Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1177/14736691231211380
L. Braby, V. Conte, M. Dingfelder, D. T. Goodhead, L. S. Pinsky, A. B. Rosenfeld, T. Sato, A. J. Waker, S. Guatelli, G. Magrin, H.-G. Menzel, M.-E. Brandan, P. Olko
{"title":"ICRU Report 98, Stochastic Nature of Radiation Interactions: Microdosimetry","authors":"L. Braby, V. Conte, M. Dingfelder, D. T. Goodhead, L. S. Pinsky, A. B. Rosenfeld, T. Sato, A. J. Waker, S. Guatelli, G. Magrin, H.-G. Menzel, M.-E. Brandan, P. Olko","doi":"10.1177/14736691231211380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14736691231211380","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91344,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ICRU","volume":"58 5","pages":"1 - 168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139192364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.1177/14736691221141950
P. Keall, C. Glide-Hurst, M. Cao, Percy Lee, B. Murray, B. Raaymakers, A. Tree, U. A. van der Heide
{"title":"ICRU REPORT 97: MRI-Guided Radiation Therapy Using MRI-Linear Accelerators","authors":"P. Keall, C. Glide-Hurst, M. Cao, Percy Lee, B. Murray, B. Raaymakers, A. Tree, U. A. van der Heide","doi":"10.1177/14736691221141950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14736691221141950","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91344,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ICRU","volume":"64 1","pages":"1 - 100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73724647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.1177/14736691211060117
G. Sgouros, W. Bolch, A. Chiti, Y. Dewaraja, D. Emfietzoglou, R. Hobbs, M. Konijnenberg, K. sjögreen-Gleisner, L. Strigari, T. Yen, R. Howell
{"title":"Dosimetry-Guided Radiopharmaceutical Therapy","authors":"G. Sgouros, W. Bolch, A. Chiti, Y. Dewaraja, D. Emfietzoglou, R. Hobbs, M. Konijnenberg, K. sjögreen-Gleisner, L. Strigari, T. Yen, R. Howell","doi":"10.1177/14736691211060117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14736691211060117","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91344,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ICRU","volume":"86 1","pages":"1 - 212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72906439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.1177/1473669120966221
{"title":"Dedication to Günther Dietze (1937-2015)","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/1473669120966221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1473669120966221","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91344,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ICRU","volume":"9 1","pages":"8 - 8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83654322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.1177/1473669120966219
C.1 Directional and Personal Absorbed Dose in the Lens of the Eye, Absorbed Dose in the Sensitive Cells, dlens sens. C.2 Photons of Energies up to 50 MeV in Fields with Charged-Particle Equilibrium. The ICRU Report 90 Key Data for Ionizing-Radiation Dosimetry: Measurement Standards and Applications (ICRU, 2014) has changed slightly the charged-particle stopping powers in water. This is not expected to make a noticeable difference to the Monte Carlo calculations used in this Report.
{"title":"Appendices","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/1473669120966219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1473669120966219","url":null,"abstract":"C.1 Directional and Personal Absorbed Dose in the Lens of the Eye, Absorbed Dose in the Sensitive Cells, dlens sens. C.2 Photons of Energies up to 50 MeV in Fields with Charged-Particle Equilibrium. The ICRU Report 90 Key Data for Ionizing-Radiation Dosimetry: Measurement Standards and Applications (ICRU, 2014) has changed slightly the charged-particle stopping powers in water. This is not expected to make a noticeable difference to the Monte Carlo calculations used in this Report.","PeriodicalId":91344,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ICRU","volume":"116 1","pages":"46 - 126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79373307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.1177/1473669120966197
{"title":"1 Introduction","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/1473669120966197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1473669120966197","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91344,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ICRU","volume":"144 1","pages":"17 - 19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77400209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.1177/1473669120966215
The first two criteria are fulfilled by the definitions of the recommended quantities. The last criterion seems trivial but requires the availability of suitable instruments. The introduction of the recommended operational quantities for external radiation will have consequences for practical radiation protection. A comparison of the energy and angle dependence of the recommended fluence-to-dose, and kerma-todose, conversion coefficients with respect to those of the ICRU Report 39/51 operational quantities has been given in Subsection 4.4. Personal dosimeters and area monitoring instruments with a sensitivity reproducing exactly the energy and angle dependence of the ICRU Report 39/51 quantities would have had responses relative to what is needed for the recommended operational quantities equal to the ratios shown, and, therefore, generally, not be suitable to assess exactly the recommended operational quantities in this Report, except over limited energy ranges. In this section, an overview is given of the expected changes to radiation protection instrumentation and to their calibration to assess correctly the recommended quantities. For prospective radiation protection estimates with Monte Carlo programs, no difficulties are expected once the recommended conversion coefficients are introduced into the codes.
{"title":"5 Practical Consequences of the Introduction of the Recommended Operational Quantities","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/1473669120966215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1473669120966215","url":null,"abstract":"The first two criteria are fulfilled by the definitions of the recommended quantities. The last criterion seems trivial but requires the availability of suitable instruments. The introduction of the recommended operational quantities for external radiation will have consequences for practical radiation protection. A comparison of the energy and angle dependence of the recommended fluence-to-dose, and kerma-todose, conversion coefficients with respect to those of the ICRU Report 39/51 operational quantities has been given in Subsection 4.4. Personal dosimeters and area monitoring instruments with a sensitivity reproducing exactly the energy and angle dependence of the ICRU Report 39/51 quantities would have had responses relative to what is needed for the recommended operational quantities equal to the ratios shown, and, therefore, generally, not be suitable to assess exactly the recommended operational quantities in this Report, except over limited energy ranges. In this section, an overview is given of the expected changes to radiation protection instrumentation and to their calibration to assess correctly the recommended quantities. For prospective radiation protection estimates with Monte Carlo programs, no difficulties are expected once the recommended conversion coefficients are introduced into the codes.","PeriodicalId":91344,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ICRU","volume":"52 1","pages":"38 - 44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77019055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.1177/1473669120966212
Radiological protection requires the quantification of the exposure of the human body to ionizing radiation. To this end, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has developed the following protection quantities: mean absorbed dose in an organ or tissue, DT, organ/tissue equivalent dose, HT, and effective dose, E. The protection quantities are used for the implementation of dose limits and of the optimization principle. Their most recent definitions are published in the 2007 Recommendations of the ICRP (2007). The ICRP protection quantity effective dose, E, is considered to provide a single, risk-related, quantity for the control of stochastic radiation effects, valid for all persons exposed under the same conditions, independent of sex, and other individual properties of the person exposed. Internal exposure from the intake of radionuclides is also considered using effective dose. At values of an absorbed dose above a few hundreds of milligrays, tissue reactions (deterministic effects) can be of concern and absorbed doses in some tissues and organs require evaluation (Harrison et al., 2016; ICRP, 2007; 2012). ICRP (2007) sets specific limits on organ equivalent dose to prevent damage to the lens of the eye and local skin. ICRP Publication 116 (2010), published jointly with Inter national Commission on Radiation Units & Measurements (ICRU), provides sets of conversion coefficients from particle fluence to the protection quantities for an extended range of radiation types and particle energies compared with the previous joint publication (ICRP, 1996; ICRU, 1998). The conversion coefficients for the protection quantities in ICRP Publication 116 supersede the previously published values.
{"title":"2 ICRP Publication 103 Protection Quantities and ICRU Report 39/51 Operational Quantities","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/1473669120966212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1473669120966212","url":null,"abstract":"Radiological protection requires the quantification of the exposure of the human body to ionizing radiation. To this end, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has developed the following protection quantities: mean absorbed dose in an organ or tissue, DT, organ/tissue equivalent dose, HT, and effective dose, E. The protection quantities are used for the implementation of dose limits and of the optimization principle. Their most recent definitions are published in the 2007 Recommendations of the ICRP (2007). The ICRP protection quantity effective dose, E, is considered to provide a single, risk-related, quantity for the control of stochastic radiation effects, valid for all persons exposed under the same conditions, independent of sex, and other individual properties of the person exposed. Internal exposure from the intake of radionuclides is also considered using effective dose. At values of an absorbed dose above a few hundreds of milligrays, tissue reactions (deterministic effects) can be of concern and absorbed doses in some tissues and organs require evaluation (Harrison et al., 2016; ICRP, 2007; 2012). ICRP (2007) sets specific limits on organ equivalent dose to prevent damage to the lens of the eye and local skin. ICRP Publication 116 (2010), published jointly with Inter national Commission on Radiation Units & Measurements (ICRU), provides sets of conversion coefficients from particle fluence to the protection quantities for an extended range of radiation types and particle energies compared with the previous joint publication (ICRP, 1996; ICRU, 1998). The conversion coefficients for the protection quantities in ICRP Publication 116 supersede the previously published values.","PeriodicalId":91344,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ICRU","volume":"15 1","pages":"20 - 23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87592163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.1177/1473669120966223
The anthropomorphic reference computational phantoms of ICRP and ICRU are models of the human body presented and described in ICRP Publication 110 (2009), with the anatomical and physiological characteristics defined in ICRP Publication 89 (2002). Two reference phantoms have been defined for adults, a male and a female one. The models in ICRP Publication 110 are represented by arrays of cuboid voxels based on medical tomographic images in which the anatomy is described by small three-dimensional volume elements, of height 8.0 mm and of 2.137 mm × 2.137 mm in-plane cross section in the male phantom, and of height 4.84 mm and of 1.775 mm × 1.775 mm in-plane cross section in the female phantom. The collections of these voxels, along with recommended compositions and densities, are used to specify the organs and tissues of the human body and are specified in ICRP Publication 110 (2009).
ICRP和ICRU的拟人化参考计算幻影是在ICRP出版物110(2009)中提出和描述的人体模型，其解剖和生理特征在ICRP出版物89(2002)中定义。已经为成年人定义了两个参考幻影，一个是男性，一个是女性。ICRP出版物110中的模型由基于医学断层图像的长方体体素阵列表示，其中解剖结构由小的三维体积单元描述，男性幻像的高度为8.0 mm，平面内截面为2.137 mm × 2.137 mm，女性幻像的高度为4.84 mm，平面内截面为1.775 mm × 1.775 mm。这些体素的集合，连同推荐的成分和密度，用于指定人体的器官和组织，并在ICRP出版物110(2009)中进行了指定。
{"title":"Glossary of Terms and Definitions of Basic Quantities","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/1473669120966223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1473669120966223","url":null,"abstract":"The anthropomorphic reference computational phantoms of ICRP and ICRU are models of the human body presented and described in ICRP Publication 110 (2009), with the anatomical and physiological characteristics defined in ICRP Publication 89 (2002). Two reference phantoms have been defined for adults, a male and a female one. The models in ICRP Publication 110 are represented by arrays of cuboid voxels based on medical tomographic images in which the anatomy is described by small three-dimensional volume elements, of height 8.0 mm and of 2.137 mm × 2.137 mm in-plane cross section in the male phantom, and of height 4.84 mm and of 1.775 mm × 1.775 mm in-plane cross section in the female phantom. The collections of these voxels, along with recommended compositions and densities, are used to specify the organs and tissues of the human body and are specified in ICRP Publication 110 (2009).","PeriodicalId":91344,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ICRU","volume":"28 1","pages":"9 - 12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76778082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.1177/1473669120966213
To address the need for an extension of both the range of radiation types and energies over which operational quantities are defined while preserving a good approximation to the protection quantities over this extended range, a change of paradigm in the definition of operational quantities is needed. This Report recommends a redefinition of the operational quantities as the products of radiometric or dosimetric quantities at a point in space or on the surface of the body and conversion coefficients related to values of protection quantities (Bartlett and Dietze, 2010; Endo, 2016). Consideration of this approach has been given previously (see, for example, Burlin, 1981; Burlin and Wheatley, 1971; Burlin et al., 1979; Commission of the European Communities, 1983; ICRP Publication 15, 1969; ICRP Publication 21, 1973; Jahr et al., 1981; NCRP Report 38, 1971; Sidwell et al., 1969; Siebert and Bartlett, 19951). The practical application of such a quantity can be made if conversion coefficients to an internationally agreed phantom exist. ICRP and ICRU have now defined ICRP/ICRU adult reference phantoms in ICRP Publication 110 (2009). These phantoms are used to define reference values of conversion coefficients to the protection quantities and can be used to define the operational quantities. The recommended operational quantities simplify the systems of protection and operational quantities and assist in the comprehension of radiological protection quantities by users. A generic scheme is defined here with variations for the different operational quantities introduced in the following subsections. The recommended operational quantities are defined as the product of particle fluence or air kerma and a conversion coefficient. Symbolically, for monoenergetic particles of fluence, Φ, of type R, with energy Ep, this is written as:
为了满足扩大界定工作量的辐射类型和能量范围的需要，同时在这个扩大的范围内保持与保护量的良好近似值，需要改变界定工作量的范例。本报告建议将操作量重新定义为空间中某一点或人体表面的辐射量或剂量量的乘积以及与保护量值相关的转换系数(Bartlett和Dietze, 2010;Endo, 2016)。以前已经考虑过这种方法(例如，见Burlin, 1981;Burlin and Wheatley, 1971;Burlin et al.， 1979;欧洲共同体委员会，1983年;ICRP出版物15,1969;ICRP第21号出版物，1973年;Jahr et al.， 1981;NCRP报告38,1971;Sidwell et al.， 1969;Siebert and Bartlett, 19951)。如果存在国际商定的幻模的转换系数，就可以实际应用这一数量。ICRP和ICRU现在在ICRP出版物110(2009)中定义了ICRP/ICRU成人参考幻影。这些幻影用于定义保护量的转换系数的参考值，并可用于定义操作量。建议的操作量简化了防护量和操作量的系统，并有助于用户理解辐射防护量。这里定义了一个通用方案，并在以下小节中介绍了不同操作量的变体。推荐的操作量定义为粒子通量或空气密度与转换系数的乘积。符号上，对于R型能量为Φ，能量为Ep的单能粒子，可写成:
{"title":"3 Operational Quantities for External Exposure","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/1473669120966213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1473669120966213","url":null,"abstract":"To address the need for an extension of both the range of radiation types and energies over which operational quantities are defined while preserving a good approximation to the protection quantities over this extended range, a change of paradigm in the definition of operational quantities is needed. This Report recommends a redefinition of the operational quantities as the products of radiometric or dosimetric quantities at a point in space or on the surface of the body and conversion coefficients related to values of protection quantities (Bartlett and Dietze, 2010; Endo, 2016). Consideration of this approach has been given previously (see, for example, Burlin, 1981; Burlin and Wheatley, 1971; Burlin et al., 1979; Commission of the European Communities, 1983; ICRP Publication 15, 1969; ICRP Publication 21, 1973; Jahr et al., 1981; NCRP Report 38, 1971; Sidwell et al., 1969; Siebert and Bartlett, 19951). The practical application of such a quantity can be made if conversion coefficients to an internationally agreed phantom exist. ICRP and ICRU have now defined ICRP/ICRU adult reference phantoms in ICRP Publication 110 (2009). These phantoms are used to define reference values of conversion coefficients to the protection quantities and can be used to define the operational quantities. The recommended operational quantities simplify the systems of protection and operational quantities and assist in the comprehension of radiological protection quantities by users. A generic scheme is defined here with variations for the different operational quantities introduced in the following subsections. The recommended operational quantities are defined as the product of particle fluence or air kerma and a conversion coefficient. Symbolically, for monoenergetic particles of fluence, Φ, of type R, with energy Ep, this is written as:","PeriodicalId":91344,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ICRU","volume":"12 1","pages":"24 - 29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82127104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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