journal of methods and measurement in the social sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44489798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article comprehensively reviews the major components and dimensions of love that researchers operationalized in psychometric scales throughout recent decades. The Quadrangular Love Theory (QLT) synthesizes the achievements of psychometrics of love and demonstrates – theoretically and empirically - that they are grouped in four umbrella love dimensions: Compassion and Affection, which characterize the feelings toward a partner, and Closeness and Commitment, which characterize the feelings regarding a relationship. To test this theory, the authors developed the Quadrangular Love Scale (QLS) and explored its construct validity and psychometric properties in two studies utilizing various samples. Study 1 (N = 592) generally supported convergent and discriminant validities and internal reliability of the four dimensions. Study 2 (N = 584) provided additional support to the discriminant validity of QLS in terms of personality traits as predictors of major love feelings and love attitudes as typological differences of experiencing these feelings.
{"title":"Quadrangular Love Theory and Scale: Validation and Psychometric Investigation","authors":"V. Karandashev, Nicholas D. Evans","doi":"10.2458/V10I1.23520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2458/V10I1.23520","url":null,"abstract":"This article comprehensively reviews the major components and dimensions of love that researchers operationalized in psychometric scales throughout recent decades. The Quadrangular Love Theory (QLT) synthesizes the achievements of psychometrics of love and demonstrates – theoretically and empirically - that they are grouped in four umbrella love dimensions: Compassion and Affection, which characterize the feelings toward a partner, and Closeness and Commitment, which characterize the feelings regarding a relationship. To test this theory, the authors developed the Quadrangular Love Scale (QLS) and explored its construct validity and psychometric properties in two studies utilizing various samples. Study 1 (N = 592) generally supported convergent and discriminant validities and internal reliability of the four dimensions. Study 2 (N = 584) provided additional support to the discriminant validity of QLS in terms of personality traits as predictors of major love feelings and love attitudes as typological differences of experiencing these feelings.","PeriodicalId":90602,"journal":{"name":"Journal of methods and measurement in the social sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48087311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laura Colman, Robyn K Sobelson, Corinne J Wigington, A. Young
There is currently a gap in the literature regarding the creation of psychometrically sound measurement tools assessing service-learning programs in health-related fields. Without comprehension of a survey's psychometric properties, evaluators cannot ensure that survey instruments are reliable or valid. This study describes the psychometric evaluation of the Public Health Associate Program (PHAP) Service-Learning Scale (PSLS). PSLS assesses participant experience in PHAP, a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention program. This paper explains survey development, scale validity and reliability, and the internal factor structure of the PSLS. The final scale consisted of 22 items with a high internal consistency (Cronbach's α=.90). Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was used to determine the scale's factor structure; five factors comprising of all 22 items were retained. The factors, or subscales, were Learning Outcomes, Mentoring, Experiential Assignment, Self-Efficacy in Program Competency Domains, and Program Satisfaction. All were also found to have adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's α >.70). Service-learning is vital in developing the next generation of the workforce. These study findings suggest the PSLS fills a critical gap in the literature by providing a valid and reliable instrument to evaluate experiences and satisfaction in service-learning programs and other fellowships.
{"title":"Assessing Participants' Experiences in a Service-Learning Program: A Psychometric Evaluation.","authors":"Laura Colman, Robyn K Sobelson, Corinne J Wigington, A. Young","doi":"10.2458/V9I2.23488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2458/V9I2.23488","url":null,"abstract":"There is currently a gap in the literature regarding the creation of psychometrically sound measurement tools assessing service-learning programs in health-related fields. Without comprehension of a survey's psychometric properties, evaluators cannot ensure that survey instruments are reliable or valid. This study describes the psychometric evaluation of the Public Health Associate Program (PHAP) Service-Learning Scale (PSLS). PSLS assesses participant experience in PHAP, a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention program. This paper explains survey development, scale validity and reliability, and the internal factor structure of the PSLS. The final scale consisted of 22 items with a high internal consistency (Cronbach's α=.90). Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was used to determine the scale's factor structure; five factors comprising of all 22 items were retained. The factors, or subscales, were Learning Outcomes, Mentoring, Experiential Assignment, Self-Efficacy in Program Competency Domains, and Program Satisfaction. All were also found to have adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's α >.70). Service-learning is vital in developing the next generation of the workforce. These study findings suggest the PSLS fills a critical gap in the literature by providing a valid and reliable instrument to evaluate experiences and satisfaction in service-learning programs and other fellowships.","PeriodicalId":90602,"journal":{"name":"Journal of methods and measurement in the social sciences","volume":"9 2 1","pages":"32-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42707126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neglecting to measure autocorrelation in longitudinal research methods such as Repeated Measures (RM) ANOVA produces invalid results. Using simulated time series data varying on autocorrelation, this paper compares the performance of repeated measures analysis of variance (RM ANOVA) to interrupted time series autoregressive integrated moving average (ITS ARIMA) models, which explicitly model autocorrelation. Results show that the number of RM ANOVA signaling an intervention effect increase as autocorrelation increases whereas this relationship is opposite using ITS ARIMA. This calls the use of RM ANOVA for longitudinal educational research into question as well as past scientific results that used this method, exhorting educational researchers to investigate the use of ITS ARIMA.
{"title":"The Pressing Need to Test for Autocorrelation: Comparison of Repeated Measures ANOVA and Interrupted Time Series Autoregressive Models","authors":"Jay S. Raadt","doi":"10.2458/V9I2.23487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2458/V9I2.23487","url":null,"abstract":"Neglecting to measure autocorrelation in longitudinal research methods such as Repeated Measures (RM) ANOVA produces invalid results. Using simulated time series data varying on autocorrelation, this paper compares the performance of repeated measures analysis of variance (RM ANOVA) to interrupted time series autoregressive integrated moving average (ITS ARIMA) models, which explicitly model autocorrelation. Results show that the number of RM ANOVA signaling an intervention effect increase as autocorrelation increases whereas this relationship is opposite using ITS ARIMA. This calls the use of RM ANOVA for longitudinal educational research into question as well as past scientific results that used this method, exhorting educational researchers to investigate the use of ITS ARIMA.","PeriodicalId":90602,"journal":{"name":"Journal of methods and measurement in the social sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48109066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"From the Editors","authors":"E. Board","doi":"10.2458/v9i1.23002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2458/v9i1.23002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":90602,"journal":{"name":"Journal of methods and measurement in the social sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48160002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Believing one or persons like one are being, were, or will be measured on some social or psychological dimension and by whom may influence how one participates in being measured or otherwise lives one’s life in ways that affect one’s such measurements and their generalizability. Believing that one knows one’s own or certain others such measurements also may. Therefore the social sciences need to detect, avoid, and overcome these problems of reactivity to their measuring and measurements if they are to obtain valid measurements and generalizations from these. This requires the cooperation of the measured and so an understanding of the social psychology of measuring on such dimensions, of how persons participate in being measured on such dimensions and react to being informed about their own or some others measurements on these dimensions. These are matters that physical science measurement theory has no reason to be concerned with, is not, and so cannot properly provide a model for measurement of persons on social science dimensions.
{"title":"Possible Effects of Social Science Measuring and Measurements on Persons Measured and Unmeasured: Reactivity","authors":"M. Krause","doi":"10.2458/V9I1.23058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2458/V9I1.23058","url":null,"abstract":"Believing one or persons like one are being, were, or will be measured on some social or psychological dimension and by whom may influence how one participates in being measured or otherwise lives one’s life in ways that affect one’s such measurements and their generalizability. Believing that one knows one’s own or certain others such measurements also may. Therefore the social sciences need to detect, avoid, and overcome these problems of reactivity to their measuring and measurements if they are to obtain valid measurements and generalizations from these. This requires the cooperation of the measured and so an understanding of the social psychology of measuring on such dimensions, of how persons participate in being measured on such dimensions and react to being informed about their own or some others measurements on these dimensions. These are matters that physical science measurement theory has no reason to be concerned with, is not, and so cannot properly provide a model for measurement of persons on social science dimensions.","PeriodicalId":90602,"journal":{"name":"Journal of methods and measurement in the social sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42462413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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