The perception of tastes is sensed by the receptors that stimulate sensory cells. We previously reported that TRPA1 and TRPV1 channels expressed in the oral cavity of mammals, are activated by the auto-oxidized product of epigallocatechin gallate (oxiEGCG), a major astringent catechin in green tea. Here, we investigated and compared the sensitivity of TRPA1 and TRPV1 from various animals to astringent polyphenols. We selected three polyphenols, oxiEGCG, tannic acid and myricetin. HEK293T cells expressing TRPA1 or TRPV1 from mammal, bird, reptile, amphibian, and fish, were analyzed for their activation by the Ca2+-imaging. We found the apparent diversity in the polyphenol-sensitivity among various animals. Mammalian TRPs showed relatively higher sensitivity to polyphenols, and especially, human TRPA1 and TRPV1 could be activated by all of three polyphenols at 20 μM. Reptile TRP channels, however, were insensitive to any polyphenols examined. Moreover, the polyphenol-sensitivity of zebrafish TRPA1 and TRPV1 was quite different from that of medaka TRP channels. Since many polyphenols are present in plants and the sensing of polyphenols using TRP channels in the oral cavity might cause astringent taste, the observed diversity of the polyphenol-sensitivity of TRP channels might be involved in the divergence in the food habit of various animals.
{"title":"The diversity in sensitivity of TRPA1 and TRPV1 of various animals to polyphenols.","authors":"Sayuri Takahashi, Mako Kurogi, Osamu Saitoh","doi":"10.2220/biomedres.42.43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2220/biomedres.42.43","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The perception of tastes is sensed by the receptors that stimulate sensory cells. We previously reported that TRPA1 and TRPV1 channels expressed in the oral cavity of mammals, are activated by the auto-oxidized product of epigallocatechin gallate (oxiEGCG), a major astringent catechin in green tea. Here, we investigated and compared the sensitivity of TRPA1 and TRPV1 from various animals to astringent polyphenols. We selected three polyphenols, oxiEGCG, tannic acid and myricetin. HEK293T cells expressing TRPA1 or TRPV1 from mammal, bird, reptile, amphibian, and fish, were analyzed for their activation by the Ca<sup>2+</sup>-imaging. We found the apparent diversity in the polyphenol-sensitivity among various animals. Mammalian TRPs showed relatively higher sensitivity to polyphenols, and especially, human TRPA1 and TRPV1 could be activated by all of three polyphenols at 20 μM. Reptile TRP channels, however, were insensitive to any polyphenols examined. Moreover, the polyphenol-sensitivity of zebrafish TRPA1 and TRPV1 was quite different from that of medaka TRP channels. Since many polyphenols are present in plants and the sensing of polyphenols using TRP channels in the oral cavity might cause astringent taste, the observed diversity of the polyphenol-sensitivity of TRP channels might be involved in the divergence in the food habit of various animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":9138,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Research-tokyo","volume":"42 2","pages":"43-51"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25596522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35841/0970-938X.32.3.S23-S24
S. Ahmed
Medication plasma protein associations significantly affect both pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (pharmacological impacts). It is hence profoundly fascinating to assess this official during the medication advancement measure. The connection between Human Serum Albumin (HSA) and Nano-berberin in both the presence and nonappearance of holo-transferrin was assessed.
{"title":"Egg White Hydrolysate Retains the Nutritional Value of Proteins.","authors":"S. Ahmed","doi":"10.35841/0970-938X.32.3.S23-S24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35841/0970-938X.32.3.S23-S24","url":null,"abstract":"Medication plasma protein associations significantly affect both pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (pharmacological impacts). It is hence profoundly fascinating to assess this official during the medication advancement measure. The connection between Human Serum Albumin (HSA) and Nano-berberin in both the presence and nonappearance of holo-transferrin was assessed.","PeriodicalId":9138,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Research-tokyo","volume":"526 1","pages":"23-24"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81936853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35841/0970-938X.32.2.52-57
Sasmita Mishra, D. Saravanan, M. Manju, R. SuryaPriya
Background: Medical field is said to be associated with a lot of stress, both mental and physical. And medical students suffer more because during their training period they undergo a lot of stress in the form of little physical activity, altered food habits and social habits like smoking and alcohol. For this reason we decided to conduct this study amongst the medical students. Objective: Our objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of prehypertension among Medical college students and study the association between prehypertension and other cardiovascular risk factors like lipid profile and Body Mass Index (BMI). Methods: A total of 300 medical students of first to final year MBBS (18-23 years) were selected randomly for this study. Each participant’s data was collected, BMI calculated. BP was measured by a mercury sphygmomanometer. Subjects were classified as 3 groups Normotensive, Hypertensive and Prehyperensive. Blood samples were collected and Fasting plasma glucose, serum cholesterol, triglyceride and HDLc, were estimated by using commercially available kits in automated analyzer. Serum LDLc, and VLDLc (Very Low Density Lipoprotein-cholesterol) were calculated by Friedwald's equation. All the data were analysed by using SPSS software. Results: The overall prevalence of PHT was 38%. Prevalence of prehypertension is more in females. Among the students 75% had normal BMI, 20% were overweight, 3% were obese and 2% were underweight. BMI of Prehypertensive was significantly more than the normotensive students. BMI of female students are more than the male students. Among the lipid parameters, prehypertensives showed significant increase in TC, TG, LDLc than normotensive students. TC, TG, LDLc were high for female students than male students. Total prevalence of dyslipidaemia was 17.4% out of which 14.9% was hypercholesterolemia, 8.15% was hypertriglyceridaemia, 5.6% had high LDLc level and 10.4% had low HDLc level. There was a significant positive correlation between SBP with BMI, TG, TCh and VLDLc and significant positive correlation between DBP with TG and LDLc. There is negative correlation of SBP and DBP with HDLc. This might point out the contributory role of dyslipidemia and obesity towards prehypertention. Conclusion: Prevalence of prehypertension was high and associated with a higher BMI and dyslipidemia .Prevalence of dyslipidemia is 17.4%. Hypercholesterolemia is more prevalent. Students should change their life style. They should do yoga, meditation regularly to cope with stress. They should avoid oily foods to decrease cholesterol level.
{"title":"Prevalence of prehypertension and its association with obesity and lipid parameters in medical students.","authors":"Sasmita Mishra, D. Saravanan, M. Manju, R. SuryaPriya","doi":"10.35841/0970-938X.32.2.52-57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35841/0970-938X.32.2.52-57","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Medical field is said to be associated with a lot of stress, both mental and physical. And medical students suffer more because during their training period they undergo a lot of stress in the form of little physical activity, altered food habits and social habits like smoking and alcohol. For this reason we decided to conduct this study amongst the medical students. Objective: Our objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of prehypertension among Medical college students and study the association between prehypertension and other cardiovascular risk factors like lipid profile and Body Mass Index (BMI). Methods: A total of 300 medical students of first to final year MBBS (18-23 years) were selected randomly for this study. Each participant’s data was collected, BMI calculated. BP was measured by a mercury sphygmomanometer. Subjects were classified as 3 groups Normotensive, Hypertensive and Prehyperensive. Blood samples were collected and Fasting plasma glucose, serum cholesterol, triglyceride and HDLc, were estimated by using commercially available kits in automated analyzer. Serum LDLc, and VLDLc (Very Low Density Lipoprotein-cholesterol) were calculated by Friedwald's equation. All the data were analysed by using SPSS software. Results: The overall prevalence of PHT was 38%. Prevalence of prehypertension is more in females. Among the students 75% had normal BMI, 20% were overweight, 3% were obese and 2% were underweight. BMI of Prehypertensive was significantly more than the normotensive students. BMI of female students are more than the male students. Among the lipid parameters, prehypertensives showed significant increase in TC, TG, LDLc than normotensive students. TC, TG, LDLc were high for female students than male students. Total prevalence of dyslipidaemia was 17.4% out of which 14.9% was hypercholesterolemia, 8.15% was hypertriglyceridaemia, 5.6% had high LDLc level and 10.4% had low HDLc level. There was a significant positive correlation between SBP with BMI, TG, TCh and VLDLc and significant positive correlation between DBP with TG and LDLc. There is negative correlation of SBP and DBP with HDLc. This might point out the contributory role of dyslipidemia and obesity towards prehypertention. Conclusion: Prevalence of prehypertension was high and associated with a higher BMI and dyslipidemia .Prevalence of dyslipidemia is 17.4%. Hypercholesterolemia is more prevalent. Students should change their life style. They should do yoga, meditation regularly to cope with stress. They should avoid oily foods to decrease cholesterol level.","PeriodicalId":9138,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Research-tokyo","volume":"66 1","pages":"52-57"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83160690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35841/0970-938X.S34-S35
S. Ahmed
Numerous cell types including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, fibroblasts and endothelial cells are load delicate and are exposed to day by day mechanical stacking in-vivo. Thick connective tissues like ligament and tendon are extended every now and again through muscle compression brought about by development though bone is under unique stacking to oppose and adjust to the accomplished powers by keeping up homoeostasis through tissue redesigning. The vast majority of the powers applied in-vivo are dynamic and cyclic which implies frequently the tissue is under stacking and resting cycles. For instance femur and tibia go through cyclic pressure and elastic powers during motion. In this manner, it is conceivable that cells react more to cyclic stacking rather than consistent stacking. Consistent stacking may expand the danger of the cells being over-burden and getting inert to the applied burden. A vital zone of exploration in tissue designing is worried about finding the responses to how mechanical stacking moves to the cells, how cells sense mechanical powers and how and when cells react to the applied outer boosts. Both 2D and 3D societies have been utilized to apply mechanical stacking onto cells, albeit 2D examinations, for example, gelatine covered plastic and glass are to some degree restricted since they don't precisely copy the intricate 3D in-vivo engineering. Hence, these surfaces don't satisfy the vital necessities for culture and recovery of utilitarian tissues. Accordingly, 3D in-vitro models may give all the more physiologically pertinent conditions to mechanotransduction contemplates.
{"title":"Osteogenesis of Human Embryonic Stem Cell","authors":"S. Ahmed","doi":"10.35841/0970-938X.S34-S35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35841/0970-938X.S34-S35","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous cell types including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, fibroblasts and endothelial cells are load delicate and are exposed to day by day mechanical stacking in-vivo. Thick connective tissues like ligament and tendon are extended every now and again through muscle compression brought about by development though bone is under unique stacking to oppose and adjust to the accomplished powers by keeping up homoeostasis through tissue redesigning. The vast majority of the powers applied in-vivo are dynamic and cyclic which implies frequently the tissue is under stacking and resting cycles. For instance femur and tibia go through cyclic pressure and elastic powers during motion. In this manner, it is conceivable that cells react more to cyclic stacking rather than consistent stacking. Consistent stacking may expand the danger of the cells being over-burden and getting inert to the applied burden. A vital zone of exploration in tissue designing is worried about finding the responses to how mechanical stacking moves to the cells, how cells sense mechanical powers and how and when cells react to the applied outer boosts. Both 2D and 3D societies have been utilized to apply mechanical stacking onto cells, albeit 2D examinations, for example, gelatine covered plastic and glass are to some degree restricted since they don't precisely copy the intricate 3D in-vivo engineering. Hence, these surfaces don't satisfy the vital necessities for culture and recovery of utilitarian tissues. Accordingly, 3D in-vitro models may give all the more physiologically pertinent conditions to mechanotransduction contemplates.","PeriodicalId":9138,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Research-tokyo","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79244436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35841/0970-938X.32.5.111-117
B. Goo
Introduction: Titanium dioxide has been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a Group 2B carcinogen. As indispensable material for dental implant fixture, dental patients are exposed to its toxicological reactions. Objectives: The primary aim of this research is to prevent making nanoparticle titanium dioxide from the corrosion of dental implant fixture. Methods: The authors introduce double layer coating system for controlling corrosional toxicity of TiO2 from the surface of two dental implant fixtures by medronic acid and teriparatide acetate. Results: The first layer coated with medronic acid will generate phosphate bridges, functioning as a corrosionresistant sheath layer, and will be the only connector to Forteo (Teriparatide Acetate). The second layer encloses the essential elements of teriparatide like C, N, O and H with saving the functional radicals like CNO-, C2H3O-, CHO2-, C3H3O-, C2H3O2-,for and it will stimulate the coated implant fixture with PTH receptors, osteoblasts, and osteogenesis. The first layer covers Ti-O-P, acting as a titanium grade 4 antioxidant. Conclusion: The top surface ions in the second layer of the fixture have pharmaceutically functioning parts of the chemical structure of Teriparatide (C181H291N55O51S2) activating osteoblasts more than osteoclast, which leads to an overall increase in bone. Though the recommended duration of use for grade 4 implant fixtures is 3 years, but these new coated fixtures are expected to use the coated fixtures longer than 3 years by containing the stimulating effect of new alveolar bone formation by increasing the mineral density of the alveolar bone around the fixture besides preventing corrosional toxicity of the surface of pre-existing titanium fixtures.
{"title":"Double layer coating system to prevent toxic reactions of titanium dioxide from the corrosion of dental implant fixtures","authors":"B. Goo","doi":"10.35841/0970-938X.32.5.111-117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35841/0970-938X.32.5.111-117","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Titanium dioxide has been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a Group 2B carcinogen. As indispensable material for dental implant fixture, dental patients are exposed to its toxicological reactions. Objectives: The primary aim of this research is to prevent making nanoparticle titanium dioxide from the corrosion of dental implant fixture. Methods: The authors introduce double layer coating system for controlling corrosional toxicity of TiO2 from the surface of two dental implant fixtures by medronic acid and teriparatide acetate. Results: The first layer coated with medronic acid will generate phosphate bridges, functioning as a corrosionresistant sheath layer, and will be the only connector to Forteo (Teriparatide Acetate). The second layer encloses the essential elements of teriparatide like C, N, O and H with saving the functional radicals like CNO-, C2H3O-, CHO2-, C3H3O-, C2H3O2-,for and it will stimulate the coated implant fixture with PTH receptors, osteoblasts, and osteogenesis. The first layer covers Ti-O-P, acting as a titanium grade 4 antioxidant. Conclusion: The top surface ions in the second layer of the fixture have pharmaceutically functioning parts of the chemical structure of Teriparatide (C181H291N55O51S2) activating osteoblasts more than osteoclast, which leads to an overall increase in bone. Though the recommended duration of use for grade 4 implant fixtures is 3 years, but these new coated fixtures are expected to use the coated fixtures longer than 3 years by containing the stimulating effect of new alveolar bone formation by increasing the mineral density of the alveolar bone around the fixture besides preventing corrosional toxicity of the surface of pre-existing titanium fixtures.","PeriodicalId":9138,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Research-tokyo","volume":"81 1","pages":"111-117"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81715198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35841/0970-938X.32.1.29-31
Rundk Hwaiz, R. T. Yaseen, T. Faraj, Abdulrahman Jawad, H. Hama, M. A. Hamid
Background: There are few studies demonstrated the association between smoking and lipid profile in female adult smokers. Materials and Methods: This study conducted to determine and compare the serum lipid profile of female adult smokers with non-female smokers, known as controls. In 180 female subjects, the level of serum lipid profile measured. Results: Of these, 110 were smokers and 70 non-smokers (control) aged between 25 and 50 years. The study involved only smokers who had smoked for more than 5 years. Our result revealed that mean serum of total cholesterol (275.2 ± 32.6 mg/dl), triacylglycerol (188.4 ± 56.42 mg/dl), very low density lipoprotein (36.6 ± 14.2 mg/dl), low density lipoprotein (133.21 ± 9.81 mg/dl) were significantly higher in female smokers as compared to non-female smokers with mean of serum total cholesterol (172.3 ± 18.6 mg/dl), very low density lipoprotein (21.8 ± 9.6 mg/dl), triglyceride (108 ± 8.84 mg/dl), low density lipoprotein (94.54 ± 8.5 mg/dl). However, the mean of serum value for high density lipoprotein cholesterol in chronic female smokers was lower (44.6 ± 4.6 mg/dl) than in non-female smokers (55.3 ± 8.2 mg/dl). Conclusion: This study indicated that smoking cigarettes in female cause’s dyslipidemia, resulting in increased risk of cardiovascular disease among smokers.
{"title":"Analysis of serum lipid profile in adult female smokers in Erbil city, Kurdistan region of Iraq","authors":"Rundk Hwaiz, R. T. Yaseen, T. Faraj, Abdulrahman Jawad, H. Hama, M. A. Hamid","doi":"10.35841/0970-938X.32.1.29-31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35841/0970-938X.32.1.29-31","url":null,"abstract":"Background: There are few studies demonstrated the association between smoking and lipid profile in female adult smokers. Materials and Methods: This study conducted to determine and compare the serum lipid profile of female adult smokers with non-female smokers, known as controls. In 180 female subjects, the level of serum lipid profile measured. Results: Of these, 110 were smokers and 70 non-smokers (control) aged between 25 and 50 years. The study involved only smokers who had smoked for more than 5 years. Our result revealed that mean serum of total cholesterol (275.2 ± 32.6 mg/dl), triacylglycerol (188.4 ± 56.42 mg/dl), very low density lipoprotein (36.6 ± 14.2 mg/dl), low density lipoprotein (133.21 ± 9.81 mg/dl) were significantly higher in female smokers as compared to non-female smokers with mean of serum total cholesterol (172.3 ± 18.6 mg/dl), very low density lipoprotein (21.8 ± 9.6 mg/dl), triglyceride (108 ± 8.84 mg/dl), low density lipoprotein (94.54 ± 8.5 mg/dl). However, the mean of serum value for high density lipoprotein cholesterol in chronic female smokers was lower (44.6 ± 4.6 mg/dl) than in non-female smokers (55.3 ± 8.2 mg/dl). Conclusion: This study indicated that smoking cigarettes in female cause’s dyslipidemia, resulting in increased risk of cardiovascular disease among smokers.","PeriodicalId":9138,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Research-tokyo","volume":"os-54 1","pages":"29-31"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87371339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Promoting the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) into osteoblasts is an effective strategy against osteoporosis. Long non-coding RNAs are closely implicated in BMSC osteogenic differentiation. The present study explored the expression pattern and biological role of taurine upregulated gene 1 (TUG1) in osteogenic differentiation. The expressions of TUG1 and osteogenic markers following the osteogenic induction of BMSCs were detected. The functional relevance of TUG1 was evaluated by performing gain- and loss-of-function tests. Inhibitors of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) autophagy were applied to ascertain the effects of TUG1 on the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. TUG1 expression increased during the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. The overexpression of TUG1 was promoted, whereas the knockdown of TUG1 was suppressed, by BMSC osteogenic differentiation. Mechanically, TUG1 promoted the osteogenesis of BMSCs via the AMPK-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-autophagy signaling pathway. Blocking AMPK and autophagy could abrogate the osteogenic role of TUG1 in BMSCs. These results demonstrated that TUG1 promoted the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs by regulating the AMPK/mTOR/autophagy axis, suggesting that targeting TUG1 may be a potential therapy for osteoporosis.
{"title":"Long non-coding RNA TUG1 promotes the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by regulating the AMPK/mTOR/autophagy pathway.","authors":"Ding-Gui Lu, Mei-Jiao Lu, Shun-Han Yao, Jia-Jie Lin, Su Luo, Ji-Hua Wei, Yu-Jin Tang","doi":"10.2220/biomedres.42.239","DOIUrl":"10.2220/biomedres.42.239","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Promoting the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) into osteoblasts is an effective strategy against osteoporosis. Long non-coding RNAs are closely implicated in BMSC osteogenic differentiation. The present study explored the expression pattern and biological role of taurine upregulated gene 1 (TUG1) in osteogenic differentiation. The expressions of TUG1 and osteogenic markers following the osteogenic induction of BMSCs were detected. The functional relevance of TUG1 was evaluated by performing gain- and loss-of-function tests. Inhibitors of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) autophagy were applied to ascertain the effects of TUG1 on the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. TUG1 expression increased during the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. The overexpression of TUG1 was promoted, whereas the knockdown of TUG1 was suppressed, by BMSC osteogenic differentiation. Mechanically, TUG1 promoted the osteogenesis of BMSCs via the AMPK-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-autophagy signaling pathway. Blocking AMPK and autophagy could abrogate the osteogenic role of TUG1 in BMSCs. These results demonstrated that TUG1 promoted the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs by regulating the AMPK/mTOR/autophagy axis, suggesting that targeting TUG1 may be a potential therapy for osteoporosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":9138,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Research-tokyo","volume":"42 6","pages":"239-246"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39749587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hideki Yamamoto, Chikako Tomiyama, Ko Sato, Jun Kasamatsu, Kazuki Takano, Aya Umeki, Nana Nakahata, Tomomitsu Miyasaka, Emi Kanno, Hiromasa Tanno, Sho Yamasaki, Shinobu Saijo, Yoichiro Iwakura, Keiko Ishii, Kazuyoshi Kawakami
Antigen-presenting cells express pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns from microorganisms and lead to the induction of inflammatory responses. C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), the representative PRRs, bind to microbial polysaccharides, among which Dectin-2 and Mincle recognize mannose-containing polysaccharides. Because influenza virus (IFV) hemagglutinin (HA) is rich in mannose polysaccharides, Dectin-2 or Mincle may contribute to the recognition of HA. In this study, we addressed the possible involvement of Dectin-2 and Mincle in the viral recognition and the initiation of cytokine production. Interleukin (IL)-12p40 and IL-6 production by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BM-DCs) upon stimulation with HA was significantly reduced in Dectin-2 knockout (KO) mice compared to wild-type (WT) mice whereas there was no difference between WT mice and Mincle KO mice. BM-DCs that were treated with Syk inhibitor resulted in a significant reduction of cytokine production upon stimulation with HA. The treatment of BM-DCs with methyl-α-D-mannopyranoside (ManP) also led to a significant reduction in cytokine production by BM-DCs that were stimulated with HA, except for the A/H1N1pdm09 subtype. IL-12p40 and IL-6 synthesis by BM-DCs was completely diminished upon stimulation with HA treated with concanavalin A (ConA)-bound sepharose beads. Finally, GFP expression was detected in reporter cells that were transfected with the Dectin-2 gene, but not with the Mincle gene, when stimulated with HA derived from the A/H3N2 subtype. These data suggested that Dectin-2 may be a key molecule as the sensor for IFV to initiate the immune response and regulate the pathogenesis of IFV infection.
{"title":"Dectin-2-mediated initiation of immune responses caused by influenza virus hemagglutinin.","authors":"Hideki Yamamoto, Chikako Tomiyama, Ko Sato, Jun Kasamatsu, Kazuki Takano, Aya Umeki, Nana Nakahata, Tomomitsu Miyasaka, Emi Kanno, Hiromasa Tanno, Sho Yamasaki, Shinobu Saijo, Yoichiro Iwakura, Keiko Ishii, Kazuyoshi Kawakami","doi":"10.2220/biomedres.42.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2220/biomedres.42.53","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antigen-presenting cells express pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns from microorganisms and lead to the induction of inflammatory responses. C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), the representative PRRs, bind to microbial polysaccharides, among which Dectin-2 and Mincle recognize mannose-containing polysaccharides. Because influenza virus (IFV) hemagglutinin (HA) is rich in mannose polysaccharides, Dectin-2 or Mincle may contribute to the recognition of HA. In this study, we addressed the possible involvement of Dectin-2 and Mincle in the viral recognition and the initiation of cytokine production. Interleukin (IL)-12p40 and IL-6 production by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BM-DCs) upon stimulation with HA was significantly reduced in Dectin-2 knockout (KO) mice compared to wild-type (WT) mice whereas there was no difference between WT mice and Mincle KO mice. BM-DCs that were treated with Syk inhibitor resulted in a significant reduction of cytokine production upon stimulation with HA. The treatment of BM-DCs with methyl-α-D-mannopyranoside (ManP) also led to a significant reduction in cytokine production by BM-DCs that were stimulated with HA, except for the A/H1N1pdm09 subtype. IL-12p40 and IL-6 synthesis by BM-DCs was completely diminished upon stimulation with HA treated with concanavalin A (ConA)-bound sepharose beads. Finally, GFP expression was detected in reporter cells that were transfected with the Dectin-2 gene, but not with the Mincle gene, when stimulated with HA derived from the A/H3N2 subtype. These data suggested that Dectin-2 may be a key molecule as the sensor for IFV to initiate the immune response and regulate the pathogenesis of IFV infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":9138,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Research-tokyo","volume":"42 2","pages":"53-66"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25596523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Acetaminophen is one of the most widely used analgesic and antipyretic medicines, whose long-period use has reportedly been associated with an increased risk of bone fracture. However, the mechanism underlying this undesired effect remains to be investigated. The homeostatic control of bone tissue depends on the interaction between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Osteoprotegerin produced by osteoblasts is known to play an essential role in suppressing osteoclast induction. We have previously reported that prostaglandin (PG) E2 and PGF2α induce osteoprotegerin synthesis through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), p44/p42 MAPK and stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK) in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells. In the present study, we investigated the effects of acetaminophen on the osteoprotegerin synthesis induced by PGE2 and PGF2α in MC3T3-E1 cells. Acetaminophen significantly suppressed the osteoprotegerin release stimulated by PGE2 and PGF2α. The PGE2-induced expression of osteoprotegerin mRNA was also reduced by acetaminophen. Acetaminophen markedly downregulated the phosphorylation of SAPK/JNK stimulated by PGE2 and PGF2α, but not those of p38 MAPK or p44/p42 MAPK. SP600125, an inhibitor of SAPK/JNK, suppressed the levels of PGE2- and PGF2α-upregulated osteoprotegerin mRNA expression. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that acetaminophen reduces the PGE2- and PGF2α-stimulated synthesis of osteoprotegerin in osteoblasts, and that the suppressive effect is exerted via attenuation of SAPK/JNK. These findings provide a molecular basis for the possible effect of acetaminophen on bone tissue metabolism.
{"title":"Acetaminophen reduces osteoprotegerin synthesis stimulated by PGE<sub>2</sub> and PGF<sub>2α</sub> in osteoblasts: attenuation of SAPK/JNK but not p38 MAPK or p44/p42 MAPK.","authors":"Woo Kim, Haruhiko Tokuda, Kumiko Tanabe, Shinobu Yamaguchi, Tomoyuki Hioki, Junko Tachi, Rie Matsushima-Nishiwaki, Osamu Kozawa, Hiroki Iida","doi":"10.2220/biomedres.42.77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2220/biomedres.42.77","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acetaminophen is one of the most widely used analgesic and antipyretic medicines, whose long-period use has reportedly been associated with an increased risk of bone fracture. However, the mechanism underlying this undesired effect remains to be investigated. The homeostatic control of bone tissue depends on the interaction between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Osteoprotegerin produced by osteoblasts is known to play an essential role in suppressing osteoclast induction. We have previously reported that prostaglandin (PG) E<sub>2</sub> and PGF<sub>2α</sub> induce osteoprotegerin synthesis through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), p44/p42 MAPK and stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK) in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells. In the present study, we investigated the effects of acetaminophen on the osteoprotegerin synthesis induced by PGE<sub>2</sub> and PGF<sub>2α</sub> in MC3T3-E1 cells. Acetaminophen significantly suppressed the osteoprotegerin release stimulated by PGE<sub>2</sub> and PGF<sub>2α</sub>. The PGE<sub>2</sub>-induced expression of osteoprotegerin mRNA was also reduced by acetaminophen. Acetaminophen markedly downregulated the phosphorylation of SAPK/JNK stimulated by PGE<sub>2</sub> and PGF<sub>2α</sub>, but not those of p38 MAPK or p44/p42 MAPK. SP600125, an inhibitor of SAPK/JNK, suppressed the levels of PGE<sub>2</sub>- and PGF<sub>2α</sub>-upregulated osteoprotegerin mRNA expression. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that acetaminophen reduces the PGE<sub>2</sub>- and PGF<sub>2α</sub>-stimulated synthesis of osteoprotegerin in osteoblasts, and that the suppressive effect is exerted via attenuation of SAPK/JNK. These findings provide a molecular basis for the possible effect of acetaminophen on bone tissue metabolism.</p>","PeriodicalId":9138,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Research-tokyo","volume":"42 2","pages":"77-84"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25596524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35841/0970-938X.S43-S44
S. Baharuddin
Coronaviruses (CoVs) have two main parts on their ultrastructure. First is the capsid (envelope). Second is the core part (core). These two sections are synthesized and incorporated in eukaryotic (host) cells. In this case the host cell is the epithelial cells in the respiratory system. If the molecular classification on the body of the virus, it will be obtained two major macromolecules: proteins and nucleic acids and little of carbohydrate complex.
{"title":"Understanding molecular ultrastructure Coronavirus 2019 (nCoVs).","authors":"S. Baharuddin","doi":"10.35841/0970-938X.S43-S44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35841/0970-938X.S43-S44","url":null,"abstract":"Coronaviruses (CoVs) have two main parts on their ultrastructure. First is the capsid (envelope). Second is the core part (core). These two sections are synthesized and incorporated in eukaryotic (host) cells. In this case the host cell is the epithelial cells in the respiratory system. If the molecular classification on the body of the virus, it will be obtained two major macromolecules: proteins and nucleic acids and little of carbohydrate complex.","PeriodicalId":9138,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Research-tokyo","volume":"2015 1","pages":"43-44"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86205248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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