L. M. Cysneiros, Julio Cesar Sampaio do Prado Leite, Dép
Although Non-Functional Requirements (NFR) have been present in many software development methods, they have been faced as a second or even third class type of requirement, frequently hided inside notes and therefore frequently neglected or forgotten. Surprisingly, despite the fact that nonfunctional requirements (NFR) are among the most expensive and difficult to deal with [5] [12] [3][10], even today there are only a few works that focus on NFR as first class requirements (e.g. [7][8] [10]. Not so surprisingly, stakeholders’ demand for NFR has been continuously increasing. During 2001 edition of ICSE Mantis Chen from ACD System presented the 3 most important aspects for a software in the stakeholders’ point of view and the 3 most important one in the developers’ point of view. All the 6 were non-functional requirements. This work intends to show how we used the Language Extended Lexicon as a way of supporting initial NFR elicitation.
{"title":"1. Introduction","authors":"L. M. Cysneiros, Julio Cesar Sampaio do Prado Leite, Dép","doi":"10.1093/jicru_ndy023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jicru_ndy023","url":null,"abstract":"Although Non-Functional Requirements (NFR) have been present in many software development methods, they have been faced as a second or even third class type of requirement, frequently hided inside notes and therefore frequently neglected or forgotten. Surprisingly, despite the fact that nonfunctional requirements (NFR) are among the most expensive and difficult to deal with [5] [12] [3][10], even today there are only a few works that focus on NFR as first class requirements (e.g. [7][8] [10]. Not so surprisingly, stakeholders’ demand for NFR has been continuously increasing. During 2001 edition of ICSE Mantis Chen from ACD System presented the 3 most important aspects for a software in the stakeholders’ point of view and the 3 most important one in the developers’ point of view. All the 6 were non-functional requirements. This work intends to show how we used the Language Extended Lexicon as a way of supporting initial NFR elicitation.","PeriodicalId":91344,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ICRU","volume":"57 1","pages":"12 - 5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82273484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Appendix C. Pathways of Public Exposure","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/jicru_ndy004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jicru_ndy004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91344,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ICRU","volume":"130 1","pages":"163 - 167"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79218394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A comprehensive radiation monitoring program is an important component of safe operation of a nuclear installation and of the country’s emergency management system. It serves as a warning system to alert the operator and government of a radioactive release. Should a release occur, monitoring provides vital information to guide immediate actions at the installation and to mitigate the consequences of the release. Monitoring continues to contribute health and safety when the emergency phase has ended, and long-term effects and remedial actions need to be tracked and managed. Because monitoring is critical for operational compliance and safety, national governments require facility operators to establish monitoring programs. The government, at the national, regional, and local level, implements radiation monitoring programs to ensure it has data to protect its residents and emergency responders. Monitoring can also provide the public with a sense of safety on a daily basis. A monitoring program specifies the media (e.g., air, water, soil) and their radiological characteristics to be measured, radionuclides to be quantified, spatial locations and frequencies of sampling or measurements, and monitoring systems to be used. Monitoring systems include the sampling and measurement equipment, with the associated methodologies, that may be used to implement the monitoring programs. This Section discusses the objectives and scope of national, regional, facility-related, and special, event-related radiation monitoring programs. Detailed information on monitoring systems and procedures is provided in Section 4. The design and operation of radiation monitoring at the national and facility levels should be based on the outcomes of a prospective hazard assessment. The IAEA Safety Standards (IAEA, 2015a) establish a comprehensive set of requirements related to preparedness and response for a nuclear or radiological emergency. Specifically, the standards require that “the government shall ensure that a hazard assessment is performed to provide a basis for a graded approach in preparedness and response for a nuclear or radiological emergency.” The hazard assessment characterizes the radiological risks in terms of magnitude, probability, temporal, and spatial patterns of the potential exposures to members of the public. The hazard assessment should be conducted in the early stages of planning for a new facility, in response to a neighboring country’s activities or to update an earlier hazard assessment to reflect changes in knowledge, population growth and movement, and activities, among other variables. The scope and extent of the national, regional, and site-specific emergency response arrangements should be commensurate with the potential magnitude and type of hazard associated with the facility or activity. The hazard assessment should be done on national and international levels and should consider all potential hazards within and outside the country taking into
{"title":"3. Monitoring Programs","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/jicru_ndy014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jicru_ndy014","url":null,"abstract":"A comprehensive radiation monitoring program is an important component of safe operation of a nuclear installation and of the country’s emergency management system. It serves as a warning system to alert the operator and government of a radioactive release. Should a release occur, monitoring provides vital information to guide immediate actions at the installation and to mitigate the consequences of the release. Monitoring continues to contribute health and safety when the emergency phase has ended, and long-term effects and remedial actions need to be tracked and managed. Because monitoring is critical for operational compliance and safety, national governments require facility operators to establish monitoring programs. The government, at the national, regional, and local level, implements radiation monitoring programs to ensure it has data to protect its residents and emergency responders. Monitoring can also provide the public with a sense of safety on a daily basis. A monitoring program specifies the media (e.g., air, water, soil) and their radiological characteristics to be measured, radionuclides to be quantified, spatial locations and frequencies of sampling or measurements, and monitoring systems to be used. Monitoring systems include the sampling and measurement equipment, with the associated methodologies, that may be used to implement the monitoring programs. This Section discusses the objectives and scope of national, regional, facility-related, and special, event-related radiation monitoring programs. Detailed information on monitoring systems and procedures is provided in Section 4. The design and operation of radiation monitoring at the national and facility levels should be based on the outcomes of a prospective hazard assessment. The IAEA Safety Standards (IAEA, 2015a) establish a comprehensive set of requirements related to preparedness and response for a nuclear or radiological emergency. Specifically, the standards require that “the government shall ensure that a hazard assessment is performed to provide a basis for a graded approach in preparedness and response for a nuclear or radiological emergency.” The hazard assessment characterizes the radiological risks in terms of magnitude, probability, temporal, and spatial patterns of the potential exposures to members of the public. The hazard assessment should be conducted in the early stages of planning for a new facility, in response to a neighboring country’s activities or to update an earlier hazard assessment to reflect changes in knowledge, population growth and movement, and activities, among other variables. The scope and extent of the national, regional, and site-specific emergency response arrangements should be commensurate with the potential magnitude and type of hazard associated with the facility or activity. The hazard assessment should be done on national and international levels and should consider all potential hazards within and outside the country taking into","PeriodicalId":91344,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ICRU","volume":"8 1","pages":"37 - 86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79671206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Activity concentration also: surface activity concentration (for surface/ area), activity density, activity per mass, activity per volume, activity per area, surface activity Am (for mass) Av (for volume) Aa (for area) Bq kg Bq m Bq m The activity of a specified radionuclide per mass (Am), volume (Av) or area (Aa) of a specified substance. Substance or environmental compartment; mass, volume or area basis; wet or dry mass basis; averaging method. The names “activity per mass”, “activity per volume” and “activity per area” are unequivocal and therefore also recommended. The activity density depends on input and output rates to the specified substance or compartment, and thus on various processes as well as time. This quantity, when applied to transfer from air to soil or water to sediment on a per area basis (Aa) has also been called “deposition density” or “deposition”. For this usage, it is very important to specify whether the measurement reflects initial deposition following a discrete event, or whether it is a measurement made sometime following an event or series of events. For deposition measurement purposes, it is also important to specify the sampling depth because the depth profile can vary greatly. Activity content (for an object, sample, environmental compartment, etc.) also: organ, tissue or wholebody burden A Bq The activity of a specified radionuclide in a specified object Object, substance, environmental compartment, organ or tissue.
活度浓度又称:表面活度浓度(指表面积)、活度密度、每质量活度、每体积活度、每面积活度、表面活度Am(指质量)Av(指体积)Aa(指面积)Bq kg Bq m Bq m特定物质的每质量(Am)、体积(Av)或面积(Aa)的特定放射性核素活度。物质或环境隔间;质量、体积或面积基础;湿或干质量基础;平均的方法。“每质量活度”、“每体积活度”和“每面积活度”的名称是明确的，因此也建议使用。活性密度取决于对特定物质或隔间的输入和输出速率，因此取决于各种过程和时间。当应用于以每个区域为基础(Aa)从空气到土壤或水到沉积物的转移量时，这个量也被称为“沉积密度”或“沉积”。对于这种用法，指定测量是否反映离散事件之后的初始沉积，或者它是否是在某个事件或一系列事件之后的某个时间进行的测量是非常重要的。对于沉积测量的目的，指定采样深度也很重要，因为深度剖面可能变化很大。活性含量(对于物体、样品、环境隔间等)也指器官、组织或全身负荷A Bq特定放射性核素在特定物体、物质、环境隔间、器官或组织中的活性。
{"title":"Appendix E. Key Quantities for Radioecology and Monitoring","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/jicru_ndy006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jicru_ndy006","url":null,"abstract":"Activity concentration also: surface activity concentration (for surface/ area), activity density, activity per mass, activity per volume, activity per area, surface activity Am (for mass) Av (for volume) Aa (for area) Bq kg Bq m Bq m The activity of a specified radionuclide per mass (Am), volume (Av) or area (Aa) of a specified substance. Substance or environmental compartment; mass, volume or area basis; wet or dry mass basis; averaging method. The names “activity per mass”, “activity per volume” and “activity per area” are unequivocal and therefore also recommended. The activity density depends on input and output rates to the specified substance or compartment, and thus on various processes as well as time. This quantity, when applied to transfer from air to soil or water to sediment on a per area basis (Aa) has also been called “deposition density” or “deposition”. For this usage, it is very important to specify whether the measurement reflects initial deposition following a discrete event, or whether it is a measurement made sometime following an event or series of events. For deposition measurement purposes, it is also important to specify the sampling depth because the depth profile can vary greatly. Activity content (for an object, sample, environmental compartment, etc.) also: organ, tissue or wholebody burden A Bq The activity of a specified radionuclide in a specified object Object, substance, environmental compartment, organ or tissue.","PeriodicalId":91344,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ICRU","volume":"48 4 1","pages":"188 - 195"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89197482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"1. Introduction","authors":"P. Ješina","doi":"10.1093/jicru_ndy012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jicru_ndy012","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91344,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ICRU","volume":"28 1","pages":"2 - 3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87238509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ICRU endeavors to collect and evaluate the latest data and information pertinent to the problems of radiation measurement and dosimetry and to recommend the most acceptable numerical values for physical reference data and techniques for current use. The Commission’s recommendations are kept under continual review in order to keep abreast of the rapidly expanding uses of radiation. The ICRU feels that it is the responsibility of national organizations to introduce their own detailed technical procedures for the development and maintenance of standards. However, it urges that all countries adhere as closely as possible to the internationally recommended basic concepts of radiation quantities and units. The Commission maintains and develops a system of quantities and units and concepts (e.g., for radiation therapy) and guidance for measurement procedures and techniques having the widest possible range of applicability. Situations can arise from time to time for which an expedient solution of a current problem is required. ICRU invites and welcomes constructive comments and suggestions regarding its recommendations and reports. These may be transmitted to the Chairman.
{"title":"International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements","authors":"H. Menzel","doi":"10.1093/jicru_ndy011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jicru_ndy011","url":null,"abstract":"The ICRU endeavors to collect and evaluate the latest data and information pertinent to the problems of radiation measurement and dosimetry and to recommend the most acceptable numerical values for physical reference data and techniques for current use. The Commission’s recommendations are kept under continual review in order to keep abreast of the rapidly expanding uses of radiation. The ICRU feels that it is the responsibility of national organizations to introduce their own detailed technical procedures for the development and maintenance of standards. However, it urges that all countries adhere as closely as possible to the internationally recommended basic concepts of radiation quantities and units. The Commission maintains and develops a system of quantities and units and concepts (e.g., for radiation therapy) and guidance for measurement procedures and techniques having the widest possible range of applicability. Situations can arise from time to time for which an expedient solution of a current problem is required. ICRU invites and welcomes constructive comments and suggestions regarding its recommendations and reports. These may be transmitted to the Chairman.","PeriodicalId":91344,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ICRU","volume":"51 1","pages":"1 - 2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85747938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Appendix F. Quantities Related to Ionizing Radiation and Its Interaction with the Matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/jicru_ndy007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jicru_ndy007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91344,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ICRU","volume":"13 1","pages":"196 - 196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73139436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This Section provides information on selected elements of national monitoring programs in Germany, the Russian Federation, Slovenia, and USA. While many countries have national monitoring, the selected examples show a range of monitoring media and density, each designed for the needs of that country. There is no “one size fits all” national monitoring system. Because of the high spatial density of nuclear facilities in Europe, the European programs focus more on early warning with a much denser monitoring network than the USA, which has a lower density of nuclear power plants (NPPs) and very few in bordering countries. Considerations of the spatial density of nuclear facilities also affect the components of a national monitoring system. With the higher density of nearby reactors in Europe, dose rate measurement is much more effective for early warning than it would be in the USA. Because of the vast distance from Europe and Asia to USA, there is little need in USA for dose rate monitoring for early warning of emergencies on those continents since dispersion and decay of radionuclides over that distance and travel time will reduce dose effective rate to trivial levels. The US national monitoring system focuses on the much more sensitive collection of airborne particulates rather than dose rate, although the US is beginning to implement dose rate measurement to be more aligned with the international community and to provide rapid and unambiguous messaging to the public, scientists, and decision makers. Countries developing or updating their national programs are recommended to review these and other programs’ parameters as they design a program that fits their needs and operates within their resource parameters. A common consideration with national monitoring is how many stations are needed and where should they be placed. While this applies to dose effective rate monitoring, the issue is more significant for air sampling, which is much more expensive and resource intensive. In general, more air particulate samplers are better, but the number ultimately is based on resources. Most air particulate monitors require personnel to change filters, analyze filters, and perform periodic maintenance. All of these issues need to be considered when determining the number of air particulate samplers to place as a part of a national or regional system. Many strategies can be used to determine the best locations for air particulate samplers. For local monitoring, it may be best to set up samplers that encircle the plant, so monitors are present in all directions. On a regional level, economic interests such as agriculture are likely to guide the locations for air samplers. Nationally, population and geographical coverage are generally the primary considerations for sampler locations. Grid patterns may also be used to determine locations. Regionaland national-level monitoring locations may be determined using atmospheric dispersion computer models to determine pr
{"title":"Appendix D. Examples of Monitoring Programs","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/jicru_ndy005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jicru_ndy005","url":null,"abstract":"This Section provides information on selected elements of national monitoring programs in Germany, the Russian Federation, Slovenia, and USA. While many countries have national monitoring, the selected examples show a range of monitoring media and density, each designed for the needs of that country. There is no “one size fits all” national monitoring system. Because of the high spatial density of nuclear facilities in Europe, the European programs focus more on early warning with a much denser monitoring network than the USA, which has a lower density of nuclear power plants (NPPs) and very few in bordering countries. Considerations of the spatial density of nuclear facilities also affect the components of a national monitoring system. With the higher density of nearby reactors in Europe, dose rate measurement is much more effective for early warning than it would be in the USA. Because of the vast distance from Europe and Asia to USA, there is little need in USA for dose rate monitoring for early warning of emergencies on those continents since dispersion and decay of radionuclides over that distance and travel time will reduce dose effective rate to trivial levels. The US national monitoring system focuses on the much more sensitive collection of airborne particulates rather than dose rate, although the US is beginning to implement dose rate measurement to be more aligned with the international community and to provide rapid and unambiguous messaging to the public, scientists, and decision makers. Countries developing or updating their national programs are recommended to review these and other programs’ parameters as they design a program that fits their needs and operates within their resource parameters. A common consideration with national monitoring is how many stations are needed and where should they be placed. While this applies to dose effective rate monitoring, the issue is more significant for air sampling, which is much more expensive and resource intensive. In general, more air particulate samplers are better, but the number ultimately is based on resources. Most air particulate monitors require personnel to change filters, analyze filters, and perform periodic maintenance. All of these issues need to be considered when determining the number of air particulate samplers to place as a part of a national or regional system. Many strategies can be used to determine the best locations for air particulate samplers. For local monitoring, it may be best to set up samplers that encircle the plant, so monitors are present in all directions. On a regional level, economic interests such as agriculture are likely to guide the locations for air samplers. Nationally, population and geographical coverage are generally the primary considerations for sampler locations. Grid patterns may also be used to determine locations. Regionaland national-level monitoring locations may be determined using atmospheric dispersion computer models to determine pr","PeriodicalId":91344,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ICRU","volume":"6 1","pages":"168 - 187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81078239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Radiological protection has the general aim of protecting humans and non-human species in the environment from harmful effects of exposure to ionizing radiation. This requires a quantitative description of the exposure to external radiation and radiation from radionuclides incorporated in the human body. Consistent use of terminology and units when discussing quantities of ionizing radiation is critical when health and safety decisions based on measurements are to be made. The scientists who analyze the data collected and communicate the results of radiation measurements to decisions makers need to take care to ensure the data are as accurate as possible. In high-stakes, time-critical environment following a nuclear power plant accident, however, lower levels of accuracy may have to be accepted. “Quantities” used for the quantitative description of physical phenomena or objects are generally called physical quantities. The value Q of a quantity is generally expressed as the product of a number { } Q and a unit [ ] Q (BIPM, 2016):
{"title":"5. Quantities and Units","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/jicru_ndy016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jicru_ndy016","url":null,"abstract":"Radiological protection has the general aim of protecting humans and non-human species in the environment from harmful effects of exposure to ionizing radiation. This requires a quantitative description of the exposure to external radiation and radiation from radionuclides incorporated in the human body. Consistent use of terminology and units when discussing quantities of ionizing radiation is critical when health and safety decisions based on measurements are to be made. The scientists who analyze the data collected and communicate the results of radiation measurements to decisions makers need to take care to ensure the data are as accurate as possible. In high-stakes, time-critical environment following a nuclear power plant accident, however, lower levels of accuracy may have to be accepted. “Quantities” used for the quantitative description of physical phenomena or objects are generally called physical quantities. The value Q of a quantity is generally expressed as the product of a number { } Q and a unit [ ] Q (BIPM, 2016):","PeriodicalId":91344,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ICRU","volume":"278 1","pages":"121 - 130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82815488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Monitoring programs are designed in part to enable decision makers to take actions following a nuclear power plant accident or other emergency involving a potential radioactive release to protect the public and the environment. As these decisions rely on modeling, data, and analyses, choices about monitoring systems and measurement and collection procedures are important. It is essential to have the systems, methods, and expertise to conduct the monitoring required of the different environmental media at each phase following the accident. This Section focuses on the equipment and methods that can be employed to gather radiological and supporting information within monitoring programs discussed in Section 3. The terms “monitoring system” and “detection system” are used to recognize that in many instances a radiation detector will be combined with other electronics that supply, store, and transmit supporting information correlated with the radiation measurement. The supporting information includes the time, location, characteristics of atmospheric conditions, and other metadata. The selection of equipment and systems to use during a response to an emergency will change during the course of the emergency and in the postemergency existing exposure situation. As discussed in Section 3, the measurement methods used and the amount of data to be collected depend on the urgency of the decisions and the availability of resources. Other considerations are which media pose the greatest risk and which radionuclides are of greatest concern at that phase. In the early phase of an emergency, decisions may need to be made to avoid immediate danger to life or health. Often these initial decisions will be made with information from limited radiological measurements because of the quantity, sensitivity, or positioning of the equipment that was readily available. After the emergency has passed, interest in long-term protective actions and remediation will require precise and extensive measurements, and more personnel and equipment can be arranged to carry out the measurements. Consider two examples:
{"title":"4. Monitoring Systems and Methods","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/jicru_ndy013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jicru_ndy013","url":null,"abstract":"Monitoring programs are designed in part to enable decision makers to take actions following a nuclear power plant accident or other emergency involving a potential radioactive release to protect the public and the environment. As these decisions rely on modeling, data, and analyses, choices about monitoring systems and measurement and collection procedures are important. It is essential to have the systems, methods, and expertise to conduct the monitoring required of the different environmental media at each phase following the accident. This Section focuses on the equipment and methods that can be employed to gather radiological and supporting information within monitoring programs discussed in Section 3. The terms “monitoring system” and “detection system” are used to recognize that in many instances a radiation detector will be combined with other electronics that supply, store, and transmit supporting information correlated with the radiation measurement. The supporting information includes the time, location, characteristics of atmospheric conditions, and other metadata. The selection of equipment and systems to use during a response to an emergency will change during the course of the emergency and in the postemergency existing exposure situation. As discussed in Section 3, the measurement methods used and the amount of data to be collected depend on the urgency of the decisions and the availability of resources. Other considerations are which media pose the greatest risk and which radionuclides are of greatest concern at that phase. In the early phase of an emergency, decisions may need to be made to avoid immediate danger to life or health. Often these initial decisions will be made with information from limited radiological measurements because of the quantity, sensitivity, or positioning of the equipment that was readily available. After the emergency has passed, interest in long-term protective actions and remediation will require precise and extensive measurements, and more personnel and equipment can be arranged to carry out the measurements. Consider two examples:","PeriodicalId":91344,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ICRU","volume":"215 1","pages":"120 - 87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76964180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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