Pub Date : 2023-04-18DOI: 10.55632/pwvas.v95i2.970
Shania Davis
SHANIA DAVIS, MARIAH CASHBAUGH, ELIO DELATORE & JOSEPH HORZEMPA Dept of Biomedical Sciences, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WV, 26074. Analyzing the contribution to pathogenesis by three putative transcriptional regulators of Francisella tularensis using the chicken embryo infection model. Francisella tularensis is a highly pathogenic bacterium that can be used as a biological weapon. This bacterium causes tularemia which is also known as Rabbit Fever. Previously, our laboratory identified three F. tularensis loci predicted to encode transcriptional regulators (FTL_0671, FTL_1199, and FTL_1665) that exhibited transcriptional changes in the presence of human erythrocytes. We hypothesized that because transcriptional modulations were associated with the presence of host cues, these potential transcriptional regulators may be important for pathogenesis. Therefore, mutants of these three loci and the isogenic wild-type bacterium (strain LVS) were used to infect chicken embryos. Healthy chicken embryos were injected with 104, 105, or 106 colony forming units of each strain, and chicken embryoys were candled daily for viability. The chicken embryos were housed in an egg incubator (~37°C with occasional rocking) and were observed over a span of 10 days. Neither FTL_0671 nor FTL_1199 affected the pathogenesis of F. tularensis. However, chicken embryos infected with the FTL_1665 deletion strain exhibited mortality more rapidly compared to those infected with wild-type bacteria suggesting that this locus may be repressing pathogenesis. Future studies will evaluate the function of FTL_1665 to determine if the protein encoded by this locus truly mediates transcriptional regulation.
{"title":"Analyzing the contribution to pathogenesis by three putative transcriptional regulators of Francisella tularensis using the chicken embryo infection model.","authors":"Shania Davis","doi":"10.55632/pwvas.v95i2.970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55632/pwvas.v95i2.970","url":null,"abstract":"SHANIA DAVIS, MARIAH CASHBAUGH, ELIO DELATORE & JOSEPH HORZEMPA Dept of Biomedical Sciences, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WV, 26074. Analyzing the contribution to pathogenesis by three putative transcriptional regulators of Francisella tularensis using the chicken embryo infection model. \u0000Francisella tularensis is a highly pathogenic bacterium that can be used as a biological weapon. This bacterium causes tularemia which is also known as Rabbit Fever. Previously, our laboratory identified three F. tularensis loci predicted to encode transcriptional regulators (FTL_0671, FTL_1199, and FTL_1665) that exhibited transcriptional changes in the presence of human erythrocytes. We hypothesized that because transcriptional modulations were associated with the presence of host cues, these potential transcriptional regulators may be important for pathogenesis. Therefore, mutants of these three loci and the isogenic wild-type bacterium (strain LVS) were used to infect chicken embryos. Healthy chicken embryos were injected with 104, 105, or 106 colony forming units of each strain, and chicken embryoys were candled daily for viability. The chicken embryos were housed in an egg incubator (~37°C with occasional rocking) and were observed over a span of 10 days. Neither FTL_0671 nor FTL_1199 affected the pathogenesis of F. tularensis. However, chicken embryos infected with the FTL_1665 deletion strain exhibited mortality more rapidly compared to those infected with wild-type bacteria suggesting that this locus may be repressing pathogenesis. Future studies will evaluate the function of FTL_1665 to determine if the protein encoded by this locus truly mediates transcriptional regulation.","PeriodicalId":92280,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the West Virginia Academy of Science","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78442269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-18DOI: 10.55632/pwvas.v95i2.996
Kristen Rolen
Murine CD4+ T cells have two distinct cytokine secretion patterns to play different functions. We have demonstrated that cold-induced stress (CIS) suppresses the immune system leading to increased intensity of Chlamydia muridaum in mice. We have reported that beta2-adrenergic receptor (b2-AR) knockout (KO) mice resist chlamydia genital infection. However, the cytokine profile of CD4+ T cells is not well explored. This study aimed to determine the cytokine production of Th1 and Th2 types in stressed and non-stressed b2-AR KO mice. We investigated the cytokine production levels of stressed and non-stressed mice during C. muridarum genital infection. Significantly increased production of cytokines was observed in plates pre-coated with anti-CD3/CD28 or in the presence of Con A or LPS. A decrease in the production of IFN-g and IL-2, whereas an increase in the secretion of IL-10, IL-13, and IL-23 in CD4+ T cells of stressed wild-type mice was obtained; however, the secretion of IFN-g and IL-2 was restored in T cells of b2-AR KO mice. Moreover, in vitro proliferation of CD4 T cells in the presence of b2-AR antagonists, ICI 118, 551 stimulated the production of Th1 cytokines, whereas b2-AR agonist, Fenoterol, decreased the production of Th1-type cytokines. Overall, Th1 cytokine responses are reduced in stressed mice suggesting that the cytokine status was polarized toward a Th2 immune response that can be restored by removing b2-AR from immune cells.
{"title":"Thelper1 and T helper2 cytokine production patterns in stressed beta2-adrenergic receptor-deficient mice during chlamydia genital infection.","authors":"Kristen Rolen","doi":"10.55632/pwvas.v95i2.996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55632/pwvas.v95i2.996","url":null,"abstract":"Murine CD4+ T cells have two distinct cytokine secretion patterns to play different functions. We have demonstrated that cold-induced stress (CIS) suppresses the immune system leading to increased intensity of Chlamydia muridaum in mice. We have reported that beta2-adrenergic receptor (b2-AR) knockout (KO) mice resist chlamydia genital infection. However, the cytokine profile of CD4+ T cells is not well explored. This study aimed to determine the cytokine production of Th1 and Th2 types in stressed and non-stressed b2-AR KO mice. We investigated the cytokine production levels of stressed and non-stressed mice during C. muridarum genital infection. Significantly increased production of cytokines was observed in plates pre-coated with anti-CD3/CD28 or in the presence of Con A or LPS. A decrease in the production of IFN-g and IL-2, whereas an increase in the secretion of IL-10, IL-13, and IL-23 in CD4+ T cells of stressed wild-type mice was obtained; however, the secretion of IFN-g and IL-2 was restored in T cells of b2-AR KO mice. Moreover, in vitro proliferation of CD4 T cells in the presence of b2-AR antagonists, ICI 118, 551 stimulated the production of Th1 cytokines, whereas b2-AR agonist, Fenoterol, decreased the production of Th1-type cytokines. Overall, Th1 cytokine responses are reduced in stressed mice suggesting that the cytokine status was polarized toward a Th2 immune response that can be restored by removing b2-AR from immune cells.","PeriodicalId":92280,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the West Virginia Academy of Science","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81978572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-18DOI: 10.55632/pwvas.v95i2.1006
Isaac Hall
The Boyland-Sims Oxidation reaction uses an alkaline solution of peroxydisulfate salt to convert arylamines to o-aminophenols. The long-standing mechanism involves a nucleophilic attack by the amine leading to the formation of an arylhydroxylamine-O-sulfonate intermediate, which then rearranges to the arylamine o-sulfate. The long-standing mechanism of a nucleophilic attack by the amine on peroxide oxygen has been questioned by Marjanović et al. who have proposed a nitrenium ion intermediate as the reactive species rather than the uncharged amine. It has been challenged by a variety of experimental observations. We present here new computations at a high-level of density functional theory (B3LYP/6-311++G**) to model both arylhydroxylamine-O-sulfonate and nitrenium ion pathways in a series of aromatic amines. In this study, the energetics of reaction intermediates in both mechanisms are computed for aniline, 2,4-dinitroaniline, and N,N-dimethylaniline. To further support the pathways of the reaction, the calculations were performed to find the transition states involved in both mechanisms. The transition state calculations revealed two possible energetically feasible pathways for the rearrangement of arylhydroxylamine-O-sulfonate to arylamine o-sulfate. Our results indicate that the Boyland-Sims oxidation reactions proceed via arylhydroxylamine-O-sulfonate intermediate as predicted earlier.
Boyland-Sims氧化反应使用过硫酸氢盐的碱性溶液将芳胺转化为邻氨基酚。长期存在的机制涉及胺的亲核攻击，导致形成芳基羟胺-邻磺酸盐中间体，然后重新排列成芳基胺-邻硫酸酯。marjanoviki等人对胺对过氧的亲核攻击的长期机制提出了质疑，他们提出了一种氮离子中间体而不是不带电的胺作为反应物质。它受到了各种实验观察的挑战。在这里，我们提出了一个新的计算方法，在高密度泛函理论(B3LYP/6-311++G**)的高层次上模拟芳基羟胺-邻磺酸盐和氮离子在一系列芳香胺中的途径。本研究计算了苯胺、2,4-二硝基苯胺和N,N-二甲基苯胺两种反应机制中中间体的能量学。为了进一步支持反应的途径，进行了计算，以找到两种机制中涉及的过渡态。过渡态计算揭示了芳基羟胺-邻磺酸盐重排至邻硫酸芳胺的两种可能的能量可行途径。我们的结果表明，Boyland-Sims氧化反应通过芳基羟胺- o -磺酸盐中间体进行，正如之前预测的那样。
{"title":"Computational insights on the structure of transition states and intermediates of the Boyland-Sims Oxidation reaction","authors":"Isaac Hall","doi":"10.55632/pwvas.v95i2.1006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55632/pwvas.v95i2.1006","url":null,"abstract":"The Boyland-Sims Oxidation reaction uses an alkaline solution of peroxydisulfate salt to convert arylamines to o-aminophenols. The long-standing mechanism involves a nucleophilic attack by the amine leading to the formation of an arylhydroxylamine-O-sulfonate intermediate, which then rearranges to the arylamine o-sulfate. The long-standing mechanism of a nucleophilic attack by the amine on peroxide oxygen has been questioned by Marjanović et al. who have proposed a nitrenium ion intermediate as the reactive species rather than the uncharged amine. It has been challenged by a variety of experimental observations. We present here new computations at a high-level of density functional theory (B3LYP/6-311++G**) to model both arylhydroxylamine-O-sulfonate and nitrenium ion pathways in a series of aromatic amines. In this study, the energetics of reaction intermediates in both mechanisms are computed for aniline, 2,4-dinitroaniline, and N,N-dimethylaniline. To further support the pathways of the reaction, the calculations were performed to find the transition states involved in both mechanisms. The transition state calculations revealed two possible energetically feasible pathways for the rearrangement of arylhydroxylamine-O-sulfonate to arylamine o-sulfate. Our results indicate that the Boyland-Sims oxidation reactions proceed via arylhydroxylamine-O-sulfonate intermediate as predicted earlier.","PeriodicalId":92280,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the West Virginia Academy of Science","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84008016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-18DOI: 10.55632/pwvas.v95i2.958
Kirsten Bogunovich, Holly L. Racine
Maternal hyperthyroidism effects development in infants and can lead to conditions such as craniosynostosis, exophthalmos, and cardiac hypertrophy. Models for studying maternal hyperthyroidism, or thyrotoxicosis, are limited. Our lab has established an avian model to study the effects of induced thyrotoxicosis on embryonic development. Thyroid hormones (TH) cause inotropic and chronotropic changes in cardiac tissue, including increased cardiac output, increased blood volume, and hypertrophy. Therefore, we wanted to investigate the cardiac changes in our model. Fertilized chicken eggs are injected on embryonic days (E) 11 and 15 with either saline (control) or 25ng thyroxine (T4). Hearts were harvested on day E19, with halves of each sample used for histological staining with Masson’s Trichrome and qRT-PCR analysis. The main objective was to observe systemic effects of our model by studying morphological and genetic changes in the heart following exposure by measuring expression of THRa (TR receptor), ATP2A2 (calcium ATPases), and MYH7(Myosin heavy chain 7). We hypothesized that levels of all 3 markers would be upregulated, since THRaregulates transcription of these other cardiac markers due to fluctuating levels of TH. These are linked to ventricular hypertrophy when upregulated. However, our results contradicted our hypothesis. There was downregulation of all 3 genes, with a significant downregulation in ATP2A2. In combination with other data collected in our lab and related literature, we suspect that there is a cardiac protective effect occurring in the hearts following thyroxine exposure.
{"title":"Induced Thyrotoxicosis Elicits Protective Effects in Developing Hearts","authors":"Kirsten Bogunovich, Holly L. Racine","doi":"10.55632/pwvas.v95i2.958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55632/pwvas.v95i2.958","url":null,"abstract":"Maternal hyperthyroidism effects development in infants and can lead to conditions such as craniosynostosis, exophthalmos, and cardiac hypertrophy. Models for studying maternal hyperthyroidism, or thyrotoxicosis, are limited. Our lab has established an avian model to study the effects of induced thyrotoxicosis on embryonic development. Thyroid hormones (TH) cause inotropic and chronotropic changes in cardiac tissue, including increased cardiac output, increased blood volume, and hypertrophy. Therefore, we wanted to investigate the cardiac changes in our model. Fertilized chicken eggs are injected on embryonic days (E) 11 and 15 with either saline (control) or 25ng thyroxine (T4). Hearts were harvested on day E19, with halves of each sample used for histological staining with Masson’s Trichrome and qRT-PCR analysis. The main objective was to observe systemic effects of our model by studying morphological and genetic changes in the heart following exposure by measuring expression of THRa (TR receptor), ATP2A2 (calcium ATPases), and MYH7(Myosin heavy chain 7). We hypothesized that levels of all 3 markers would be upregulated, since THRaregulates transcription of these other cardiac markers due to fluctuating levels of TH. These are linked to ventricular hypertrophy when upregulated. However, our results contradicted our hypothesis. There was downregulation of all 3 genes, with a significant downregulation in ATP2A2. In combination with other data collected in our lab and related literature, we suspect that there is a cardiac protective effect occurring in the hearts following thyroxine exposure.","PeriodicalId":92280,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the West Virginia Academy of Science","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89637008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-18DOI: 10.55632/pwvas.v95i2.955
Serenity Parsell, Kristy Henson
Decomposition of organic tissue is a complex process that is affected by a large number of interactions. These variables affect the rate of decomposition, insect activity, and the onset of each individual stage in the decomposition process. Of the variables in effect, some of the most commonly studied are temperature and moisture. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of other variables, such as age at death, body size, sun exposure, and presence of preservation chemicals on the rate of decomposition in nonhuman specimens. The goal of this research is to give more insight into the complex interactions between these variables and analyze the reliability of current decomposition analysis. As ethical considerations and policies affect how researchers use human remains, more decomposition research is needed to better understand this very sensitive process and all the variables that are included. Preliminary results suggest that sun exposure, relative body size, and age at death do not significantly affect the rate of nonhuman decomposition, but a principal component analysis suggests correlation does exist between subsets of these variables. Ongoing work to include larger sample sizes, as well as chemically preserved animals, is currently running. Expected results indicate that preserved animals will take longer to fully decompose, and the effects of age, sun exposure, and body size will not be significant.
{"title":"Assessing the interactions of variables affecting the rate of nonhuman decomposition","authors":"Serenity Parsell, Kristy Henson","doi":"10.55632/pwvas.v95i2.955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55632/pwvas.v95i2.955","url":null,"abstract":"Decomposition of organic tissue is a complex process that is affected by a large number of interactions. These variables affect the rate of decomposition, insect activity, and the onset of each individual stage in the decomposition process. Of the variables in effect, some of the most commonly studied are temperature and moisture. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of other variables, such as age at death, body size, sun exposure, and presence of preservation chemicals on the rate of decomposition in nonhuman specimens. The goal of this research is to give more insight into the complex interactions between these variables and analyze the reliability of current decomposition analysis. As ethical considerations and policies affect how researchers use human remains, more decomposition research is needed to better understand this very sensitive process and all the variables that are included. Preliminary results suggest that sun exposure, relative body size, and age at death do not significantly affect the rate of nonhuman decomposition, but a principal component analysis suggests correlation does exist between subsets of these variables. Ongoing work to include larger sample sizes, as well as chemically preserved animals, is currently running. Expected results indicate that preserved animals will take longer to fully decompose, and the effects of age, sun exposure, and body size will not be significant. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":92280,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the West Virginia Academy of Science","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76839742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-18DOI: 10.55632/pwvas.v95i2.981
Casie Banyi
The objectives of this experiment looked at were that the DNA, both skin cells and saliva, have the potential of binding with the superglue as it coats each object being fumed. If DNA has the potential of binding with the superglue, then it is very possible for DNA to be carried in the air by the humidifier, thus contaminating other objects. For the first experiment, two saliva covered microscope slides, one female and one male, were fumed along with 25 other sterile slides. Each sterile slide was swabbed and analyzed for DNA in an electrophoresis gel chamber. The second experiment fumed ten microscope slides presented with fingerprints. Each sterile slide was swabbed and analyzed for DNA in an electrophoresis gel chamber. The results showed that there was minimal cross contamination present on the slides fumed with the saliva based slides. The touch DNA experiment showed that there are potentially identifiable DNA markers present in fingerprints after fuming. The results concluded that it is possible to have DNA cross contamination between items that carry no DNA prior to the fumigation, and potential DNA can be found on fingerprints after fumigation.
{"title":"The analyzation of DNA and cross contamination inside the cyanoacrylate (superglue) fuming chamber.","authors":"Casie Banyi","doi":"10.55632/pwvas.v95i2.981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55632/pwvas.v95i2.981","url":null,"abstract":"The objectives of this experiment looked at were that the DNA, both skin cells and saliva, have the potential of binding with the superglue as it coats each object being fumed. If DNA has the potential of binding with the superglue, then it is very possible for DNA to be carried in the air by the humidifier, thus contaminating other objects. For the first experiment, two saliva covered microscope slides, one female and one male, were fumed along with 25 other sterile slides. Each sterile slide was swabbed and analyzed for DNA in an electrophoresis gel chamber. The second experiment fumed ten microscope slides presented with fingerprints. Each sterile slide was swabbed and analyzed for DNA in an electrophoresis gel chamber. The results showed that there was minimal cross contamination present on the slides fumed with the saliva based slides. The touch DNA experiment showed that there are potentially identifiable DNA markers present in fingerprints after fuming. The results concluded that it is possible to have DNA cross contamination between items that carry no DNA prior to the fumigation, and potential DNA can be found on fingerprints after fumigation.","PeriodicalId":92280,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the West Virginia Academy of Science","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75579105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-18DOI: 10.55632/pwvas.v95i2.950
Natalia Omelchenko-Comer
CONNIE BURRIS, MARIA MARTINEZ, RAE MOORE, SARAH ZAMZOW, NATALIA OMELCHENKO-COMER, STEM and Business Division, WVNCC, Wheeling, WV, 26003. The somatosensory and visual systems adaptation times have a strong positive correlation. Multiple studies demonstrated that all sensory systems adapt their sensitivity levels to improve their responsiveness to changes in corresponding stimulation and to accelerate following CNS processing. The study aimed to determine if the time of adaptation observed for the somatosensory system correlates with the adaptation time observed for the visual system. The data collection was performed on 2 male and 7 female healthy volunteers (the average age of those was 22.2+/-4.60, 8 right-handed and 1 left-handed) in a seated position. The adaptation time for the somatosensory system was estimated by recording the time of the perception loss after placing a 1 penny coin onto the dorsal hand surface. To evaluate the adaptation time for the visual system the subject was asked to stare at a small pastel color abstract image. The time of the perceived loss for the component of this image was recorded. The average adaptation time for somatosensory perception was 22.0+/-16.15 seconds ranging from 4 to 42 seconds. The average adaptation time for visual perception was 30.7+/-16.04 seconds ranging from 12 to 51 seconds. There was a statistically significant difference between the adaptation time for these modalities of the sensations as determined by paired T-test (t (8) = 3.1, p = .01). However, the correlation analysis demonstrated a strong positive correlation between values (r (8) = 0.86, p = .003). Our data indicate that the times of somatosensory and visual adaptation are strongly correlated. The finding of this study can be used for the development and improvement of neurobehavioral evaluation tests.
康妮·伯利斯，玛丽亚·马丁内斯，雷·摩尔，萨拉·赞佐，娜塔莉亚·奥梅尔肯科，STEM和业务部门，WVNCC，惠灵，西弗吉尼亚州，26003。体感系统和视觉系统的适应时间有很强的正相关关系。多项研究表明，所有的感觉系统都可以调整它们的敏感性水平，以提高它们对相应刺激变化的反应能力，并加速中枢神经系统的后续处理。该研究旨在确定体感系统的适应时间是否与视觉系统的适应时间相关。2名男性和7名女性健康志愿者(平均年龄22.2±4.60岁，8名右撇子和1名左撇子)以坐姿进行数据收集。躯体感觉系统的适应时间是通过记录将1便士硬币放在手背表面后感知丧失的时间来估计的。为了评估视觉系统的适应时间，被试被要求盯着一个小的粉彩抽象图像。记录该图像分量的感知损失时间。体感知觉的平均适应时间为22.0+/-16.15秒，范围为4 ~ 42秒。视觉感知的平均适应时间为30.7±16.04秒，范围为12 ~ 51秒。配对t检验表明，两种感觉模式的适应时间差异有统计学意义(t (8) = 3.1, p = 0.01)。然而，相关分析显示值之间存在很强的正相关(r (8) = 0.86, p = 0.003)。我们的数据表明，体感和视觉适应的时间是密切相关的。本研究结果可为神经行为评估测试的发展和改进提供参考。
{"title":"The somatosensory and visual systems adaptation times have a strong positive correlation. ","authors":"Natalia Omelchenko-Comer","doi":"10.55632/pwvas.v95i2.950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55632/pwvas.v95i2.950","url":null,"abstract":"CONNIE BURRIS, MARIA MARTINEZ, RAE MOORE, SARAH ZAMZOW, NATALIA OMELCHENKO-COMER, STEM and Business Division, WVNCC, Wheeling, WV, 26003. The somatosensory and visual systems adaptation times have a strong positive correlation. \u0000Multiple studies demonstrated that all sensory systems adapt their sensitivity levels to improve their responsiveness to changes in corresponding stimulation and to accelerate following CNS processing. The study aimed to determine if the time of adaptation observed for the somatosensory system correlates with the adaptation time observed for the visual system. The data collection was performed on 2 male and 7 female healthy volunteers (the average age of those was 22.2+/-4.60, 8 right-handed and 1 left-handed) in a seated position. The adaptation time for the somatosensory system was estimated by recording the time of the perception loss after placing a 1 penny coin onto the dorsal hand surface. To evaluate the adaptation time for the visual system the subject was asked to stare at a small pastel color abstract image. The time of the perceived loss for the component of this image was recorded. The average adaptation time for somatosensory perception was 22.0+/-16.15 seconds ranging from 4 to 42 seconds. The average adaptation time for visual perception was 30.7+/-16.04 seconds ranging from 12 to 51 seconds. There was a statistically significant difference between the adaptation time for these modalities of the sensations as determined by paired T-test (t (8) = 3.1, p = .01). However, the correlation analysis demonstrated a strong positive correlation between values (r (8) = 0.86, p = .003). Our data indicate that the times of somatosensory and visual adaptation are strongly correlated. The finding of this study can be used for the development and improvement of neurobehavioral evaluation tests.","PeriodicalId":92280,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the West Virginia Academy of Science","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74245629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-18DOI: 10.55632/pwvas.v95i2.949
Emily Hissom
It is everyday practice to utilize aseptic techniques, which are simply actions taken to prevent the accumulation of bacteria and other microbes to prevent diseases and their spread. Handwashing is an important aspect of hand hygiene because hands pick up the microbes from surfaces and are easily transported from person to person through direct contact or indirect contact. According to the CDC and WHO, many diseases are spread by not washing hands effectively, therefore hand hygiene is important everywhere in society, especially in healthcare where the spread of disease can mean life or death. In this study, we analyzed data collected from the student population of microbiology classesfrom the University of Charleston in West Virginia over the span of nine years (2014 to present). We measured the number of colony forming units (CFU) from students’ hands prior to manipulation (control), using just water, using soap and water, and using hand sanitizer. We hypothesized that handwashing and use of antimicrobial aids such as hand sanitizer will reduce the number of bacteria on hands compared to controls. An analysis was also performed comparing pre-pandemic and post-pandemic data to determine if handwashing behaviors have changed behavior which would alter the normal microfauna on the hands. This analysis revealed that there was a significant difference between handwashing techniques (p<0.001). There was a difference in formation of colony forming units between pre and post pandemic times (p<0.001).
{"title":"Effects of Handwashing and Antimicrobials on Bacterial Counts","authors":"Emily Hissom","doi":"10.55632/pwvas.v95i2.949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55632/pwvas.v95i2.949","url":null,"abstract":"It is everyday practice to utilize aseptic techniques, which are simply actions taken to prevent the accumulation of bacteria and other microbes to prevent diseases and their spread. Handwashing is an important aspect of hand hygiene because hands pick up the microbes from surfaces and are easily transported from person to person through direct contact or indirect contact. According to the CDC and WHO, many diseases are spread by not washing hands effectively, therefore hand hygiene is important everywhere in society, especially in healthcare where the spread of disease can mean life or death. In this study, we analyzed data collected from the student population of microbiology classesfrom the University of Charleston in West Virginia over the span of nine years (2014 to present). We measured the number of colony forming units (CFU) from students’ hands prior to manipulation (control), using just water, using soap and water, and using hand sanitizer. We hypothesized that handwashing and use of antimicrobial aids such as hand sanitizer will reduce the number of bacteria on hands compared to controls. An analysis was also performed comparing pre-pandemic and post-pandemic data to determine if handwashing behaviors have changed behavior which would alter the normal microfauna on the hands. This analysis revealed that there was a significant difference between handwashing techniques (p<0.001). There was a difference in formation of colony forming units between pre and post pandemic times (p<0.001).","PeriodicalId":92280,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the West Virginia Academy of Science","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85538869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-18DOI: 10.55632/pwvas.v95i2.1007
Qing Wang, Amy L. Dewitt, Emily Gross, Weidong Liao, K. Adams, R. Mirdamadi, Osman Guzide
The Track II NSF S-STEM Program in the Computer Sciences, Mathematics, and Engineering Department at Shepherd University started in October 2021 and has thus far supported 14 scholars majoring in computer science, mathematics, data analytics, or engineering. The overall goal of the program is to increase the number and quality of STEM graduates in the STEM workforce by providing financial, academic, and social support, which enables qualified students to overcome certain barriers that prevent them from meeting their educational and career goals. In this poster, the most significant activities and outcomes of the program since its inception are presented. Survey results and outcomes from the last academic year, along with initiatives that increase, retain, and support students in CME fields, are also discussed. This program has been supported by the NSF S-STEM Grant (award No. DUE-2130267).
{"title":"The S-STEM Scholarship Program to Advance Academic Success and Career Development for CME Majors at Shepherd University","authors":"Qing Wang, Amy L. Dewitt, Emily Gross, Weidong Liao, K. Adams, R. Mirdamadi, Osman Guzide","doi":"10.55632/pwvas.v95i2.1007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55632/pwvas.v95i2.1007","url":null,"abstract":"The Track II NSF S-STEM Program in the Computer Sciences, Mathematics, and Engineering Department at Shepherd University started in October 2021 and has thus far supported 14 scholars majoring in computer science, mathematics, data analytics, or engineering. The overall goal of the program is to increase the number and quality of STEM graduates in the STEM workforce by providing financial, academic, and social support, which enables qualified students to overcome certain barriers that prevent them from meeting their educational and career goals. In this poster, the most significant activities and outcomes of the program since its inception are presented. Survey results and outcomes from the last academic year, along with initiatives that increase, retain, and support students in CME fields, are also discussed. This program has been supported by the NSF S-STEM Grant (award No. DUE-2130267). ","PeriodicalId":92280,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the West Virginia Academy of Science","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82045846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-18DOI: 10.55632/pwvas.v95i2.986
Cassidy Gebhardt, Zachary J. Loughman
In Southeastern Kentucky a small, cold stream-dwelling crayfish, Cambarus jezerinaci, located in the Kentucky and Cumberland River basin may be a part of a species complex. A previous study done in 2008 on the cytochrome oxidase 1 gene (CO1) of C. jezerinaci and Cambarus parvoculus, a sister species in the region, identified a third genetically distinct lineage most similar to C. jezerinaci currently retained as Group B C. jezerinaci. Group B is as different from the true species as the true species is to C. parvoculus, a total CO1 difference greater than 5%. Morphological characteristics were also compared between C. jezerinaci and C. parvoculus with only rostral states being significant to species identification. However, in light of new genetic lineages previous research suggested the separation of them before morphological comparisons. In 2022 and 2023 research was conducted on both the genetics and morphological differences of C. jezerinaci within two river basins to better understand the taxonomic standing of this crayfish. Determining the true status of C. jezerinaci within these two river basins is important to the conservation of these animals. Continuing genetic research helps us to grow our understanding of what it means to be a species in the modern age and also allows us to learn about the biodiversity and speciation process itself. Given the rapidly changing climate, it is imperative to catalog the true diversity of our freshwater streams and develop conservation action plans for endemic species such as C. jezerinaci.
{"title":"Taxonomic Standing and Genetic Surveillance of the Spiny Scale Crayfish (Cambarus jezerinaci) in Southeastern Kentucky","authors":"Cassidy Gebhardt, Zachary J. Loughman","doi":"10.55632/pwvas.v95i2.986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55632/pwvas.v95i2.986","url":null,"abstract":" \u0000In Southeastern Kentucky a small, cold stream-dwelling crayfish, Cambarus jezerinaci, located in the Kentucky and Cumberland River basin may be a part of a species complex. A previous study done in 2008 on the cytochrome oxidase 1 gene (CO1) of C. jezerinaci and Cambarus parvoculus, a sister species in the region, identified a third genetically distinct lineage most similar to C. jezerinaci currently retained as Group B C. jezerinaci. Group B is as different from the true species as the true species is to C. parvoculus, a total CO1 difference greater than 5%. Morphological characteristics were also compared between C. jezerinaci and C. parvoculus with only rostral states being significant to species identification. However, in light of new genetic lineages previous research suggested the separation of them before morphological comparisons. In 2022 and 2023 research was conducted on both the genetics and morphological differences of C. jezerinaci within two river basins to better understand the taxonomic standing of this crayfish. Determining the true status of C. jezerinaci within these two river basins is important to the conservation of these animals. Continuing genetic research helps us to grow our understanding of what it means to be a species in the modern age and also allows us to learn about the biodiversity and speciation process itself. Given the rapidly changing climate, it is imperative to catalog the true diversity of our freshwater streams and develop conservation action plans for endemic species such as C. jezerinaci.","PeriodicalId":92280,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the West Virginia Academy of Science","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84334101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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