Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.14293/s2199-1006.1.sor.2023.0001.v1
Chiti Agarwal
The CRISPR-associated protein system (CRISPR/Cas), characterized by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats, has revolutionized life science research by providing vast possibilities for altering specific DNA or RNA sequences in various organisms. The present system integrates fragments of exogenous DNA, known as spacers, into CRISPR cassettes. These cassettes are subsequently transcribed into CRISPR arrays, which are further processed to generate guide RNA (gRNA). The CRISPR arrays are genetic loci that are responsible for encoding Cas proteins. The Cas proteins are responsible for supplying the necessary enzymatic machinery to acquire new spacers that are aimed at invading elements. The development of novel genome engineering tools has been made possible by utilizing various Cas proteins, including but not limited to Cas9, Cas12, Cas13, and Cas14, which possess programmable sequence specificity. The emergence of Cas variants has spurred genetic research and advanced the utilization of the CRISPR/Cas tool to manipulate and edit nucleic acid sequences within a wide range of living organisms. This review aims to furnish operational modalities of the Cas12 protein identified thus far. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of Cas12 protein are examined, along with their recent implementations in the plant fungal world.
{"title":"A review: CRISPR/Cas12-mediated genome editing in fungal cells: advancements, mechanisms, and future directions in plant-fungal pathology","authors":"Chiti Agarwal","doi":"10.14293/s2199-1006.1.sor.2023.0001.v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14293/s2199-1006.1.sor.2023.0001.v1","url":null,"abstract":"The CRISPR-associated protein system (CRISPR/Cas), characterized by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats, has revolutionized life science research by providing vast possibilities for altering specific DNA or RNA sequences in various organisms. The present system integrates fragments of exogenous DNA, known as spacers, into CRISPR cassettes. These cassettes are subsequently transcribed into CRISPR arrays, which are further processed to generate guide RNA (gRNA). The CRISPR arrays are genetic loci that are responsible for encoding Cas proteins. The Cas proteins are responsible for supplying the necessary enzymatic machinery to acquire new spacers that are aimed at invading elements. The development of novel genome engineering tools has been made possible by utilizing various Cas proteins, including but not limited to Cas9, Cas12, Cas13, and Cas14, which possess programmable sequence specificity. The emergence of Cas variants has spurred genetic research and advanced the utilization of the CRISPR/Cas tool to manipulate and edit nucleic acid sequences within a wide range of living organisms. This review aims to furnish operational modalities of the Cas12 protein identified thus far. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of Cas12 protein are examined, along with their recent implementations in the plant fungal world.","PeriodicalId":91169,"journal":{"name":"ScienceOpen research","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89389776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.14293/s2199-1006.1.sor.2023.0002.v1
Stefan Paulus, Alexander Scheidegger, Jasmin Rabensteiner, Thomas Egger
The following explanations are based on the central reference points and results of the basic research project on psychosocial risks in the world of work, which was funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). The aim of this project was to develop a formative risk assessment of psychosocial risks in the world of work with a special focus on the dynamic interdependencies between gainful employment and care work as well as structural work stress and subjectively perceived work stress. The result of this project is a theoretical-generic model of a formative risk assessment, which can be specifically configured for different stakeholder groups and was operationalized as a psychotherapeutic medical product via the Innosuisse project “SELBA” (Self Recognize, Understand, Change and Monitor Work Stresses and Strains).
{"title":"Psychosocial risks in the working environment – approaches to formative risk assessment","authors":"Stefan Paulus, Alexander Scheidegger, Jasmin Rabensteiner, Thomas Egger","doi":"10.14293/s2199-1006.1.sor.2023.0002.v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14293/s2199-1006.1.sor.2023.0002.v1","url":null,"abstract":"The following explanations are based on the central reference points and results of the basic research project on psychosocial risks in the world of work, which was funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). The aim of this project was to develop a formative risk assessment of psychosocial risks in the world of work with a special focus on the dynamic interdependencies between gainful employment and care work as well as structural work stress and subjectively perceived work stress. The result of this project is a theoretical-generic model of a formative risk assessment, which can be specifically configured for different stakeholder groups and was operationalized as a psychotherapeutic medical product via the Innosuisse project “SELBA” (Self Recognize, Understand, Change and Monitor Work Stresses and Strains).","PeriodicalId":91169,"journal":{"name":"ScienceOpen research","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135447205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-15DOI: 10.14293/s2199-1006.1.sor.2022.0002.v1
Ondrej Kanich, Ján Matejka, Eva Fialová, M. Kafková, Tomáš Doseděl, M. Drahanský
The article presents biometric systems from three different standpoints. Technological standpoint, where the focus is laid on biometric system usage by the general public. Explaining basic terms and difficulties using various biometric characteristics. It also shortly describes how recognition works in several biometric characteristics (fingerprint, face, iris, and signature). After that is the legal standpoint, which is focused mainly on European Union law, where the often-mentioned GDPR is discussed, this basic legal regulation places a significantly higher standard than the previous legislation on the processing of biometric data as a particular category of personal data. Lastly, the article shows a sociological standpoint. In that part, different attitudes towards biometric technologies are discussed within the world population and different groups of the Czech Republic population. In the latest survey done by the authors in 2020 was found that age, and education play a vital role in the knowledge about biometric systems.
{"title":"Technological, legal, and sociological summary of biometric technology usage","authors":"Ondrej Kanich, Ján Matejka, Eva Fialová, M. Kafková, Tomáš Doseděl, M. Drahanský","doi":"10.14293/s2199-1006.1.sor.2022.0002.v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14293/s2199-1006.1.sor.2022.0002.v1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The article presents biometric systems from three different standpoints. Technological standpoint, where the focus is laid on biometric system usage by the general public. Explaining basic terms and difficulties using various biometric characteristics. It also shortly describes how recognition works in several biometric characteristics (fingerprint, face, iris, and signature). After that is the legal standpoint, which is focused mainly on European Union law, where the often-mentioned GDPR is discussed, this basic legal regulation places a significantly higher standard than the previous legislation on the processing of biometric data as a particular category of personal data. Lastly, the article shows a sociological standpoint. In that part, different attitudes towards biometric technologies are discussed within the world population and different groups of the Czech Republic population. In the latest survey done by the authors in 2020 was found that age, and education play a vital role in the knowledge about biometric systems.","PeriodicalId":91169,"journal":{"name":"ScienceOpen research","volume":"15 3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78471852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-22DOI: 10.14293/s2199-1006.1.sor-.ppxg57d.v2
I. Beinaroviča
Due to globalization and continuous development and mutation and development of various pathogens, infectious diseases have transcended the public health sector and become issues of Global Public Health Security. Influenza – an infectious disease that is both a cyclical, yearly occurrence and the cause of several deadly global pandemics – regularly challenges the public health sector thus providing opportunities for policy learning and evidence bases policy change. By applying the Algorithm for continuous analysis of policy learning and change, this publication investigates whether and how policy learning and change took place in Latvia after the 2006/2007 influenza season, when a record number of infection cases was registered. Although the conclusions of this publication cannot be generalized, it provides valuable insights for future research, especially for the analysis of the management of the Covid-19 pandemic in Latvia.
{"title":"Policy learning from influenza and the preparedness of the public health sector: 2006/2007 influenza season in Latvia","authors":"I. Beinaroviča","doi":"10.14293/s2199-1006.1.sor-.ppxg57d.v2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14293/s2199-1006.1.sor-.ppxg57d.v2","url":null,"abstract":"Due to globalization and continuous development and mutation and development of various pathogens, infectious diseases have transcended the public health sector and become issues of Global Public Health Security. Influenza – an infectious disease that is both a cyclical, yearly occurrence and the cause of several deadly global pandemics – regularly challenges the public health sector thus providing opportunities for policy learning and evidence bases policy change. By applying the Algorithm for continuous analysis of policy learning and change, this publication investigates whether and how policy learning and change took place in Latvia after the 2006/2007 influenza season, when a record number of infection cases was registered. Although the conclusions of this publication cannot be generalized, it provides valuable insights for future research, especially for the analysis of the management of the Covid-19 pandemic in Latvia.","PeriodicalId":91169,"journal":{"name":"ScienceOpen research","volume":"18 3 Suppl 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82990778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-19DOI: 10.14293/s2199-1006.1.sor-.ppxtyij.v1
Jianan Wang
This paper concludes that " time is one of the properties of energy, which is the flow rate of energy from object to space or from space to object. When energy flows from object to space, the time on an object is proportional to the energy density inside the object and inversely proportional to the energy density of the space in which the object is located. When energy flows from space to object, the time on an object is inversely proportional to the energy density inside the object and is proportional to the energy density of the space in which the object is located” Using this time characteristic, the Mpemba effect and "inverse" Mpamba effect are analyzed and a reasonable explanation is given.
{"title":"Mpemba Effect- the Effect of Time","authors":"Jianan Wang","doi":"10.14293/s2199-1006.1.sor-.ppxtyij.v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14293/s2199-1006.1.sor-.ppxtyij.v1","url":null,"abstract":"This paper concludes that \" time is one of the properties of energy, which is the flow rate of energy from object to space or from space to object. When energy flows from object to space, the time on an object is proportional to the energy density inside the object and inversely proportional to the energy density of the space in which the object is located. When energy flows from space to object, the time on an object is inversely proportional to the energy density inside the object and is proportional to the energy density of the space in which the object is located” Using this time characteristic, the Mpemba effect and \"inverse\" Mpamba effect are analyzed and a reasonable explanation is given.","PeriodicalId":91169,"journal":{"name":"ScienceOpen research","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83924186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-27DOI: 10.14293/s2199-1006.1.sor-.ppfxxc8.v1
B. Uttl, V. Violo
In a recent small sample study, Khazan et al. (2020) examined SET ratings received by one female teaching (TA) assistant who assisted with teaching two sections of the same online course, one section under her true gender and one section under false/opposite gender. Khazan et al. concluded that their study demonstrated gender bias against female TA even though they found no statistical difference in SET ratings between male vs. female TA ( p = .73). To claim gender bias, Khazan et al. ignored their overall findings and focused on distribution of six negative SET ratings and claimed, without reporting any statistical test results, that (a) female students gave more positive ratings to male TA than female TA, (b) female TA received five times as many negative ratings than the male TA, and (c) female students gave most low scores to female TA. We conducted the missing statistical tests and found no evidence supporting Khazan et al.s claims. We also requested Khazan et al.s data to formally examine them for outliers and to re-analyze the data with and without the outliers. Khazan et al. refused. We read off the data from their Figure 1 and filled in several values using the brute force, exhaustive search constrained by the summary statistics reported by Khazan et al.. Our re-analysis revealed six outliers and no evidence of gender bias. In fact, when the six outliers were removed, the female TA was rated higher than male TA but non-significantly so.
{"title":"Gender bias in student evaluation of teaching or a mirage?","authors":"B. Uttl, V. Violo","doi":"10.14293/s2199-1006.1.sor-.ppfxxc8.v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14293/s2199-1006.1.sor-.ppfxxc8.v1","url":null,"abstract":"In a recent small sample study, Khazan et al. (2020) examined SET ratings received by one female teaching (TA) assistant who assisted with teaching two sections of the same online course, one section under her true gender and one section under false/opposite gender. Khazan et al. concluded that their study demonstrated gender bias against female TA even though they found no statistical difference in SET ratings between male vs. female TA (\u0000 p = .73). To claim gender bias, Khazan et al. ignored their overall findings and focused on distribution of six negative SET ratings and claimed, without reporting any statistical test results, that (a) female students gave more positive ratings to male TA than female TA, (b) female TA received five times as many negative ratings than the male TA, and (c) female students gave most low scores to female TA. We conducted the missing statistical tests and found no evidence supporting Khazan et al.s claims. We also requested Khazan et al.s data to formally examine them for outliers and to re-analyze the data with and without the outliers. Khazan et al. refused. We read off the data from their Figure 1 and filled in several values using the brute force, exhaustive search constrained by the summary statistics reported by Khazan et al.. Our re-analysis revealed six outliers and no evidence of gender bias. In fact, when the six outliers were removed, the female TA was rated higher than male TA but non-significantly so.","PeriodicalId":91169,"journal":{"name":"ScienceOpen research","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85023173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-06DOI: 10.14293/s2199-1006.1.sor-.pputigr.v1
B. Uttl, V. Violo
In a widely cited and widely talked about study, MacNell et al. (2015) [1] examined SET ratings of one female and one male instructor, each teaching two sections of the same online course, one section under their true gender and the other section under false/opposite gender. MacNell et al. concluded that students rated perceived female instructors more harshly than perceived male instructors, demonstrating gender bias against perceived female instructors. Boring, Ottoboni, and Stark (2016) [2] re-analyzed MacNell et al.’s data and confirmed their conclusions. However, the design of MacNell et al. study is fundamentally flawed. First, MacNell et al.’ section sample sizes were extremely small, ranging from 8 to 12 students. Second, MacNell et al. included only one female and one male instructor. Third, MacNell et al.’s findings depend on three outliers – three unhappy students (all in perceived female conditions) who gave their instructors the lowest possible ratings on all or nearly all SET items. We re-analyzed MacNell et al.’s data with and without the three outliers. Our analyses showed that the gender bias against perceived female instructors disappeared. Instead, students rated the actual female vs. male instructor higher, regardless of perceived gender. MacNell et al.’s study is a real-life demonstration that conclusions based on extremely small sample-sized studies are unwarranted and uninterpretable.
在一项被广泛引用和广泛讨论的研究中，MacNell等人(2015)[1]研究了一名女性和一名男性讲师的SET评分，他们分别教授同一在线课程的两个部分，一个部分使用他们的真实性别，另一个部分使用假/异性。MacNell等人得出结论，学生对感知到的女性教师的评价比感知到的男性教师更苛刻，这表明对感知到的女性教师存在性别偏见。Boring, Ottoboni, and Stark(2016)[2]重新分析了MacNell等人的数据，并证实了他们的结论。然而，MacNell等人的研究设计存在根本性缺陷。首先，MacNell等人的样本规模非常小，从8到12名学生不等。其次，MacNell等人只纳入了一名女性和一名男性教员。第三，麦克内尔等人的发现依赖于三个异常值——三个不快乐的学生(都是在被认为是女性的条件下)，他们在所有或几乎所有SET项目上给了他们的导师最低的评分。我们重新分析了MacNell等人的数据，包括和不包括三个异常值。我们的分析表明，对女性教师的性别偏见消失了。相反，学生们对实际的女性导师的评价高于男性导师，而不考虑他们的性别认知。MacNell等人的研究是一个真实的证明，基于极小样本的研究得出的结论是没有根据和不可解释的。
{"title":"Small samples, unreasonable generalizations, and outliers: Gender bias in student evaluation of teaching or three unhappy students?","authors":"B. Uttl, V. Violo","doi":"10.14293/s2199-1006.1.sor-.pputigr.v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14293/s2199-1006.1.sor-.pputigr.v1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000In a widely cited and widely talked about study, MacNell et al. (2015) [1] examined SET ratings of one female and one male instructor, each teaching two sections of the same online course, one section under their true gender and the other section under false/opposite gender. MacNell et al. concluded that students rated perceived female instructors more harshly than perceived male instructors, demonstrating gender bias against perceived female instructors. Boring, Ottoboni, and Stark (2016) [2] re-analyzed MacNell et al.’s data and confirmed their conclusions. However, the design of MacNell et al. study is fundamentally flawed. First, MacNell et al.’ section sample sizes were extremely small, ranging from 8 to 12 students. Second, MacNell et al. included only one female and one male instructor. Third, MacNell et al.’s findings depend on three outliers – three unhappy students (all in perceived female conditions) who gave their instructors the lowest possible ratings on all or nearly all SET items. We re-analyzed MacNell et al.’s data with and without the three outliers. Our analyses showed that the gender bias against perceived female instructors disappeared. Instead, students rated the actual female vs. male instructor higher, regardless of perceived gender. MacNell et al.’s study is a real-life demonstration that conclusions based on extremely small sample-sized studies are unwarranted and uninterpretable.","PeriodicalId":91169,"journal":{"name":"ScienceOpen research","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84354420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-14DOI: 10.14293/S2199-1006.1.SOR-ENG.E3IKKA.v1
C. V. Friedeburg
{"title":"Wind Power for a Cleaner Atmosphere","authors":"C. V. Friedeburg","doi":"10.14293/S2199-1006.1.SOR-ENG.E3IKKA.v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14293/S2199-1006.1.SOR-ENG.E3IKKA.v1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91169,"journal":{"name":"ScienceOpen research","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84614991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-07DOI: 10.14293/S2199-1006.1.SOR-ENG.EOGSHF.V1
C. V. Friedeburg
{"title":"Storing Clean Energy for a Cleaner World","authors":"C. V. Friedeburg","doi":"10.14293/S2199-1006.1.SOR-ENG.EOGSHF.V1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14293/S2199-1006.1.SOR-ENG.EOGSHF.V1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91169,"journal":{"name":"ScienceOpen research","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84886126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-25DOI: 10.14293/S2199-1006.1.SOR-PHYS.EJWPJW.V1
C. V. Friedeburg
{"title":"Solar Energy for a Cleaner World","authors":"C. V. Friedeburg","doi":"10.14293/S2199-1006.1.SOR-PHYS.EJWPJW.V1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14293/S2199-1006.1.SOR-PHYS.EJWPJW.V1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91169,"journal":{"name":"ScienceOpen research","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78715870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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