Recent advances in DNA & gene sequences最新文献

Skeletal muscle represents one of the most plastic tissues of our body thanks to the presence of heterogeneous population of myofibers that confer to skeletal muscle the functional plasticity necessary to modulate its morpho-fuctional properties in response to a wide range of external factors. Thus, alteration in fiber type composition represents a major component in muscle wasting associated with muscle diseases. Several mechanisms have been proposed to account for the alteration in the morpho-functional properties of skeletal muscle under pathological conditions. In this review we will discuss the potential catabolic mediators of muscle atrophy and wasting.

The role of HFE gene mutations or its expression in regulation of iron metabolism of hereditary haemochromatosis (HH) patients is remained controversial. Therefore here the correlation between two common HFE genotype (p.C282Y, p.H63D) and HFE gene expression with iron status in HH, iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and healthy Iranian participants was studied. For this purpose genotype determination was done by polymerase chain reaction--restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Real-Time PCR was applied for evaluation of HFE gene expression. Biochemical parameters and iron consumption were also assessed. Homozygote p.H63D mutation was seen in all HH patients and p.C282Y was not observed in any member of the population. A significant correlation was observed between serum ferritin (SF) level and gender or age of HH patients. p.H63D homozygote was seen to be able to significantly increase SF and transferrin saturation (TS) level without affecting on liver function. Our results also showed that iron consumption affects on TS level increasing. HFE gene expression level of IDA patients was significantly higher than other groups. Also the HFE gene expression was negatively correlated with TS. Finally, the main result of our study showed that loss of HFE function in HH is not derived from its gene expression inhibition and much higher HFE gene expression might lead to IDA. However we propose repeating of the study for more approval of our finding.

Background: Uterine Leiomyomas (UL) are non-cancerous single celled mass of uterine smooth muscles distinguished by presence of large amounts of collagen, fibronectin and proteoglycans. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), an inflammation inducing cytokine, plays a major role in various disorders of the immune system; is involved in tumor development and progression. It is proposed to study the influence of three functional promoter polymorphisms of TNF-α viz -238G/A, -308G/A and -1031T/C in the development and progression of UL.

Methodology: Study included 146 individuals positive for uterine fibroids and 150 healthy individuals. Genomic DNA was isolated from white blood corpuscles and subjected to PCR-RFLP analysis and Allele Specific PCR (ARMS). The significance of the obtained data in controls and patients was estimated and computed by adopting appropriate statistical tools.

Results: In this study an association between TNF-α -1031T/C polymorphism and UL was reported. A significant association of the TC genotype (χ(2) - 14.34; p=0.0008) and the C allele (χ(2) - 5.898 p=0.015) with uterine leiomyomas was observed. Likewise odds risk estimates of 2.56 (95% CI 1.56-4.20, p=0.0007) revealed a significant association of TC genotype and C allele with uterine leiomyomas.

Conclusions: "TC" genotype and "C" allele of rs1799964 (-1031T/C) is associated with higher risks to leiomyomas. The "C" allele of -1031T/C results in an increased expression TNF-α leading to smooth cell proliferation and tumor progression, hence, may be a relevant molecular marker in the identification and establishment of UL.

The concept of a paradigm is in the key position in Thomas Kuhn's theory of scientific revolutions. A paradigm is the framework within which the results, concepts, hypotheses and theories of scientific research work are understood. According to Kuhn, a paradigm guides the working and efforts of scientists during the time period which he calls the period of normal science. Before long, however, normal science leads to unexplained matters, a situation that then leads the development of the scientific discipline in question to a paradigm shift--a scientific revolution. When a new theory is born, it has either gradually emerged as an extension of the past theory, or the old theory has become a borderline case in the new theory. In the former case, one can speak of a paradigm extension. According to the present author, the development of modern genetics has, until very recent years, been guided by a single paradigm, the Mendelian paradigm which Gregor Mendel launched 150 years ago, and under the guidance of this paradigm the development of genetics has proceeded in a normal fashion in the spirit of logical positivism. Modern discoveries in genetics have, however, created a situation which seems to be leading toward a paradigm shift. The most significant of these discoveries are the findings of adaptive mutations, the phenomenon of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance, and, above all, the present deeply critical state of the concept of the gene.

Defects in synaptic plasticity play a key role in pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Pathomechanisms responsible for synaptic plasticity alterations in schizophrenia are very complicated and not well defined. Transcription factor c-Fos plays an important role in regulation of synaptic plasticity. In the present study we evaluated the association of rs7101 and rs1063169 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of c-Fos encoding gene (FOS) with schizophrenia. A total of 604 DNA samples of schizophrenia-affected and healthy subjects of Armenian ancestry were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers. Also, comparative determination of the blood levels of c-Fos protein in schizophrenia patients and controls was performed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Potential interaction between protein level and genotypes as well as relationships between genotypes/protein level and clinical-demographic characteristics of schizophrenia patients were assessed. The results obtained demonstrated that mutant allele of FOS rs1063169 SNP is negatively associated with schizophrenia and may be nominated as a protective factor for this disorder. On the other hand, according to our results, the FOS rs7101T mutant allele is positively associated with schizophrenia and, therefore, may be considered as a risk factor for this disorder. In addition, decreased c-Fos plasma levels in schizophrenia patients compared to controls were found. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that FOS is among the candidate genes of schizophrenia and that changes in the expression of c-Fos protein may contribute to molecular pathomechanisms of schizophrenia-related alterations in synaptic plasticity.

During the past couple of decades, the amount of research examining the genetic underpinnings to antisocial behaviors, including crime, has exploded. Findings from this body of work have generated a great deal of information linking genetics to criminal involvement. As a partial result, there is now a considerable amount of interest in how these findings should be integrated into the criminal justice system. In the current paper, we outline the potential ways that genetic information can be used to increase the effectiveness of treatment programs designed to reduce recidivism among offenders. We conclude by drawing attention to how genetic information can be used by rehabilitation programs to increase program effectiveness, reduce offender recidivism rates, and enhance public safety.

The signature sequence amplification method (SSAM) described herein is an approach for amplifying noncoding RNA (ncRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and small polynucleotide sequences. A key point of the SSAM technology is the generation of signature sequences. The signature sequences include target sequences (miRNA, ncRNA, and/or any small polynucleotide sequence) flanked by two DNA fragments. Target sequences can be amplified through DNA synthesis, RNA synthesis, or the combination of DNA and RNA synthesis. The amplification of signature sequences provides an efficient and reproducible mechanism to determine the presence or absence of the target miRNAs/ncRNAs, to analyze the quantities of the miRNAs in biological samples, and for miRNA/ncRNA profiling.