Perspectives in science最新文献

Multi-strut injection is an approach to increase the overall performance of Scramjet while reducing the risk of thermal choking in a supersonic combustor. Hence computational simulation of Scramjet combustor at Mach 2.5 through multiple central lobed struts (three struts) have been presented and discussed in the present research article. The geometry and model used here is slight modification of the DLR (German Aerospace Center) scramjet model. Present results show that the presence of three struts injector improves the performance of scramjet combustor as compared to single strut injector. The combustion efficiency is also found to be highest in case of three strut fuel injection system. In order to validate the results, the numerical data for single strut injection is compared with experimental result which is taken from the literature.

The stable operation of a bottom ash cooler is vital for the operation of the circulating fluidized bed boiler. To assess, the stability of the ash cooler, it is important to have a thorough understanding of the flow behaviour. Although, many experimental results been reported in literature, CFD modelling of the ash cooler has not been carried out. In this paper, the transient computational analysis of a novel stripper ash cooler has been carried out using the Eulerian–Eulerian multiphase approach. The phase coupled SIMPLE algorithm has been used to solve the multiphase equations and the Gidaspow drag model has been employed to model the interaction between the fluidized air and ash. Two cases have been analysed in this paper. In the first case, the filling of the ash in the cooler has been analysed and in the second case, the phenomenon of fluidized bed bubbling in the ash cooler has been simulated. The study the of flow characteristics of hot ash has been studied. The contours of temperature, phase volume and bubbling have been analyzed in this paper.

Conventional method of defining half velocity widths is applicable only for axisymmetric jets. Hence, geometry based definition of half velocity width is used for non-circular jets. Usefulness of this method becomes less when there is no symmetry based on geometry. Hence, a new half velocity width is proposed based on equivalent area method. Newly proposed half velocity width is computed for a conventional circular jet and a non-circular jet. The comparison of half velocity widths obtained using conventional method and newly proposed method shows good agreement with each other for circular jet. Geometry based half width and equivalent area based half velocity width agree in the near field for the non-circular jet. Equivalent area based method is found as better representation of half velocity width for non-circular turbulent jets.

For construction purposes, it is very essential to provide a strong foundation for the structure. If required, the suitability of soil has to be improved; this process of improving properties of soil is called Soil Stabilisation. This study intends to experimentally analyse the effectiveness of use of an unorthodox liquid soil stabiliser, Microbial Induced Calcite Precipitates (MICP) for improving the shear strength parameters of two different types of fine grained soils. For this process, a species of Bacillus group, B. pastuerii was used to activate and catalyse the calcite precipitation caused by reaction between urea and calcium chloride. Two types of soils, i.e. intermediate compressible clay and highly compressible clay were used for the study. Parameters included concentration of B. pasteurii, concentration of the cementation reagent and duration of treatment. These parameters were applied on both the soils in a specified range in order to optimise their usage. The results proved that with the use of MICP, there was a noticeable improvement (1.5–2.9 times) in the unconfined compressive strength of both type of soils. It was also found that the strength increased with an increase in duration of treatment. Based on this study, optimum quantity and concentration of liquid additive to be added for different soil types for better strength increments were established.

In the present investigation microwave processing method was explored for the enhancement of surface properties of austenitic stainless steel (SS-304). The nickel based clads were developed through microwave energy. Taguchi's L9 orthogonal array was successfully adapted to study the slurry erosive wear rate. The obtained result indicated that erosion rate of the developed clad varied between 0.03363 g to 0.03570 g as an increase in slurry parameters like slurry velocity and impingement angle respectively. It is confirmed by the response table for means of DOE that the wear rate of the developed clad was more influenced by the rotational slurry speed and impingement angle; finally the possible mechanisms of the worn surface of the tested samples were observed through SEM.

This paper focuses on corrosion characteristics of cast and forged aluminium 6061 based composites reinforced with TiB₂ particles. Composites were synthesised by in situ technique using potassium hexafluorotitanate salt (K₂TiF₆) and potassium tetrafluroborate (KBF₄) halide salts by stir casting route at a temperature of 850 °C. Cast aluminium alloy and its in situ composites were subjected to open die drop forging at a temperature of 500 °C. Both cast and forged alloy 6061 and in situ composites were then subjected to microstructure studies, salt spray test. Salt spray test was conducted as per ASTM B117 standard test procedure using 5% sodium chloride test solution. Result reveals that, forged alloy and its in situ composites exhibited improved corrosion resistance compared to cast ones.

Tinnitus, is one of the leading symptom in neurological disorders, particularly relating with diseases of the middle ear, blood vessels or the after effect as a result of exposure to certain medications. The preliminary diagnosis of tinnitus is established by subjecting the patient to common tinnitus simulated sounds. This helps to assess the patient's perception of tinnitus on a score that helps in planning further treatments involved with medications or advanced interventions. The major drawback within this widely accepted preliminary diagnosis technique is that of the subjugation of noise interference. Power line noise interferes with the simulated sounds, affecting what the patient perceives during the test. The values obtained can be less accurate, challenging precise diagnosis and other medications/interventions. Hence to overcome this error, noise interference has to be cut off by making use of the original simulated sound. The present paper deals with instrumental noise and its separation by utilizing Dhoulath's method. By incorporating this technique, the regular error prone test can be made precise and perfect in the diagnosis of tinnitus that makes a real difference at the applied level.

The approximate solution of imbibition phenomenon governed by non-linear partial differential equation is discussed in the present paper. Primary oil recovery process due to natural soil pressure, but in the secondary oil recovery process water flooding plays an important role. When water is injected in the injection well for recovering the reaming oil after primary oil recovery process, it comes to contact with the native oil and at that time the imbibition phenomenon occurs due to different viscosity. For the mathematical modelling, we consider the homogeneous porous medium and optimal homotopy analysis method has been used to solve the partial differential equation governed by it. The graphical representation of the solution is given by MATHEMATICA and physically interpreted.

The application of natural fibres such as bamboo, jute, banana, coir, linen and the like in Fibre Reinforced Polymeric (FRP) composites have become so vital due to their high effective stiffness and strength, availability, low cost, specific strength, better dimensional stability and mechanical properties, eco-friendly and biodegradable as compared with synthetic fibres. The interest in natural fibre reinforced polymeric composites is rapidly springing up in terms of research and industrial applications. The increased applications of these natural fibres in such composites are a proof to this claim. The paper deals with the detailed study of bamboo fibre, banana fibre and linen fibre cut into 2−4 mm of length with epoxy resin having random orientations. Various tests like Impact test (IZOD and CHARPY test), Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) test and Rockwell Hardness test were conducted on 10 specimens of bamboo epoxy resin composite, bamboo−banana epoxy resin composite and bamboo−linen epoxy resin composite. It is analysed and proved that bamboo−banana epoxy resin composite shows better results in Impact test with values of 4 Joules for Izod test and 5 Joules for Charpy test and in FTIR test, compatibility of fibres with polymers in bamboo−banana epoxy resin composite are the best while bamboo−linen epoxy resin composite shows better result in Rockwell hardness test with value of 40 RHN.

In the petroleum reservoir at an early stage the oil is recovered due to existing natural pressure and such type of oil recovery is referred as primary oil recovery. It ends when pressure equilibrium occurs and still large amount of oil remains in the reservoir. Consequently, secondary oil recovery process is employed by injection water into some injection wells to push oil towards the production well. The instability phenomenon arises during secondary oil recovery process. When water is injected into the oil filled region, due to the force of injecting water and difference in viscosities of water and native oil, protuberances occur at the common interface. It gives rise to the shape of fingers (protuberances) at common interface. The injected water shoots through inter connected capillaries at very high speed. It appears in the form of irregular trembling fingers, filled with injected water in the native oil field; this is due to the immiscibility of water and oil. The homogeneous porous medium is considered with a small inclination with the horizontal, the basic parameters porosity and permeability remain uniform throughout the porous medium. Based on the mass conservation principle and important Darcy's law under the specific standard relationships and basic assumptions considered, the governing equation yields a non-linear partial differential equation. The Crank–Nicolson finite difference scheme is developed and on implementing the boundary conditions the resulting finite difference scheme is implemented to obtain the numerical results. The numerical results are obtained by generating a MATLAB code for the saturation of water which decreases with the space variable and increases with time. The obtained numerical solution is efficient, accurate, and reliable, matches well with the physical phenomenon.