Tamika C B Zapolski, Crystal A Garcia, G Roger Jarjoura, Katherine S L Lau, Matthew C Aalsma
Risk assessment instruments are commonly used within the juvenile justice system to estimate a juvenile's likelihood of reoffending or engaging in aggressive or violent behavior. Although such instruments assess a broad range of factors, the influence of culture is often excluded. The current study examines the unique effect of ethnic/racial socialization on recent aggressive behaviors above and beyond three well-established risk and protective factors: delinquency history, moral disengagement, and social support. Participants were 95 juveniles who were either on probation or in detention centers in three Midwestern counties and who completed structured surveys related to personal experiences within and outside of the juvenile justice system. The findings provided partial support for our hypotheses: Consistent with previous findings, delinquency history and moral disengagement were significant predictors of recent aggressive behavior. Furthermore, when ethnic/racial socialization was added to the model, promotion of mistrust provided additional predictive validity for aggressive behavior above and beyond the other factors assessed. Based on these findings, the inclusion of education on culture may prove to be an important supplement to established intervention tools for juvenile offenders.
{"title":"Examining the Influence of Ethnic/Racial Socialization on Aggressive Behaviors Among Juvenile Offenders.","authors":"Tamika C B Zapolski, Crystal A Garcia, G Roger Jarjoura, Katherine S L Lau, Matthew C Aalsma","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Risk assessment instruments are commonly used within the juvenile justice system to estimate a juvenile's likelihood of reoffending or engaging in aggressive or violent behavior. Although such instruments assess a broad range of factors, the influence of culture is often excluded. The current study examines the unique effect of ethnic/racial socialization on recent aggressive behaviors above and beyond three well-established risk and protective factors: delinquency history, moral disengagement, and social support. Participants were 95 juveniles who were either on probation or in detention centers in three Midwestern counties and who completed structured surveys related to personal experiences within and outside of the juvenile justice system. The findings provided partial support for our hypotheses: Consistent with previous findings, delinquency history and moral disengagement were significant predictors of recent aggressive behavior. Furthermore, when ethnic/racial socialization was added to the model, promotion of mistrust provided additional predictive validity for aggressive behavior above and beyond the other factors assessed. Based on these findings, the inclusion of education on culture may prove to be an important supplement to established intervention tools for juvenile offenders.</p>","PeriodicalId":91548,"journal":{"name":"Journal of juvenile justice","volume":"5 1","pages":"65-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4946249/pdf/nihms-793304.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34589937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andrew T Vergara, Parul Kathuria, Kyler Woodmass, Robert Janke, Susan J Wells
Despite efforts to increase cultural competence of services within juvenile justice systems, disproportional minority contact (DMC) persists throughout Canada and the United States. Commonly cited approaches to decreasing DMC include large-scale systemic changes as well as enhancement of the cultural relevance and responsiveness of services delivered. Cultural adaptations to service delivery focus on prevention, decision-making, and treatment services to reduce initial contact, minimize unnecessary restraint, and reduce recidivism. Though locating rigorous testing of these approaches compared to standard interventions is difficult, this paper identifies and reports on such research. The Cochrane guidelines for systematic literature reviews and meta-analyses served as a foundation for study methodology. Databases such as Legal Periodicals and Books were searched through June 2015. Three studies were sufficiently rigorous to identify the effect of the cultural adaptations, and three studies that are making potentially important contributions to the field were also reviewed.
{"title":"Effectiveness of Culturally Appropriate Adaptations to Juvenile Justice Services.","authors":"Andrew T Vergara, Parul Kathuria, Kyler Woodmass, Robert Janke, Susan J Wells","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite efforts to increase cultural competence of services within juvenile justice systems, disproportional minority contact (DMC) persists throughout Canada and the United States. Commonly cited approaches to decreasing DMC include large-scale systemic changes as well as enhancement of the cultural relevance and responsiveness of services delivered. Cultural adaptations to service delivery focus on prevention, decision-making, and treatment services to reduce initial contact, minimize unnecessary restraint, and reduce recidivism. Though locating rigorous testing of these approaches compared to standard interventions is difficult, this paper identifies and reports on such research. The Cochrane guidelines for systematic literature reviews and meta-analyses served as a foundation for study methodology. Databases such as Legal Periodicals and Books were searched through June 2015. Three studies were sufficiently rigorous to identify the effect of the cultural adaptations, and three studies that are making potentially important contributions to the field were also reviewed.</p>","PeriodicalId":91548,"journal":{"name":"Journal of juvenile justice","volume":"5 2","pages":"85-103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5818270/pdf/nihms6720.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35853754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Once a community pinpoints its most prevalent local problems and links them to specific risk factors, it is able to develop strategies that address the root causes of those problems. This article illustrates how local leaders can use risk factor research in their efforts to address one such problem that affects communities nationwide—gangs.
{"title":"Strategic risk-based response to youth gangs","authors":"P. Wyrick, J. Howell","doi":"10.1037/e306292005-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e306292005-003","url":null,"abstract":"Once a community pinpoints its most prevalent local problems and links them to specific risk factors, it is able to develop strategies that address the root causes of those problems. This article illustrates how local leaders can use risk factor research in their efforts to address one such problem that affects communities nationwide—gangs.","PeriodicalId":91548,"journal":{"name":"Journal of juvenile justice","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88331841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Delinquent behavior has long been a serious and costly problem in American society. Although the U.S. delinquency rate has declined since the mid-1990s, it is still among the highest in the industrialized countries. To reduce delinquent behavior and improve societal well- being, it is essential to develop effective intervention programs. In turn, effective programs depend on a firm, scientific understanding of the ori- gins of delinquency. The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Pre- vention’s (OJJDP’s) Program of Research on the Causes and Correlates of Delinquency constitutes the largest, most comprehensive investigation of the causes and correlates of delinquency ever undertaken.
{"title":"The causes and correlates studies: Findings and policy implications","authors":"T. Thornberry, D. Huizinga, R. Loeber","doi":"10.1037/e306292005-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e306292005-002","url":null,"abstract":"Delinquent behavior has long been a serious and costly problem in American society. Although the U.S. delinquency rate has declined since the mid-1990s, it is still among the highest in the industrialized countries. To reduce delinquent behavior and improve societal well- being, it is essential to develop effective intervention programs. In turn, effective programs depend on a firm, scientific understanding of the ori- gins of delinquency. The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Pre- vention’s (OJJDP’s) Program of Research on the Causes and Correlates of Delinquency constitutes the largest, most comprehensive investigation of the causes and correlates of delinquency ever undertaken.","PeriodicalId":91548,"journal":{"name":"Journal of juvenile justice","volume":"71 1","pages":"3-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77950435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The mental health needs of youth in the juvenile justice system have received more attention at the federal level in the past 2 years than in the past three decades combined. The importance of the mental health issue is also being recognized at the state level. A number of factors have contributed to this change. They include: growing recognition of the mental health needs of youth in general; increasing reliance on the justice system to care for individuals with mental illness; and recent changes in the juvenile justice system. Despite this growing concern, there is a paucity of adequate research on the prevalence and types of mental health disorders in the juvenile justice system. However, these conclusions can be drawn: youth in the juvenile justice system experience substantially higher rates of mental health disorders than youth in the general population; a high percentage of youth in the juvenile justice system have a diagnosable mental health disorder; it is safe to estimate that at least one out of every five youth in the juvenile justice system has serious mental health problems; and many of the youth in the juvenile justice system with mental illness also have a co-occurring substance abuse disorder. A set of comprehensive strategies and models for dealing with mental illness in the juvenile justice system is emerging. It includes collaboration across systems, diverting youth with mental disorders from the juvenile justice system, mental health screening, community-based alternatives, and appropriate treatment. (Contains 47 references.) (MKA) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. 1 Youth With Mental Health Disorders: Issues and Emerging Responses Youth With Mental Health Disorders: Issues and Emerging Responses by Joseph J Cocozza and Kathleen R. Skowyra agic mass homicides by juveniles, documented cases of neglect and inadequate services, and Federal policy initiatives focusing on providing systems of care for at-risk juveniles have propelled mental health issues among juvenile offenders into the headlines. As the former Administrator of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) has observed (Bilchik, 1998): It is crucial that we deal not only with the specific behavior or circumstances that bring them [youth] to our attention, but also with their underlying, often long-term mental health and substance abuse problems. Recognition of the Mental Health Needs of Youth The mental health needs of youth in the juvenile justice system have received more attention at the Federal level in the past 2 years than in the past three decades combined. During the past 2 years: The Civil Rights Division of the U.S. Department of Justice undertook a series of investigations that documented the consistent inadequacy of mental health care and services in juvenile correctional facilities in a number of States (Butterfield, 198). The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' Cent
{"title":"Youth with Mental Health Disorders: Issues and Emerging Responses.","authors":"J. Cocozza, Kathleen R. Skowyra","doi":"10.1037/e379712004-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e379712004-001","url":null,"abstract":"The mental health needs of youth in the juvenile justice system have received more attention at the federal level in the past 2 years than in the past three decades combined. The importance of the mental health issue is also being recognized at the state level. A number of factors have contributed to this change. They include: growing recognition of the mental health needs of youth in general; increasing reliance on the justice system to care for individuals with mental illness; and recent changes in the juvenile justice system. Despite this growing concern, there is a paucity of adequate research on the prevalence and types of mental health disorders in the juvenile justice system. However, these conclusions can be drawn: youth in the juvenile justice system experience substantially higher rates of mental health disorders than youth in the general population; a high percentage of youth in the juvenile justice system have a diagnosable mental health disorder; it is safe to estimate that at least one out of every five youth in the juvenile justice system has serious mental health problems; and many of the youth in the juvenile justice system with mental illness also have a co-occurring substance abuse disorder. A set of comprehensive strategies and models for dealing with mental illness in the juvenile justice system is emerging. It includes collaboration across systems, diverting youth with mental disorders from the juvenile justice system, mental health screening, community-based alternatives, and appropriate treatment. (Contains 47 references.) (MKA) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. 1 Youth With Mental Health Disorders: Issues and Emerging Responses Youth With Mental Health Disorders: Issues and Emerging Responses by Joseph J Cocozza and Kathleen R. Skowyra agic mass homicides by juveniles, documented cases of neglect and inadequate services, and Federal policy initiatives focusing on providing systems of care for at-risk juveniles have propelled mental health issues among juvenile offenders into the headlines. As the former Administrator of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) has observed (Bilchik, 1998): It is crucial that we deal not only with the specific behavior or circumstances that bring them [youth] to our attention, but also with their underlying, often long-term mental health and substance abuse problems. Recognition of the Mental Health Needs of Youth The mental health needs of youth in the juvenile justice system have received more attention at the Federal level in the past 2 years than in the past three decades combined. During the past 2 years: The Civil Rights Division of the U.S. Department of Justice undertook a series of investigations that documented the consistent inadequacy of mental health care and services in juvenile correctional facilities in a number of States (Butterfield, 198). The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' Cent","PeriodicalId":91548,"journal":{"name":"Journal of juvenile justice","volume":"92 1","pages":"13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76796734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The estimated percentage of youth with mental health disorders in the juvenile justice system varies from study to study. Estimates of diagnosable mental health disorders among the general population run about 20 percent. While there are no reliable national studies of the prevalence of mental health disorders among juvenile offenders, estimates from existing studies indicate that the rate for mental health disorders among juvenile offenders may be as high as 60 percent, of which an estimated 20 percent have severe mental health disorders (Cocozza, 1992).
{"title":"Wraparound Milwaukee: Aiding youth with mental health needs","authors":"B. Kamradt","doi":"10.1037/e379712004-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e379712004-002","url":null,"abstract":"The estimated percentage of youth with mental health disorders in the juvenile justice system varies from study to study. Estimates of diagnosable mental health disorders among the general population run about 20 percent. While there are no reliable national studies of the prevalence of mental health disorders among juvenile offenders, estimates from existing studies indicate that the rate for mental health disorders among juvenile offenders may be as high as 60 percent, of which an estimated 20 percent have severe mental health disorders (Cocozza, 1992).","PeriodicalId":91548,"journal":{"name":"Journal of juvenile justice","volume":"21 1","pages":"23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81053130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Youth suicide is recognized as a serious public health problem, but suicide within juvenile facilities has not received comparable attention, and the extent and nature of these deaths remain unknown. This article utilizes an example of a young man in a juvenile justice facility who succeeded in committing suicide to illustrate these points. Information concerning risk factors for suicide and current conditions of confinement in juvenile facilities is provided. The critical components of a suicide prevention policy are discussed. Issues examined within this discussion include: staff training; intake screening and ongoing assessment; communication; housing; supervision; intervention; reporting; and follow-up. Essential for suicide prevention in juvenile justice facilities are collaborative efforts among child-serving agencies. Now is the time to focus additional attention and resources on preventing suicide within these facilities. (Contains 25 references.) (MKA) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document.
{"title":"Suicide Prevention in Juvenile Facilities.","authors":"L. Hayes","doi":"10.1037/e379712004-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e379712004-003","url":null,"abstract":"Youth suicide is recognized as a serious public health problem, but suicide within juvenile facilities has not received comparable attention, and the extent and nature of these deaths remain unknown. This article utilizes an example of a young man in a juvenile justice facility who succeeded in committing suicide to illustrate these points. Information concerning risk factors for suicide and current conditions of confinement in juvenile facilities is provided. The critical components of a suicide prevention policy are discussed. Issues examined within this discussion include: staff training; intake screening and ongoing assessment; communication; housing; supervision; intervention; reporting; and follow-up. Essential for suicide prevention in juvenile justice facilities are collaborative efforts among child-serving agencies. Now is the time to focus additional attention and resources on preventing suicide within these facilities. (Contains 25 references.) (MKA) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document.","PeriodicalId":91548,"journal":{"name":"Journal of juvenile justice","volume":"92 1","pages":"32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77527356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although the violent crime arrest rate for American Indian juveniles fell 20 percent between its peak year of 1995 and 1998, the 1998 rate was still about 20 percent above the average rate of the 1980’s (Snyder, in press). Of particular concern to American Indian tribes and the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) is the increasing number of violent crimes being committed by juveniles in many tribal communities. The number of American Indian youth in Federal Bureau of Prisons(BOP) custodyhas increased 50 percent since 1994, and more than 70 percent of the approximately 270 youth in BOP custody on any day are American Indians.
{"title":"OJJDP Tribal Youth Program.","authors":"C. Andrews, K. McKinney","doi":"10.1037/e550142009-004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e550142009-004","url":null,"abstract":"Although the violent crime arrest rate for American Indian juveniles fell 20 percent between its peak year of 1995 and 1998, the 1998 rate was still about 20 percent above the average rate of the 1980’s (Snyder, in press). Of particular concern to American Indian tribes and the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) is the increasing number of violent crimes being committed by juveniles in many tribal communities. The number of American Indian youth in Federal Bureau of Prisons(BOP) custodyhas increased 50 percent since 1994, and more than 70 percent of the approximately 270 youth in BOP custody on any day are American Indians.","PeriodicalId":91548,"journal":{"name":"Journal of juvenile justice","volume":"71 12","pages":"9-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72369967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s (FBI’s) National Crime Information Center (NCIC) database, 867,129 indi- viduals were reported missing in 1999. The FBI estimates that 85–90 percent of those missing persons were juveniles—approximately 2,100 children reported missing every day (National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, 2000).
{"title":"Team H.O.P.E.: Help Offering Parents Empowerment.","authors":"Michelle Jezycki","doi":"10.1037/e321342004-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e321342004-003","url":null,"abstract":"According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s (FBI’s) National Crime Information Center (NCIC) database, 867,129 indi- viduals were reported missing in 1999. The FBI estimates that 85–90 percent of those missing persons were juveniles—approximately 2,100 children reported missing every day (National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, 2000).","PeriodicalId":91548,"journal":{"name":"Journal of juvenile justice","volume":"3 1","pages":"19-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73210651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Delinquency and violence are rooted in a number of interrelated social problems, including child abuse and neglect, early sexual involve- ment and teen pregnancy, alcohol and drug abuse, youth conflict and ag- gression, family violence, gang participation, and insufficient education. Often, these problems are inadequately addressed in the family environ- ment or may even have originated within the family itself. Because fami- lies are the first point of a child’s social contact, it is essential that parents understand the critical role they play in their children’s development and that they be equipped with the information and skills necessary to raise healthy and well-adapted children. Improving parenting practices and the family environment is the most effective and enduring strategy for combating juvenile delinquency and associated behavioral, social, and emotional problems. Accordingly, society should promote learning opportunities for successful parenting.
{"title":"Strengthening America's Families.","authors":"R. Alvarado, K. Kumpfer","doi":"10.1037/e321342004-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e321342004-002","url":null,"abstract":"Delinquency and violence are rooted in a number of interrelated social problems, including child abuse and neglect, early sexual involve- ment and teen pregnancy, alcohol and drug abuse, youth conflict and ag- gression, family violence, gang participation, and insufficient education. Often, these problems are inadequately addressed in the family environ- ment or may even have originated within the family itself. Because fami- lies are the first point of a child’s social contact, it is essential that parents understand the critical role they play in their children’s development and that they be equipped with the information and skills necessary to raise healthy and well-adapted children. Improving parenting practices and the family environment is the most effective and enduring strategy for combating juvenile delinquency and associated behavioral, social, and emotional problems. Accordingly, society should promote learning opportunities for successful parenting.","PeriodicalId":91548,"journal":{"name":"Journal of juvenile justice","volume":"7 1","pages":"8-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91123458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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