Existing empirical investigations of occupational therapy services that incorporate horses for youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are limited by a lack of standardized protocols. The current study sought to support manualization of one approach to occupational therapy in an equine environment for youth with ASD (OT ee HORSPLAY), by vividly describing the intervention from a transactional perspective. Direct, real-time videos plus field notes of OT ee HORSPLAY were collected and then subjected to qualitative content analysis and descriptive statistical analysis. Analytical methods followed Ricoeur’s hermeneutic arc of naïve interpretation, explanation through structural analyses, and comprehensive description. Following this arc, we found many architectural spaces, sequences of occupational opportunities, and actions of practitioners and youth that fluidly shifted in relationship to one another. The results of this study will inform the development of intervention protocols that will be tested for feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy in future investigations of OT ee HORSPLAY.
由于缺乏标准化的协议，现有的关于将马纳入自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)青少年的职业治疗服务的实证研究受到限制。目前的研究试图通过从交易的角度生动地描述干预，支持在马环境中对青少年ASD (OT见HORSPLAY)进行职业治疗的一种方法。收集OT ee HORSPLAY的直接、实时视频和现场记录，进行定性内容分析和描述性统计分析。分析方法遵循了利科的naïve解释、结构分析解释、综合描述的解释学弧线。沿着这条弧线，我们发现了许多建筑空间，职业机会序列，从业者和年轻人的行动，它们彼此之间流动地转移。这项研究的结果将为干预方案的制定提供信息，这些方案将在未来的OT ee HORSPLAY调查中进行可行性、可接受性和初步疗效的测试。
{"title":"A Transactional Analysis of Occupational Therapy in an Equine Environment for Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder","authors":"B. Peters, Christof N. Bentele, W. Wood","doi":"10.1079/hai.2021.0033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/hai.2021.0033","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Existing empirical investigations of occupational therapy services that incorporate horses for youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are limited by a lack of standardized protocols. The current study sought to support manualization of one approach to occupational therapy in an equine environment for youth with ASD (OT\u0000 ee\u0000 HORSPLAY), by vividly describing the intervention from a transactional perspective. Direct, real-time videos plus field notes of OT\u0000 ee\u0000 HORSPLAY were collected and then subjected to qualitative content analysis and descriptive statistical analysis. Analytical methods followed Ricoeur’s hermeneutic arc of naïve interpretation, explanation through structural analyses, and comprehensive description. Following this arc, we found many architectural spaces, sequences of occupational opportunities, and actions of practitioners and youth that fluidly shifted in relationship to one another. The results of this study will inform the development of intervention protocols that will be tested for feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy in future investigations of OT\u0000 ee\u0000 HORSPLAY.\u0000","PeriodicalId":90845,"journal":{"name":"Human-animal interaction bulletin","volume":"48 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72576696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A significant role in veterinary medical practices is the provision of end-of-life (EOL) care to pets and their clients. Yet, U.S. veterinarians report being dissatisfied with the level of training they receive on EOL issues in their veterinary medical programs ( Dickinson et al., 2011 ). At the same time, the ubiquity of veterinary information on the Internet (e.g., “Dr. Google”) has the potential for instilling pet owners with a false sense of expertise that veterinarians must then negotiate when providing EOL care. In this context, we surveyed 86 veterinary members of the International Association for Animal Hospice and Palliative Care (IAAHPC) to explore whether and/or how veterinary medical information clients obtain from the Internet impacts the veterinarians’ delivery of EOL care to those clients’ pets; we similarly investigate the information that veterinarians prefer their clients knew before meeting with them to provide EOL care. In light of the inherent challenges of EOL veterinary care outlined above, we learn from veterinarians what they feel are the most challenging and rewarding aspects of providing palliative and hospice care. Using qualitative thematic coding, our results show, in sum, that veterinary information from the Internet is both helpful and harmful to veterinarian interactions with clients; veterinarians wished clients understood the value of hospice and palliative care as an EOL care option and that grief is normal; and veterinarians report a most positive aspect of dealing with these issues is the gratitude clients show for helping their pets die peacefully.
兽医医学实践中的一个重要作用是为宠物及其客户提供生命终结(EOL)护理。然而，美国兽医报告对他们在兽医项目中接受的EOL问题培训水平不满意(Dickinson et al.， 2011)。与此同时，互联网上无处不在的兽医信息(例如“Dr. b谷歌”)有可能给宠物主人灌输一种错误的专业知识，即兽医在提供EOL护理时必须与之协商。在此背景下，我们调查了国际动物临终关怀和姑息治疗协会(IAAHPC)的86名兽医成员，以探讨客户从互联网获取的兽医信息是否和/或如何影响兽医对客户宠物的EOL护理;我们同样调查兽医希望他们的客户在与他们会面提供EOL护理之前知道的信息。鉴于上述EOL兽医护理的固有挑战，我们从兽医那里了解到他们认为提供姑息治疗和临终关怀最具挑战性和最有价值的方面。使用定性主题编码，我们的结果表明，总的来说，来自互联网的兽医信息对兽医与客户的互动既有益又有害;兽医希望客户了解临终关怀和姑息治疗作为EOL护理选择的价值，并且悲伤是正常的;兽医报告说，处理这些问题最积极的一面是客户对帮助他们的宠物平静地死去表示感谢。
{"title":"Veterinary professionals’ experiences with human caregivers when providing animal hospice and palliative care","authors":"Heath C. Hoffmann, G. Dickinson","doi":"10.1079/hai.2021.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/hai.2021.0019","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 A significant role in veterinary medical practices is the provision of end-of-life (EOL) care to pets and their clients. Yet, U.S. veterinarians report being dissatisfied with the level of training they receive on EOL issues in their veterinary medical programs (\u0000 Dickinson et al., 2011\u0000 ). At the same time, the ubiquity of veterinary information on the Internet (e.g., “Dr. Google”) has the potential for instilling pet owners with a false sense of expertise that veterinarians must then negotiate when providing EOL care. In this context, we surveyed 86 veterinary members of the International Association for Animal Hospice and Palliative Care (IAAHPC) to explore whether and/or how veterinary medical information clients obtain from the Internet impacts the veterinarians’ delivery of EOL care to those clients’ pets; we similarly investigate the information that veterinarians prefer their clients knew before meeting with them to provide EOL care. In light of the inherent challenges of EOL veterinary care outlined above, we learn from veterinarians what they feel are the most challenging and rewarding aspects of providing palliative and hospice care. Using qualitative thematic coding, our results show, in sum, that veterinary information from the Internet is both helpful and harmful to veterinarian interactions with clients; veterinarians wished clients understood the value of hospice and palliative care as an EOL care option and that grief is normal; and veterinarians report a most positive aspect of dealing with these issues is the gratitude clients show for helping their pets die peacefully.\u0000","PeriodicalId":90845,"journal":{"name":"Human-animal interaction bulletin","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80256389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rebecca K F Lassell, Beth E Fields, Sarah L. Busselman, Tauren Hempel, W. Wood
Insufficient descriptions of what comprises animal-assisted interventions and why and how they are presumed to work pose significant challenges to their replication and further scientific development. The purpose of this study was to construct a comprehensive research-based logic model describing a promising program of equine-assisted activities for older adults with Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. Logic models can advance scientific development of innovative programs by elucidating their critical elements. Employing the qualitative method of directed content analysis, we conducted secondary analyses of previously collected interviews of five providers and fieldnotes of each programmatic session. Employing quantitative direct observational methods, we conducted secondary analysis of eight previously collected hour-long videotapes of four older adults with dementia during the program. The resulting logic model from our secondary analysis of mixed methods data elucidated the program’s purpose, assumptions, programmatic activities, and outcomes, plus congruent linkages across these elements. These findings can guide replication of the program in multiple research and practice contexts and support its future scientific development. Next research steps include evaluating short- and long-term outcomes beyond participants’ direct experiences of the program, clarifying the program’s optimal dosages, and ensuring fidelity of its implementation. This logic model may also help to inform scientific development of other animal-assisted interventions.
{"title":"A Logic Model of a Dementia-specific Program of Equine-assisted Activities","authors":"Rebecca K F Lassell, Beth E Fields, Sarah L. Busselman, Tauren Hempel, W. Wood","doi":"10.1079/hai.2021.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/hai.2021.0022","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Insufficient descriptions of\u0000 what\u0000 comprises animal-assisted interventions and\u0000 why\u0000 and\u0000 how\u0000 they are presumed to work pose significant challenges to their replication and further scientific development. The purpose of this study was to construct a comprehensive research-based logic model describing a promising program of equine-assisted activities for older adults with Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. Logic models can advance scientific development of innovative programs by elucidating their critical elements. Employing the qualitative method of directed content analysis, we conducted secondary analyses of previously collected interviews of five providers and fieldnotes of each programmatic session. Employing quantitative direct observational methods, we conducted secondary analysis of eight previously collected hour-long videotapes of four older adults with dementia during the program. The resulting logic model from our secondary analysis of mixed methods data elucidated the program’s purpose, assumptions, programmatic activities, and outcomes, plus congruent linkages across these elements. These findings can guide replication of the program in multiple research and practice contexts and support its future scientific development. Next research steps include evaluating short- and long-term outcomes beyond participants’ direct experiences of the program, clarifying the program’s optimal dosages, and ensuring fidelity of its implementation. This logic model may also help to inform scientific development of other animal-assisted interventions.\u0000","PeriodicalId":90845,"journal":{"name":"Human-animal interaction bulletin","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85830979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examined the characteristics and motivations of people who volunteer in animal-assisted interventions (AAIs) with their dog. Surveys of volunteer motivation, prosocial attitudes, altruism, empathy, personality, and the Pet Attachment Questionnaire were conducted, and demographic data were collected from AAI volunteers (AAIVs). For comparison purposes, these measures were also given to a group of people who volunteer with animals, but not in an AAI capacity (non-AAIVs). This study found both groups to be overwhelmingly female (>90%) with university-level educations. Motivated by the value of helping others, AAIVs scored higher than non-AAIVs on scales of empathy, prosocial behaviour, and altruism. AAIVs’ personality traits were primarily agreeable and less neurotic, and they scored higher and lower, respectively, on these traits compared to non-AAIVs. For the AAIVs only, the traits of agreeableness and extraversion uniquely predicted a secure (less anxious) pet attachment. However, for non-AAIVs, conscientiousness was the only dimension that predicted a secure attachment. The discussion considers the importance of empathy, a commitment to helping, and altruism as defining characteristics of AAIVs. The relationship between personality and attachment is also discussed.
{"title":"The Characteristics and Motivations of Human Volunteers of Animal-Assisted Interventions","authors":"C. Syrnyk, Alisa D. McArthur","doi":"10.1079/hai.2021.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/hai.2021.0017","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study examined the characteristics and motivations of people who volunteer in animal-assisted interventions (AAIs) with their dog. Surveys of volunteer motivation, prosocial attitudes, altruism, empathy, personality, and the Pet Attachment Questionnaire were conducted, and demographic data were collected from AAI volunteers (AAIVs). For comparison purposes, these measures were also given to a group of people who volunteer with animals, but not in an AAI capacity (non-AAIVs). This study found both groups to be overwhelmingly female (>90%) with university-level educations. Motivated by the value of helping others, AAIVs scored higher than non-AAIVs on scales of empathy, prosocial behaviour, and altruism. AAIVs’ personality traits were primarily agreeable and less neurotic, and they scored higher and lower, respectively, on these traits compared to non-AAIVs. For the AAIVs only, the traits of agreeableness and extraversion uniquely predicted a secure (less anxious) pet attachment. However, for non-AAIVs, conscientiousness was the only dimension that predicted a secure attachment. The discussion considers the importance of empathy, a commitment to helping, and altruism as defining characteristics of AAIVs. The relationship between personality and attachment is also discussed.","PeriodicalId":90845,"journal":{"name":"Human-animal interaction bulletin","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87851401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this special issue of the Human-Animal Interaction Bulletin is to build the scientific bases of distinct types of equine-assisted services from the ground up. I also think of the issue’s aim as breaking new ground. To introduce the issue, I delve into what it means to say that different types of equine-assisted services are indeed distinct. I also identify compelling sources of their distinctiveness and address why their distinctiveness matters a great deal scientifically. In presenting these topics in some depth, I hope to orient readers to the exact nature of the ground-breaking nature of the special issue’s articles.
{"title":"Building the Science of Diverse Equine-assisted Services From the Ground Up","authors":"W. Wood","doi":"10.1079/hai.2021.0034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/hai.2021.0034","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The aim of this special issue of the\u0000 Human-Animal Interaction Bulletin\u0000 is to build the scientific bases of distinct types of equine-assisted services from the ground up. I also think of the issue’s aim as breaking new ground. To introduce the issue, I delve into what it means to say that different types of equine-assisted services are indeed distinct. I also identify compelling sources of their distinctiveness and address why their distinctiveness matters a great deal scientifically. In presenting these topics in some depth, I hope to orient readers to the exact nature of the ground-breaking nature of the special issue’s articles.\u0000","PeriodicalId":90845,"journal":{"name":"Human-animal interaction bulletin","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85339342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many studies have now demonstrated the positive effects on humans from brief, unstructured interactions with dogs, including improved mood and reduced anxiety. Few studies, though, have explored the psychological impact when humans take part in more structured obedience training with the dog. This study examined the effects of owners taking part in a single session of online-guided training with their own dog in their own home during COVID-19 lockdowns. This group was compared to a similar group having an unstructured play session with their dog. Dog-owner relationship quality was also measured to investigate whether this influenced any observed changes to the outcome variables. Participants (N = 83) were assigned to either the training group, involving 10-minutes of basic obedience training, or a play group, involving 10-minutes of unstructured play. Before the sessions, participants in each group watched videos demonstrating the interaction and then completed the Dog Owner Relationship Scale (DORS) to measure owner-dog relationship quality. Before and immediately after the session, they completed the 6-item version of the state scale of the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-6), the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), and the New General Self-Efficacy Scale (NGSE). A mixed between-within multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted with follow-up Bonferroni-corrected univariate analysis of variance, to measure differences in the outcomes between groups over time. Results indicated no significant differences between groups, but revealed a significant, large effect on scores for both groups on all measures over time. Multiple regression, analysing interaction effects between the outcome measures and the DORS, found no significant effects, indicating dog-owner relationship did not moderate the observed improvements over time. Results from this preliminary study suggest that a brief, single-session, online-guided interaction with a dog – whether training or playing with them – can confer short-term, psychological benefits for the owners.
{"title":"The Effects of an Online-Guided, At-Home Dog Training Session on Owner Anxiety, Mood, and General Self-Efficacy During COVID-19","authors":"A. Napier, P. Bennett, T. Howell","doi":"10.1079/hai.2021.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/hai.2021.0011","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Many studies have now demonstrated the positive effects on humans from brief, unstructured interactions with dogs, including improved mood and reduced anxiety. Few studies, though, have explored the psychological impact when humans take part in more structured obedience training with the dog. This study examined the effects of owners taking part in a single session of online-guided training with their own dog in their own home during COVID-19 lockdowns. This group was compared to a similar group having an unstructured play session with their dog. Dog-owner relationship quality was also measured to investigate whether this influenced any observed changes to the outcome variables. Participants (N = 83) were assigned to either the training group, involving 10-minutes of basic obedience training, or a play group, involving 10-minutes of unstructured play. Before the sessions, participants in each group watched videos demonstrating the interaction and then completed the Dog Owner Relationship Scale (DORS) to measure owner-dog relationship quality. Before and immediately after the session, they completed the 6-item version of the state scale of the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-6), the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), and the New General Self-Efficacy Scale (NGSE). A mixed between-within multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted with follow-up Bonferroni-corrected univariate analysis of variance, to measure differences in the outcomes between groups over time. Results indicated no significant differences between groups, but revealed a significant, large effect on scores for both groups on all measures over time. Multiple regression, analysing interaction effects between the outcome measures and the DORS, found no significant effects, indicating dog-owner relationship did not moderate the observed improvements over time. Results from this preliminary study suggest that a brief, single-session, online-guided interaction with a dog – whether training or playing with them – can confer short-term, psychological benefits for the owners.","PeriodicalId":90845,"journal":{"name":"Human-animal interaction bulletin","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74417606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Renata P. S. Roma, C. Tardif-Williams, Shannon A. Moore, S. Bosacki
A growing body of research has linked the inclusion of dogs in Animal-Assisted Activities (AAA) for children and young adults to a diverse range of positive social emotional and cognitive outcomes. However, many studies have focused exclusively on aspects directly related to dog-client interactions. There is a need to gain a better understanding of how dog-handler teams have been described, conceptualized and incorporated into the analysis in previous research. In addition, few studies have investigated the mutual adjustments inherent to dog-handler-client triadic relationships. This paper explores if and how the unique characteristics of dog-handler teams have been conceptualized and measured in previous studies. First, this paper undertakes a scoping review to map what, if any, characteristics of dogs, handlers, and dog-handler teams have been described and incorporated into the assessment of AAAs from 2004 to 2019 including: demographic characteristics, formal training and certification, handlers’ or dogs’ behavioral and physiological responses to AAAs, handlers’ roles during activities, and configuration of AAA teams. This scoping review also highlights key features of AAA teams requiring further investigation. In addition, this paper proposes the incorporation of a transdisciplinary framework to the analysis of AAAs. Such a holistic framework can inform the field of human-animal interactions by prioritizing a relational and contextual focus to the study of AAAs.
{"title":"A Transdisciplinary Perspective on Dog-Handler-Client Interactions in Animal Assisted Activities for Children, Youth and Young Adults","authors":"Renata P. S. Roma, C. Tardif-Williams, Shannon A. Moore, S. Bosacki","doi":"10.1079/hai.2021.0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/hai.2021.0026","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A growing body of research has linked the inclusion of dogs in Animal-Assisted Activities (AAA) for children and young adults to a diverse range of positive social emotional and cognitive outcomes. However, many studies have focused exclusively on aspects directly related to dog-client interactions. There is a need to gain a better understanding of how dog-handler teams have been described, conceptualized and incorporated into the analysis in previous research. In addition, few studies have investigated the mutual adjustments inherent to dog-handler-client triadic relationships. This paper explores if and how the unique characteristics of dog-handler teams have been conceptualized and measured in previous studies. First, this paper undertakes a scoping review to map what, if any, characteristics of dogs, handlers, and dog-handler teams have been described and incorporated into the assessment of AAAs from 2004 to 2019 including: demographic characteristics, formal training and certification, handlers’ or dogs’ behavioral and physiological responses to AAAs, handlers’ roles during activities, and configuration of AAA teams. This scoping review also highlights key features of AAA teams requiring further investigation. In addition, this paper proposes the incorporation of a transdisciplinary framework to the analysis of AAAs. Such a holistic framework can inform the field of human-animal interactions by prioritizing a relational and contextual focus to the study of AAAs.","PeriodicalId":90845,"journal":{"name":"Human-animal interaction bulletin","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87891126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Humans are adept at extrapolating emotional information from the facial expressions of other humans but may have difficulties identifying emotions in dogs. This can increase risk for compromised dog and human welfare. Experience with dogs, and beliefs in animal minds, may influence interspecies emotional communication, yet limited research has investigated these variables. In this study, participants (n = 122 adults) were asked to identify human and dog emotional facial expressions (happiness, fearfulness, anger/aggression) through an online experimental emotion recognition task. Experience with dogs (through dog ownership and duration of current dog ownership), emotion attribution (through beliefs about animal mind), and demographics were also measured. Results showed that fear and happiness were more easily identified in human faces, whereas aggression was more easily identified in dog faces. Duration of current dog ownership, age, and gender identity did not relate to accuracy scores, but current dog owners were significantly better at identifying happiness in dog faces than non-dog owners. Dog ownership and duration of ownership related to increased beliefs about, and confidence in, the emotional ability of dogs. Additionally, belief in animal sentience was positively correlated with accuracy scores for identifying happiness in dogs. Overall, these exploratory findings show that adult humans, particularly current dog owners and those who believe in the emotionality of dogs, can accurately identify some basic emotions in dogs but may be more skilled at identifying positive than negative emotions. The findings have implications for preventing negative human-animal interactions through intervention strategies that target animal emotionality.
{"title":"Accuracy of Canine vs. Human Emotion Identification: Impact of Dog Ownership and Belief in Animal Mind","authors":"R. Hawkins, B. Hatin, Eszter O. Revesz","doi":"10.1079/hai.2021.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/hai.2021.0001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Humans are adept at extrapolating emotional information from the facial expressions of other humans but may have difficulties identifying emotions in dogs. This can increase risk for compromised dog and human welfare. Experience with dogs, and beliefs in animal minds, may influence interspecies emotional communication, yet limited research has investigated these variables. In this study, participants (n = 122 adults) were asked to identify human and dog emotional facial expressions (happiness, fearfulness, anger/aggression) through an online experimental emotion recognition task. Experience with dogs (through dog ownership and duration of current dog ownership), emotion attribution (through beliefs about animal mind), and demographics were also measured. Results showed that fear and happiness were more easily identified in human faces, whereas aggression was more easily identified in dog faces. Duration of current dog ownership, age, and gender identity did not relate to accuracy scores, but current dog owners were significantly better at identifying happiness in dog faces than non-dog owners. Dog ownership and duration of ownership related to increased beliefs about, and confidence in, the emotional ability of dogs. Additionally, belief in animal sentience was positively correlated with accuracy scores for identifying happiness in dogs. Overall, these exploratory findings show that adult humans, particularly current dog owners and those who believe in the emotionality of dogs, can accurately identify some basic emotions in dogs but may be more skilled at identifying positive than negative emotions. The findings have implications for preventing negative human-animal interactions through intervention strategies that target animal emotionality.","PeriodicalId":90845,"journal":{"name":"Human-animal interaction bulletin","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74428148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Courtney J. Bolstad, Grayson E. Edwards, Allison Gardner, Michael R Nadorff
The purpose of the present study was to explore how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted dogs, cats, and interactions between these pets and their owners. Participants included 102 dog and/or cat owners residing primarily in the United States. Participants completed an online questionnaire between late April to late May 2020. Analyses included t -tests comparing retrospective estimates of pre-pandemic functioning and functioning during the pandemic, and qualitative thematic analysis was used to analyze participants’ responses to three open-ended questions. Quantitative analyses found that pets and owners spent significantly more time together, with increases in physical contact between owners and pets, exercise with dogs, and engagement in dog-related activities. No significant changes were found regarding owners’ percentage of pet care responsibility, attachment to their pets, pleasantness derived from pet-related activities, or upset feelings toward their pets when comparing pre-pandemic and during pandemic scores. Five themes arose from the thematic analysis: Social/Attachment (i.e., changes to owner-pet, pet-pet, and owner-owner relationships), Physical (i.e., increases in owners’ physical contact and proximity with pets, physical benefits to pets and owners), Psychological (i.e., changes in owners’ and pets’ behavior and emotionality), Safety/Well-Being (i.e., health concerns regarding owners and pets), and Responsibilities/Routines (i.e., changes in owners’ and pets’ daily routines, changes in owners’ responsibilities and productivity). These findings provide valuable insight into how dogs, cats, owners, and interactions between these pets and owners were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic as well as considerations for animal welfare in the wake of the pandemic. Additionally, the study generated many hypotheses pertaining to how and why these changes occurred, providing a foundation for additional research in this area.
{"title":"Pets and a Pandemic: An Exploratory Mixed Method Analysis of How the COVID-19 Pandemic Affected Dogs, Cats, and Owners","authors":"Courtney J. Bolstad, Grayson E. Edwards, Allison Gardner, Michael R Nadorff","doi":"10.1079/hai.2021.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/hai.2021.0012","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The purpose of the present study was to explore how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted dogs, cats, and interactions between these pets and their owners. Participants included 102 dog and/or cat owners residing primarily in the United States. Participants completed an online questionnaire between late April to late May 2020. Analyses included\u0000 \u0000 t\u0000 \u0000 -tests comparing retrospective estimates of pre-pandemic functioning and functioning during the pandemic, and qualitative thematic analysis was used to analyze participants’ responses to three open-ended questions. Quantitative analyses found that pets and owners spent significantly more time together, with increases in physical contact between owners and pets, exercise with dogs, and engagement in dog-related activities. No significant changes were found regarding owners’ percentage of pet care responsibility, attachment to their pets, pleasantness derived from pet-related activities, or upset feelings toward their pets when comparing pre-pandemic and during pandemic scores. Five themes arose from the thematic analysis: Social/Attachment (i.e., changes to owner-pet, pet-pet, and owner-owner relationships), Physical (i.e., increases in owners’ physical contact and proximity with pets, physical benefits to pets and owners), Psychological (i.e., changes in owners’ and pets’ behavior and emotionality), Safety/Well-Being (i.e., health concerns regarding owners and pets), and Responsibilities/Routines (i.e., changes in owners’ and pets’ daily routines, changes in owners’ responsibilities and productivity). These findings provide valuable insight into how dogs, cats, owners, and interactions between these pets and owners were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic as well as considerations for animal welfare in the wake of the pandemic. Additionally, the study generated many hypotheses pertaining to how and why these changes occurred, providing a foundation for additional research in this area.\u0000","PeriodicalId":90845,"journal":{"name":"Human-animal interaction bulletin","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81702853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sarah Gradidge, Annelie J Harvey, D. McDermott, Magdalena Zawisza
Current animal victimology and speciesism research has predominantly focussed on anthropocentric speciesism (prejudice favouring humans over animals) and neglects pet speciesism (prejudice favouring pets over non-pets). Moreover, research rarely explores whether identifiability of animal victims affects perceptions of them in line with the identifiable ( human ) victim effect. Drawing on speciesism and dehumanization theories, the current experiment addressed these gaps in the literature by comparing 160 adult participants’ perceptions of a dog vs. pig victim of kidnapping. As predicted, a MANOVA confirmed that people feel more empathy for, and are more willing to help, dogs (vs. pigs). Conversely, people expressed greater victim derogation towards pigs (vs. dogs). Participants also displayed more second-hand forgiveness for perpetrators of crime against pig (vs. dog) victims. However, species had no effect on victim blaming and identifiability of the animal victim had no effect on perceptions of the animal, and there were no significant species x identifiability interactions. The current experiment uniquely extends our human-based knowledge to perceptions of dog vs. pig victims and further evidences the existence of pet speciesism. It also highlights that the identifiable ( human ) victim effect may not apply to animal victims, thus distinguishing animal victimology as a distinct area of investigation. Theoretical implications for animal victimology and pet speciesism literature, and practical implications for policy and public perceptions of animal victims, are discussed.
{"title":"Humankind’s Best Friend vs. Humankind’s Best Food: Perceptions of Identifiable Dog vs. Pig Victims","authors":"Sarah Gradidge, Annelie J Harvey, D. McDermott, Magdalena Zawisza","doi":"10.1079/hai.2021.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/hai.2021.0010","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Current animal victimology and speciesism research has predominantly focussed on anthropocentric speciesism (prejudice favouring humans over animals) and neglects pet speciesism (prejudice favouring pets over non-pets). Moreover, research rarely explores whether identifiability of\u0000 animal\u0000 victims affects perceptions of them in line with the identifiable (\u0000 human\u0000 ) victim effect. Drawing on speciesism and dehumanization theories, the current experiment addressed these gaps in the literature by comparing 160 adult participants’ perceptions of a dog vs. pig victim of kidnapping. As predicted, a MANOVA confirmed that people feel more empathy for, and are more willing to help, dogs (vs. pigs). Conversely, people expressed greater victim derogation towards pigs (vs. dogs). Participants also displayed more second-hand forgiveness for perpetrators of crime against pig (vs. dog) victims. However, species had no effect on victim blaming and identifiability of the animal victim had no effect on perceptions of the animal, and there were no significant species x identifiability interactions. The current experiment uniquely extends our human-based knowledge to perceptions of dog vs. pig victims and further evidences the existence of pet speciesism. It also highlights that the identifiable (\u0000 human\u0000 ) victim effect may not apply to animal victims, thus distinguishing animal victimology as a distinct area of investigation. Theoretical implications for animal victimology and pet speciesism literature, and practical implications for policy and public perceptions of animal victims, are discussed.\u0000","PeriodicalId":90845,"journal":{"name":"Human-animal interaction bulletin","volume":"148 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84354949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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