Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.13189/iid.2023.100101
Pallavi Chattopadhyay, R. Yadav
{"title":"Comparative Study of Acetylcholine Receptor and Neuronal Acetylcholine Receptor as Effective Drug Targets","authors":"Pallavi Chattopadhyay, R. Yadav","doi":"10.13189/iid.2023.100101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/iid.2023.100101","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":90849,"journal":{"name":"Immunology and infectious diseases","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75004483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.13189/iid.2021.090201
Y. Hien, Fatimata Thiombiano, D. Ilboudo, D. Kima, Siaka Kobeane, Gertrude Marilyse Relwende Sawadogo, Y. C. Tindano, G. Sanou, J. Simporé, L. Sangaré, Y. Traoré
Malaria and dengue are two important vector ‑ borne infections that are common in tropical countries. In these areas, simultaneous occurrence of malaria and dengue in an individual cannot be excluded, although published reports of co ‑ infections are scarce till date. The Aims of this study were to identify dengue and malaria co-infection cases as well as to ascertain the severity of dengue and malaria in co ‑ infection based on some hematological parameters. A cross-sectional study was conducted from June to November 2019 and 385 subjects with an undifferentiated febrile illness patients were recruited at outpatient clinics and blood sample were collected. All samples were tested for dengue NS1 antigen and for dengue IgM/IgG. Malaria diagnosis was based on the identification of Plasmodium parasites on a thin and thick blood films microscopy. Among the 385 patients included in the study, 23.9% were tested positive for malaria, 32.5% were positive for dengue, and 7.01% showed concurrent infection of both malaria and dengue. Malaria and dengue co-infected patients presented lower leukocytes level (5.024±0.559) than malaria monoinfected patients (7.304± 0.388; p =0.002). A significant reduction in platelet counts was observed in co-infected patients (164.0±10.91 vs 229.1±14.32; p =0.005). Conversely, hemoglobin level was statistically lower in malaria monoinfected patients than dengue monoinfected patients ( p =0.014). Thus this study demonstrates that the diagnosis of dengue and malaria should be carried out routinely for better management of fever.
疟疾和登革热是热带国家常见的两种重要的病媒传播感染。在这些地区，不能排除一个人同时发生疟疾和登革热的可能性，尽管迄今为止发表的共同感染报告很少。本研究的目的是确定登革热和疟疾合并感染病例，并根据一些血液学参数确定登革热和疟疾合并感染的严重程度。2019年6月至11月进行横断面研究，在门诊招募385名未分化发热性疾病患者，并采集血样。所有样本均检测登革热NS1抗原和登革热IgM/IgG。疟疾的诊断是基于在薄血膜和厚血膜显微镜上鉴定疟原虫。在纳入研究的385例患者中，23.9%的患者疟疾检测呈阳性，32.5%的患者登革热检测呈阳性，7.01%的患者疟疾和登革热同时感染。疟疾和登革热合并感染患者白细胞水平(5.024±0.559)低于疟疾单一感染患者(7.304±0.388);p = 0.002)。合并感染患者血小板计数显著降低(164.0±10.91 vs 229.1±14.32;p = 0.005)。相反，单疟疾感染患者的血红蛋白水平低于单登革热感染患者(p =0.014)。因此，这项研究表明，登革热和疟疾的诊断应常规进行，以更好地管理发烧。
{"title":"Analysis of Immune Markers and Hematological Features in Plasmodium/Dengue Virus Co-infected Patients in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso","authors":"Y. Hien, Fatimata Thiombiano, D. Ilboudo, D. Kima, Siaka Kobeane, Gertrude Marilyse Relwende Sawadogo, Y. C. Tindano, G. Sanou, J. Simporé, L. Sangaré, Y. Traoré","doi":"10.13189/iid.2021.090201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/iid.2021.090201","url":null,"abstract":"Malaria and dengue are two important vector ‑ borne infections that are common in tropical countries. In these areas, simultaneous occurrence of malaria and dengue in an individual cannot be excluded, although published reports of co ‑ infections are scarce till date. The Aims of this study were to identify dengue and malaria co-infection cases as well as to ascertain the severity of dengue and malaria in co ‑ infection based on some hematological parameters. A cross-sectional study was conducted from June to November 2019 and 385 subjects with an undifferentiated febrile illness patients were recruited at outpatient clinics and blood sample were collected. All samples were tested for dengue NS1 antigen and for dengue IgM/IgG. Malaria diagnosis was based on the identification of Plasmodium parasites on a thin and thick blood films microscopy. Among the 385 patients included in the study, 23.9% were tested positive for malaria, 32.5% were positive for dengue, and 7.01% showed concurrent infection of both malaria and dengue. Malaria and dengue co-infected patients presented lower leukocytes level (5.024±0.559) than malaria monoinfected patients (7.304± 0.388; p =0.002). A significant reduction in platelet counts was observed in co-infected patients (164.0±10.91 vs 229.1±14.32; p =0.005). Conversely, hemoglobin level was statistically lower in malaria monoinfected patients than dengue monoinfected patients ( p =0.014). Thus this study demonstrates that the diagnosis of dengue and malaria should be carried out routinely for better management of fever.","PeriodicalId":90849,"journal":{"name":"Immunology and infectious diseases","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78613999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.13189/IID.2021.090101
Neha Rauniyar, Deepak Srivastava
Human health has been drastically affected due to the emergence of many new and deadly viral infections and also the older that persists, despite much wonderful progress in the area of Biomedical sciences. Some of the best examples which could be cited here is the newly evolving Corona virus (Covid-19) or the virus of 21st century and other several viruses which have been already evolved disturbing the existence of human kind such as Zika virus, Dengue virus [4]. Chikungunya virus, Influenza A virus, SARS, MERS which are known to be transferred in mankind through many arthropods, some animals and several other methods of communication, for this the better understanding of the host pathogen association and relationship with its environment is necessary for the vector control methods which would be used for the prevention of these arboreal infections and this has been proved to be effective in many aspects of controlling the effect of the virus. The main cause of evolution of such pathogenic viruses can be any among some of these such as changing climatic conditions, poor sanitization, increase in population rapidly, rampant construction, uncooked meats etc., and many new evolving anthropophilic vectors which transfer such diseases in humans. Many recent researches have been reported which have shown the immense effort of Medical sciences and scientist to cure various deadly diseases such as HIV, Hepatitis, Chikungunya etc. and to some extent these viruses have been overcome but the nature of viruses is unpredictable and could re-emerge any time in the history which would hamper the control and preventive measures.
{"title":"Progression of Body Related Viruses in Human: A Review","authors":"Neha Rauniyar, Deepak Srivastava","doi":"10.13189/IID.2021.090101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/IID.2021.090101","url":null,"abstract":"Human health has been drastically affected due to the emergence of many new and deadly viral infections and also the older that persists, despite much wonderful progress in the area of Biomedical sciences. Some of the best examples which could be cited here is the newly evolving Corona virus (Covid-19) or the virus of 21st century and other several viruses which have been already evolved disturbing the existence of human kind such as Zika virus, Dengue virus [4]. Chikungunya virus, Influenza A virus, SARS, MERS which are known to be transferred in mankind through many arthropods, some animals and several other methods of communication, for this the better understanding of the host pathogen association and relationship with its environment is necessary for the vector control methods which would be used for the prevention of these arboreal infections and this has been proved to be effective in many aspects of controlling the effect of the virus. The main cause of evolution of such pathogenic viruses can be any among some of these such as changing climatic conditions, poor sanitization, increase in population rapidly, rampant construction, uncooked meats etc., and many new evolving anthropophilic vectors which transfer such diseases in humans. Many recent researches have been reported which have shown the immense effort of Medical sciences and scientist to cure various deadly diseases such as HIV, Hepatitis, Chikungunya etc. and to some extent these viruses have been overcome but the nature of viruses is unpredictable and could re-emerge any time in the history which would hamper the control and preventive measures.","PeriodicalId":90849,"journal":{"name":"Immunology and infectious diseases","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88461432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-01DOI: 10.13189/IID.2019.070201
Onuorah Samuel, Okafor Mavis, Odibo Frederick
Akamu is a popular fermented nutritive porridge made from cereals and is mostly eaten at infancy as a weaning food. Lactic acid bacteria contribute towards the safety, nutritional value, shelf life and acceptability of a wide range of cereal based foods and have been reported to have probiotic potential against gastrointestinal microorganisms, thus in vitro studies of the probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria isolated from akamu produced with sorghum and maize grains were carried out using standard analytical methods. The pH of the cereal slurries decreased while the titratable acidity and the total lactic acid bacterial counts increased during the period of the studies. The lactic acid bacteria isolated were lactobacillus delbrueckii subspp bulgaricus, L. fermentum, L. brevis, L. plantarum, L. amylovorus, Pediococcus acidilactici acid, P. Pentosaceus. The isolates grew optimally at pH 4.0 and NaCl concentration of 3.0% and survived in fresh bovine bile. The bacteria except Lactobacillus brevis adhered to the intestinal mucosa as shown by the cell surface hydrophobicity assay and were resistant to most of the antibiotics used. This study indicated that the lactic acid bacteria isolated from raw akamu have probiotic characteristics and that raw akamu will be effective in the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases.
{"title":"In Vitro Studies of the Probiotic Properties of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Akamu – A Nigerian Weaning Food","authors":"Onuorah Samuel, Okafor Mavis, Odibo Frederick","doi":"10.13189/IID.2019.070201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/IID.2019.070201","url":null,"abstract":"Akamu is a popular fermented nutritive porridge made from cereals and is mostly eaten at infancy as a weaning food. Lactic acid bacteria contribute towards the safety, nutritional value, shelf life and acceptability of a wide range of cereal based foods and have been reported to have probiotic potential against gastrointestinal microorganisms, thus in vitro studies of the probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria isolated from akamu produced with sorghum and maize grains were carried out using standard analytical methods. The pH of the cereal slurries decreased while the titratable acidity and the total lactic acid bacterial counts increased during the period of the studies. The lactic acid bacteria isolated were lactobacillus delbrueckii subspp bulgaricus, L. fermentum, L. brevis, L. plantarum, L. amylovorus, Pediococcus acidilactici acid, P. Pentosaceus. The isolates grew optimally at pH 4.0 and NaCl concentration of 3.0% and survived in fresh bovine bile. The bacteria except Lactobacillus brevis adhered to the intestinal mucosa as shown by the cell surface hydrophobicity assay and were resistant to most of the antibiotics used. This study indicated that the lactic acid bacteria isolated from raw akamu have probiotic characteristics and that raw akamu will be effective in the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases.","PeriodicalId":90849,"journal":{"name":"Immunology and infectious diseases","volume":"103 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73542017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-01DOI: 10.13189/IID.2019.070101
Onuorah Samuel, Igwemadu Nkiruka, Odibo Frederick
Ogbaru communities in Anambra State, Nigeria experience heavy flooding during the wet season thereby exposing the boreholes sited there to the risk of contamination by microorganisms. Water samples from fifteen drinking water boreholes in the area were analysed for the presence of fungi during the dry and wet seasons using standard analytical methods. The fungal counts were 3-25/cfu/ml and 4-30cfu/ml during the dry and wet seasons respectively. The fungi isolated during both seasons were Penicillium chrysogenum, Aspergillus versicolor, Cladophialophora carrioni, Aspergillus terreus, Candida albicans and Rhodotorula glutinis. C. albicans and A. terreus, each were isolated from 20.0%, R. glutinis and C. carrioni each in 13.3%, P. chrysogenum in 33.3% and A. versicolor in 26.7% of the boreholes studied during the dry season while C. albicans, R. glutinis and A. terreus each were detected in 26.7%, P. chrysogenum in 40.0%, A. versicolor in 33.3% and C. carrioni in 20.0% of the boreholes investigated during the wet season. Aspergillus terreus occurred most frequently (31.4%) in the borehole water samples during the dry season while Penicillium chrysogenum had the highest frequency of occurrence of 28.3% during the wet season. All the borehole water samples analysed were contaminated by fungi and must undergo adequate treatment such as sand filtration chlorination, aeration and boiling before use.
{"title":"Contamination of Water Boreholes in Ogbaru Communities, Anambra State, Nigeria by Fungi","authors":"Onuorah Samuel, Igwemadu Nkiruka, Odibo Frederick","doi":"10.13189/IID.2019.070101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/IID.2019.070101","url":null,"abstract":"Ogbaru communities in Anambra State, Nigeria experience heavy flooding during the wet season thereby exposing the boreholes sited there to the risk of contamination by microorganisms. Water samples from fifteen drinking water boreholes in the area were analysed for the presence of fungi during the dry and wet seasons using standard analytical methods. The fungal counts were 3-25/cfu/ml and 4-30cfu/ml during the dry and wet seasons respectively. The fungi isolated during both seasons were Penicillium chrysogenum, Aspergillus versicolor, Cladophialophora carrioni, Aspergillus terreus, Candida albicans and Rhodotorula glutinis. C. albicans and A. terreus, each were isolated from 20.0%, R. glutinis and C. carrioni each in 13.3%, P. chrysogenum in 33.3% and A. versicolor in 26.7% of the boreholes studied during the dry season while C. albicans, R. glutinis and A. terreus each were detected in 26.7%, P. chrysogenum in 40.0%, A. versicolor in 33.3% and C. carrioni in 20.0% of the boreholes investigated during the wet season. Aspergillus terreus occurred most frequently (31.4%) in the borehole water samples during the dry season while Penicillium chrysogenum had the highest frequency of occurrence of 28.3% during the wet season. All the borehole water samples analysed were contaminated by fungi and must undergo adequate treatment such as sand filtration chlorination, aeration and boiling before use.","PeriodicalId":90849,"journal":{"name":"Immunology and infectious diseases","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79969184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-01DOI: 10.13189/IID.2019.070102
I. Okonko, Anwuli U. Osadebe, O. Onianwa, Stella Okereke
HIV/AIDS is one of the major barriers to community development. It is a global pandemic with high prevalence rates worldwide. This research was carried out to determine the prevalence of HIV among pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic at the University College Hospital, Ibadan using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Gen Screen TM ULTRA HIV Ag-Ab Kit. HIV prevalence was found to be 26.4%. A total of 91 samples were tested, 24 (26.4%) were found to be positive and 67 (73.6%) negative. Women between the ages 25 – 31 had the highest prevalence rate of 16.5% while those between the ages of 39 – 45 years had the least prevalence rate of 1.1%. The results revealed a relatively high prevalence rate for HIV among pregnant women which suggests the need for active surveillance and implementation of preventive measures to avoid further spread of the virus. Pregnant women need to be continually tested for HIV and those infected monitored closely to prevent mother to child transmission.
艾滋病毒/艾滋病是社区发展的主要障碍之一。这是一种全球流行病，在世界范围内的流行率很高。本研究采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA) Gen Screen TM ULTRA HIV Ag-Ab Kit测定在伊巴丹大学学院医院产前门诊就诊的孕妇中HIV的流行情况。艾滋病毒感染率为26.4%。共检测91份样本，阳性24份(26.4%)，阴性67份(73.6%)。25 - 31岁妇女的患病率最高，为16.5%，而39 - 45岁妇女的患病率最低，为1.1%。结果显示，孕妇的艾滋病毒感染率相对较高，这表明需要积极监测和实施预防措施，以避免病毒进一步传播。孕妇需要不断接受艾滋病毒检测，感染者需要密切监测，以防止母婴传播。
{"title":"Prevalence of HIV in a Cohort of Pregnant Women Attending a Tertiary Hospital in Ibadan, Nigeria","authors":"I. Okonko, Anwuli U. Osadebe, O. Onianwa, Stella Okereke","doi":"10.13189/IID.2019.070102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/IID.2019.070102","url":null,"abstract":"HIV/AIDS is one of the major barriers to community development. It is a global pandemic with high prevalence rates worldwide. This research was carried out to determine the prevalence of HIV among pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic at the University College Hospital, Ibadan using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Gen Screen TM ULTRA HIV Ag-Ab Kit. HIV prevalence was found to be 26.4%. A total of 91 samples were tested, 24 (26.4%) were found to be positive and 67 (73.6%) negative. Women between the ages 25 – 31 had the highest prevalence rate of 16.5% while those between the ages of 39 – 45 years had the least prevalence rate of 1.1%. The results revealed a relatively high prevalence rate for HIV among pregnant women which suggests the need for active surveillance and implementation of preventive measures to avoid further spread of the virus. Pregnant women need to be continually tested for HIV and those infected monitored closely to prevent mother to child transmission.","PeriodicalId":90849,"journal":{"name":"Immunology and infectious diseases","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82252655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.13189/iid.2018.060201
M. Mahmud, E. Islam, M. Giasuddin, M. A. Samad, Md. Rezaul Karim, Md. Zulfekar Ali
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is an important viral as well as transboundary disease affecting almost all cloven-hoofed animals. The aim of the present study is the focused on determination of biological titer by tissue culture infective dose50 (TCID50) assay of currently available FMD virus serotype in Bangladesh. For adaptation of FMD virus (FMDV), BHK-21 cell line was used. BHK-21 cell subculture was done from preserved cultured bottle of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) Research Laboratory of Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Savar, Dhaka. RT-PCR confirmed selected three different positive serotypes (O, A and Asia 1) of FMD virus were inoculated into BHK-21 cell culture and cytopathic effects (CPE) were observed after adaptation into BHK-21 cell from 3rd to 5th passages. Clear infectious BHK-21 cell culture fluid was collected and preserved at -80℃ temperature. The TCID50 assay was performed to determine the biological titer of the three positive serotype of FMDV. The biological titer of this study was found 106.5/ml viral titer for O type, 106.75/ml viral titer for A type, 106.66/ml viral titer for Asia-1 type. These three specific serotypes can be used as vaccine seed against FMD virus. The effective vaccination of susceptible animals is considered to be the corner stone to the disease in our country Bangladesh. The findings of this study can be helpful for the trivalent vaccine development in Bangladesh and it may effective in limiting the spread of FMD.
{"title":"Biological Assay of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) Serotypes for Titrating BLRI Developed Trivalent FMD Vaccines Seed","authors":"M. Mahmud, E. Islam, M. Giasuddin, M. A. Samad, Md. Rezaul Karim, Md. Zulfekar Ali","doi":"10.13189/iid.2018.060201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/iid.2018.060201","url":null,"abstract":"Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is an important viral as well as transboundary disease affecting almost all cloven-hoofed animals. The aim of the present study is the focused on determination of biological titer by tissue culture infective dose50 (TCID50) assay of currently available FMD virus serotype in Bangladesh. For adaptation of FMD virus (FMDV), BHK-21 cell line was used. BHK-21 cell subculture was done from preserved cultured bottle of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) Research Laboratory of Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Savar, Dhaka. RT-PCR confirmed selected three different positive serotypes (O, A and Asia 1) of FMD virus were inoculated into BHK-21 cell culture and cytopathic effects (CPE) were observed after adaptation into BHK-21 cell from 3rd to 5th passages. Clear infectious BHK-21 cell culture fluid was collected and preserved at -80℃ temperature. The TCID50 assay was performed to determine the biological titer of the three positive serotype of FMDV. The biological titer of this study was found 106.5/ml viral titer for O type, 106.75/ml viral titer for A type, 106.66/ml viral titer for Asia-1 type. These three specific serotypes can be used as vaccine seed against FMD virus. The effective vaccination of susceptible animals is considered to be the corner stone to the disease in our country Bangladesh. The findings of this study can be helpful for the trivalent vaccine development in Bangladesh and it may effective in limiting the spread of FMD.","PeriodicalId":90849,"journal":{"name":"Immunology and infectious diseases","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75388544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-05-01DOI: 10.13189/IID.2014.020221
R. Syed, D. Havlichek, G. Stein, Curtis L. Smith
OBJECTIVES: To determine the usefulness of Procalcitonin (PCT) in detecting bacterial infection in hospitalized elderly patients with COPD exacerbation. DESIGN: Prospective observational study to compare PCT levels in patients with and without pneumonia. SETTING: Acute care community hospital in United States. PARTICIPANTS: 18 elderly patients age 65 years and older admitted to an internal medicine ward. MEASUREMENTS: Demographic characteristics, general signs and symptoms, laboratory and chest radiographic results, PCT levels, antibiotic use and duration, length of hospital stay and 90-day readmission rates. RESULTS: Eight (44%) patients had a diagnosis of pneumonia. Procalcitonin levels suggestive of a bacterial infection were found in only four patients and each of these patients had pneumonia. Three patients with pneumonia had positive sputum cultures without an elevated PCT level. No patient without pneumonia had an elevated PCT level. The sensitivity and specificity for predicting a bacterial pneumonia in our patients was 50% (95% CI, 16-84%) and 100% (95% CI, 69-100%), respectively. This biomarker had a positive predictive value of 100% (95% CI, 40-100%) and a negative predictive value of 71% (95% CI, 42-91%) CONCLUSION: Our study results suggest that PCT is not sufficiently sensitive to be used as a diagnostic test of bacterial infection in elderly patients with COPD exacerbation. It may assist clinicians in identifying patients without pneumonia who do not require antibiotics due to its high specificity and negative predictive value.
{"title":"The Utility of Procalcitonin in Elderly Patients with COPD Exacerbation","authors":"R. Syed, D. Havlichek, G. Stein, Curtis L. Smith","doi":"10.13189/IID.2014.020221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/IID.2014.020221","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVES: To determine the usefulness of Procalcitonin (PCT) in detecting bacterial infection in hospitalized elderly patients with COPD exacerbation. DESIGN: Prospective observational study to compare PCT levels in patients with and without pneumonia. SETTING: Acute care community hospital in United States. PARTICIPANTS: 18 elderly patients age 65 years and older admitted to an internal medicine ward. MEASUREMENTS: Demographic characteristics, general signs and symptoms, laboratory and chest radiographic results, PCT levels, antibiotic use and duration, length of hospital stay and 90-day readmission rates. RESULTS: Eight (44%) patients had a diagnosis of pneumonia. Procalcitonin levels suggestive of a bacterial infection were found in only four patients and each of these patients had pneumonia. Three patients with pneumonia had positive sputum cultures without an elevated PCT level. No patient without pneumonia had an elevated PCT level. The sensitivity and specificity for predicting a bacterial pneumonia in our patients was 50% (95% CI, 16-84%) and 100% (95% CI, 69-100%), respectively. This biomarker had a positive predictive value of 100% (95% CI, 40-100%) and a negative predictive value of 71% (95% CI, 42-91%) CONCLUSION: Our study results suggest that PCT is not sufficiently sensitive to be used as a diagnostic test of bacterial infection in elderly patients with COPD exacerbation. It may assist clinicians in identifying patients without pneumonia who do not require antibiotics due to its high specificity and negative predictive value.","PeriodicalId":90849,"journal":{"name":"Immunology and infectious diseases","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84718617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-05-01DOI: 10.13189/IID.2014.020201
P. Singh, Mradula Singh, D. Tayal, V. Myneedu, M. Bhalla, P. Adlakha, R. Sarin
Background and Objectives: In spite of higher incidence and prevalence of tuberculosis, the diagnosis of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) in various clinical specimens (such as pleural fluid, ascitic fluids, CSF, lymph node aspirate etc), remains true challenge. Current tools for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in various body fluids are suboptimal. Clinicians underestimate these diseases, and use of insensitive conventional analytical method has contributed to the difficulties in managing patient with extra pulmonary tuberculosis. It is important to develop rapid, sensitive and specific test for early diagnosis of extra pulmonary tuberculosis because of the lack of sensitivity & specificity of the conventional methods as AFB smear by ZN technique and culture on LJ media. Pleural tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis often requires invasive procedures such as pleural biopsy. The study was undertaken to evaluate the combined utility of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for different gene targets (IS6110, MPB64 and protein antigen b; Pab ) especially in pleural fluid specimens with adenosine deaminase (ADA) levels in the diagnosis of pleurisy. Methods: Total 430 clinical specimens (412 extra-pulmonary and 18 pulmonary tuberculosis) were recruited from the outdoor and indoor Department of National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi during the 2011-2013 periods. All specimens were further processed for AFB smear, culture on LJ media, ADA level and conventional PCR (IS6110 & MPB 64 and Pab gene targets). Results: The PCR positivity IS6110, MPB64 P 181/412) gene target was found to be significantly low as compared to the IS6110 (65.3%; 269/412; X2=37.058; pc=0.000; Odds ratio 2.401; 95% CI=1.795-3.213) & MPB 64 (63.6%; 262/412; X2=31.245; pc=0.000; Odds ratio 2.229; 95% CI=1.669-2.978) gene targets in extra pulmonary tuberculosis cases. Further we have analyzed the combined utility of PCR with ADA levels among the body fluids (165 pleural fluid, 15 ascitic fluid, 1 lymph node and 1 cerebrospinal fluid; CSF). Our results indicated that the PCR alone can detect total 72.5% (132/182) TB cases, whereas ADA alone can detect 61.5% (112/182; considering cutoff value >40IU/L or confirmed cases of TB on clinic-radiological findings), M.tuberculosis in body fluids. Further data was compared in between single, two and three gene targets considering cut off value ADA >40IU/L levels in body fluids. Our observation showed that the positivity of tuberculosis cases were significantly higher through three gene targets (N=48/83; 57.8%; Mean of ADA >40IU/L =127.3) as compared to single gene target (N=10/83; 12.1%; Mean of ADA >40IU/L =68.2; X2=36.27; pc=0.000; Odds ratio 10.011; 95% CI=4.272-24.008) utilizing conventional PCR technology. No significant difference has been observed in other body fluids. The combined evaluation of both techniques (PCR and ADA) raised 14-15 % additional diagnosis of tuberculosis in body fluids (158/ 182; 86.8%; in pleural fl
{"title":"The Clinical Utility of Polymerase Chain Reaction and Adenosine Deaminase (ADA), for the Diagnosis of Pleural Tuberculosis: Indian Scenario","authors":"P. Singh, Mradula Singh, D. Tayal, V. Myneedu, M. Bhalla, P. Adlakha, R. Sarin","doi":"10.13189/IID.2014.020201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/IID.2014.020201","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Objectives: In spite of higher incidence and prevalence of tuberculosis, the diagnosis of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) in various clinical specimens (such as pleural fluid, ascitic fluids, CSF, lymph node aspirate etc), remains true challenge. Current tools for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in various body fluids are suboptimal. Clinicians underestimate these diseases, and use of insensitive conventional analytical method has contributed to the difficulties in managing patient with extra pulmonary tuberculosis. It is important to develop rapid, sensitive and specific test for early diagnosis of extra pulmonary tuberculosis because of the lack of sensitivity & specificity of the conventional methods as AFB smear by ZN technique and culture on LJ media. Pleural tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis often requires invasive procedures such as pleural biopsy. The study was undertaken to evaluate the combined utility of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for different gene targets (IS6110, MPB64 and protein antigen b; Pab ) especially in pleural fluid specimens with adenosine deaminase (ADA) levels in the diagnosis of pleurisy. Methods: Total 430 clinical specimens (412 extra-pulmonary and 18 pulmonary tuberculosis) were recruited from the outdoor and indoor Department of National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi during the 2011-2013 periods. All specimens were further processed for AFB smear, culture on LJ media, ADA level and conventional PCR (IS6110 & MPB 64 and Pab gene targets). Results: The PCR positivity IS6110, MPB64 P 181/412) gene target was found to be significantly low as compared to the IS6110 (65.3%; 269/412; X2=37.058; pc=0.000; Odds ratio 2.401; 95% CI=1.795-3.213) & MPB 64 (63.6%; 262/412; X2=31.245; pc=0.000; Odds ratio 2.229; 95% CI=1.669-2.978) gene targets in extra pulmonary tuberculosis cases. Further we have analyzed the combined utility of PCR with ADA levels among the body fluids (165 pleural fluid, 15 ascitic fluid, 1 lymph node and 1 cerebrospinal fluid; CSF). Our results indicated that the PCR alone can detect total 72.5% (132/182) TB cases, whereas ADA alone can detect 61.5% (112/182; considering cutoff value >40IU/L or confirmed cases of TB on clinic-radiological findings), M.tuberculosis in body fluids. Further data was compared in between single, two and three gene targets considering cut off value ADA >40IU/L levels in body fluids. Our observation showed that the positivity of tuberculosis cases were significantly higher through three gene targets (N=48/83; 57.8%; Mean of ADA >40IU/L =127.3) as compared to single gene target (N=10/83; 12.1%; Mean of ADA >40IU/L =68.2; X2=36.27; pc=0.000; Odds ratio 10.011; 95% CI=4.272-24.008) utilizing conventional PCR technology. No significant difference has been observed in other body fluids. The combined evaluation of both techniques (PCR and ADA) raised 14-15 % additional diagnosis of tuberculosis in body fluids (158/ 182; 86.8%; in pleural fl","PeriodicalId":90849,"journal":{"name":"Immunology and infectious diseases","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85825752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.13189/iid.2014.020102
Meshgi B., K. M.
{"title":"Determination of Immunodominant Antigens of Dicrocoelium Dendriticum by Hyperimmune Sera","authors":"Meshgi B., K. M.","doi":"10.13189/iid.2014.020102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/iid.2014.020102","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":90849,"journal":{"name":"Immunology and infectious diseases","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90349311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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