The journal of Pan African studies最新文献

The Children of San Souci, Dessalines/Toussaint, and Petion 圣苏西的孩子，德萨林/杜桑和佩蒂翁

The journal of Pan African studies

Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.4324/9780429507502-2

Paul C. Mocombe

This work, using a structurationist, structural Marxist understanding of consciousness constitution, i.e., phenomenological structuralism, explores the origins of the contemporary Haitian oppositional protest cry, “the children of Pétion v. the children of Dessalines.” Although viewed within racial terms in regards to the ideological position of Pétion representing the neoliberal views of the mulatto elites, and economic reform and social justice representing the ideological position of Dessalines as articulated by the African masses, this article suggests that the metaphors, contemporarily, have come to represent Marxist categories for class struggle on the island of Haiti within the capitalist world-system under American hegemony at the expense of the African majority, i.e., the Children of Sans Souci.

这部作品运用结构主义、结构马克思主义对意识构成的理解，即现象学结构主义，探讨了当代海地反对派抗议口号“psamtion的孩子vs . Dessalines的孩子”的起源。尽管从种族角度来看，psamtion的意识形态立场代表了混血精英的新自由主义观点，而经济改革和社会正义则代表了非洲群众所阐述的德萨林的意识形态立场，但本文表明，当代的隐喻，在美国霸权下的资本主义世界体系中，以牺牲非洲多数为代价，代表了海地岛上阶级斗争的马克思主义范畴，即“无社之子”。

引用次数: 0

Youth Restiveness and Insecurity in Nigeria: The Case of Illegal Oil Bunkering and Violence in Igbo-Olomu Community 尼日利亚青年的反抗和不安全:伊博-奥洛姆社区非法加油和暴力的案例

The journal of Pan African studies

Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3278913

Okoro Paul Mmahi, Akunesiobike Adindu Chibueze

This study examines the plight of victims of youth restiveness in Igbo-Olomu which previous studies on youth restiveness have not examined. The study was conducted at Igbo-Olomu community where violent acts were perpetrated by restive youth who have been involved in illegal oil bunkering in the community for years. Data were gathered via in-depth interview. Findings show that violent attacks were unleashed on the residents of Igbo-Olomu community by poor and jobless youth with differing ethnic background who engage in illegal oil bunkering in the community. Thus, the study argues that communities and law enforcement agencies should take urgent steps to uproot known criminal gangs from the inception before they grows into intractable formidable forces; and residents should also desist from aiding and abetting criminal activities.

本研究考察了伊博-奥洛姆族青年反抗受害者的困境，这是以前关于青年反抗的研究没有考察过的。这项研究是在Igbo-Olomu社区进行的，该社区的暴力行为是由多年来参与非法石油补给的不稳定青年实施的。通过深度访谈收集数据。调查结果显示，不同种族背景的贫困无业青年在社区非法加油，对伊博-奥洛姆社区居民发动了暴力袭击。因此，该研究认为，社区和执法机构应采取紧急措施，在已知的犯罪团伙发展成为难以对付的强大力量之前，从一开始就将其铲除;居民也应停止协助和教唆犯罪活动。

引用次数: 0

Audiences Perceptions of Informative Programs at Jimma Fana FM 98.1 in Jimma, Ethiopia 在埃塞俄比亚的吉马，观众对吉马Fana FM 98.1的信息节目的看法

The journal of Pan African studies

Pub Date : 2018-03-01 DOI: 10.4172/2165-7912.1000351

Netsanet Jemal, A. Negash, Getaw Girma

The main objective of this study was to assess audiences’ perceptions towards informative programs broadcasted from Jimma Fana FM 98.1 radio station in Jimma, Ethiopia. Cross-sectional research design was used in the study as a research design. Primary data were collected from 218 respondents using questionnaire and focus group discussions. The collected data were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative methods of data analysis. The finding of the study revealed that audiences had very good perceptions towards informative programs broadcasted from Jimma Fana FM 98.1. Finally, conclusions and recommendations were given on the basis of the above finding.

本研究的主要目的是评估听众对埃塞俄比亚吉马的Jimma Fana FM 98.1广播电台播放的信息节目的看法。本研究采用横断面研究设计作为研究设计。通过问卷调查和焦点小组讨论，从218名受访者中收集了主要数据。采用数据分析的定量和定性方法对收集到的数据进行分析。研究结果显示，观众对Jimma Fana FM 98.1播出的资讯类节目有很好的观感。最后，根据上述发现，提出结论和建议。

引用次数: 0

Sexual Atrocities as a Tactic of Slow Genocide in Ethiopia: Death by a Thousand Secret Cuts 在埃塞俄比亚，性暴行是一种缓慢的种族灭绝策略:被千次秘密切割致死

The journal of Pan African studies

Pub Date : 2016-06-01 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.2893217

H. Dugo, J. Eisen

This paper focuses on sexual atrocity as a tactic to reduce fertility in a population targeted for genocide.

本文的重点是性暴行作为一种策略，以减少人口的生育率为目标的种族灭绝。

引用次数: 0

African Americans and Homeschooling: Motivations, Opportunities, and Challenges 非裔美国人和在家上学:动机、机遇和挑战

The journal of Pan African studies

Pub Date : 2016-03-01 DOI: 10.5860/choice.189546

J. King

Mazama, Ama and Garvey Musumunu. African Americans and Homeschooling: Motivations, Opportunities, and Challenges. New York, Routledge, 2014, 144 pp., 978-1-138-80732-7 reviewed by Joyce E. King (jking@gsu.edu), Georgia State University (Benjamin E. Mays Endowed Chair for Urban Teaching, Learning and Leadership).There have been many studies of homeschooling in the United States in particular in recent years. As all indicators began pointing that, far from a fad, homeschooling was gaining strength and momentum across racial and social lines, becoming the fastest-growing form of education, scholars began to research this new phenomenon, especially motivations for homeschooling. However, most have concerned themselves with the experiences of Euro-American homeschooling families while few have dealt with the African American homeschooling experiences. This book, organized in eight chapters, was written to address this gap in the literature, and is thus both timely and pertinent. It is an new area for innovative Afrocentric scholarship. There are no other books that deal so completely with this subject and the fact that two scholars with particular strength in theory and methodology undertook the task of surveying African Americans across the nation to determine their motivations for homeschooling is a first. From an Africological perspective, that is, one where the idea is to allow African people to speak for themselves, this book is an advance in method and interpretation.In their introductory chapter, Mazama and Musumunu provide a comprehensive, wide-ranging and detailed account of the use of formal education to disenfranchise African Americans throughout U.S. history, as well as the struggles waged by African Americans to obtain access to formal education. They convincingly argue that education has been a contentious arena for Black people in the United States since the beginning, and that it continues to be so. This is the context in which, they argue, the rise of Black homeschooling must be examined, i.e., as the latest strategy developed by African Americans to secure quality education - in the face of the recurrent and seemingly overwhelming obstacles that they face in many urban schools.In the first chapter, the authors review the literature on motivations for homeschooling and object to the widespread Eurocentric notion that African Americans homeschool for the same reasons as Euro-Americans. They convincingly argue that, given the prevalence of racial discrimination in American society, it is only to be expected that African Americans would have specific reasons for educating their children at home, which may not apply to white families.Moreover, they object to the denial of African agency that is implicit in such a stance, hence this study aimed at capturing the voice of African American homeschooling families in the United States, in an attempt to provide empirical evidence about their experiences while allowing them to speak for themselve

Mazama, Ama和Garvey Musumunu。非裔美国人和在家上学:动机、机遇和挑战。纽约，Routledge出版社，2014年，144页，978-1-138-80732-7，由Joyce E. King (jking@gsu.edu)，佐治亚州立大学(Benjamin E. Mays城市教学，学习和领导)审阅。近年来，在美国有很多关于在家上学的研究。所有的指标都表明，在家上学远不是一种时尚，而是跨越种族和社会界限的力量和势头正在增强，成为增长最快的教育形式，学者们开始研究这一新现象，尤其是在家上学的动机。然而，大多数人关注的是欧美家庭在家上学的经历，而很少有人处理非裔美国人在家上学的经历。这本书，组织在八个章节，是为了解决这一空白的文献，因此是及时和相关的。这是一个以非洲为中心的创新奖学金的新领域。没有其他的书能如此全面地处理这个问题，事实上，两位在理论和方法上都特别有实力的学者承担了调查全国非裔美国人的任务，以确定他们在家上学的动机，这是第一次。从非洲学的角度来看，也就是说，这本书的想法是让非洲人民为自己说话，这本书在方法和解释上都是一种进步。在引言部分，Mazama和Musumunu对美国历史上利用正规教育剥夺非裔美国人的公民权，以及非裔美国人为获得正规教育而进行的斗争进行了全面、广泛和详细的描述。他们令人信服地指出，对美国黑人来说，教育从一开始就是一个有争议的领域，而且将继续如此。他们认为，在这样的背景下，黑人在家上学的兴起必须被审视，也就是说，作为非洲裔美国人在面对许多城市学校反复出现的、似乎势不可挡的障碍时，为确保高质量教育而制定的最新战略。在第一章中，作者回顾了关于在家上学动机的文献，并反对普遍存在的以欧洲为中心的观点，即非裔美国人在家上学的原因与欧洲裔美国人相同。他们令人信服地认为，鉴于美国社会普遍存在的种族歧视，可以预料，非洲裔美国人会有特殊的理由让孩子在家接受教育，而这可能不适用于白人家庭。此外，他们反对在这种立场中隐含的对非洲机构的否认，因此本研究旨在捕捉美国非裔美国家庭在家上学家庭的声音，试图为他们的经历提供经验证据，同时让他们为自己说话。作者对他们研究的概念框架和方法方法进行了全面的解释，并分享了74个非裔美国家庭在家上学的主要原因，这些家庭分布在广阔的地理区域(东南、东北、中西部)，他们在研究中采访和观察了这些家庭，即对学校教育质量的担忧，种族主义在课堂上的表现和影响，大多数学校课程缺乏文化相关性，学校教育导致家庭纽带的解体，所教授的事实或价值观与家庭的宗教信仰和习俗不相容，最后，对黑人儿童在校期间安全的关注。…

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引用次数: 2

It's Been Beautiful: Soul! and Black Power Television 这是美丽的灵魂!和黑人权力电视台

The journal of Pan African studies

Pub Date : 2015-09-01 DOI: 10.5860/choice.192232

Todd Steven Burroughs

It's Been Beautiful: Soul! and Black Power Television by Gayle Wald (with photographs by Chester Higgins). Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 288 pp, ISBN-10: 0822358379, reviewed by Todd Steven Burroughs.This book examines the right story to tell-one of, in author Gayle Wald's words, "a fragile alliance of liberal and radical interests, both public and private"-and, thankfully, arrives at the right place (p. 39). "Soul!" (1968-1973), a nationally distributed public television program that could loosely be described as the radical sister of the more commercial "Soul Train," fired the imagination and reflected the multi-faceted sensibilities of its Black community of viewers. Using largely untapped wells of research about the early days of American public television vis-a-vis Black America, Wald relates a nuanced story of how the condescension of white American public television officials seeking to provide an outlet for the angry Black community in the late 1960s, led to a (largely) Black-controlled showcase of the Black Arts Movement on (largely) Black aesthetic terms. It is the restrained approach, however, of choosing as this book's scholarship basis intellectual sources outside the "soul" of Black/African folks that makes this book strangely appealing and more than a little irritating."Soul!" (episodes of which can be found online) was first a product of Black insurrection. Reacting to that outpouring of anger and violence, white funders, somewhat accidentally, allowed a Black producer, Ellis Haizlip, to have his way. WNET-Channel 13 (now known as Thirteen), then and now the New York-based flagship station of the PBS collective, wanted a companion show to "Black Journal," its Black newsmagazine. The initial and white idea of a "Black Tonight Show" developed under Haizlip into a Black Arts salon that was cooler than the "The Flip Wilson Show" and Don Cornelius' large Afro. Wald wisely includes as much of Haizlip's life story into this book as she can fit. ("Mr. Soul," a documentary film on Haizlip's life and work done by his niece Melissa Haizlip, is struggling to get funding.) The letters of support "Soul!" received are well used in Wald's book. They show the involvement of the Black community instead of just describing the appreciation of an audience."It's Been Beautiful" builds somewhat on Devorah Heitner's "Black Power TV," a pioneering 2013 intellectual narrative on the early days of East Coast Black public affairs television, and does so with great intellectual gusto. Wald, a professor of English and American Studies at George Washington University, rightly uses the New York-based "Soul!"-a program that would feature, for example, Nikki Giovanni interviewing James Baldwin or a studio performance of The Last Poets, or Earth, Wind and Fire-to find "a key TV text of the era or as a cultural project joined by common cause to 1960s and 1970s political struggles" (p. 4).The show's arc matches its era: Martin Luther King, Jr. was killed two w

这是美丽的灵魂!盖尔·沃尔德(Gayle Wald)的黑人权力电视台(照片由切斯特·希金斯(Chester Higgins)拍摄)。达勒姆，北卡罗来纳州:杜克大学出版社，288页，ISBN-10: 0822358379，由Todd Steven Burroughs审阅。这本书探讨了一个正确的故事——用作者盖尔·沃尔德(Gayle Wald)的话说，“自由和激进利益的脆弱联盟，无论是公共的还是私人的”——谢天谢地，它到达了正确的地方(第39页)。“灵魂!”(1968-1973)，一个在全国发行的公共电视节目，可以被松散地描述为更商业化的“灵魂列车”的激进姐妹，激发了想象力，反映了黑人观众的多方面情感。沃尔德利用大量尚未开发的关于美国公共电视早期与美国黑人之间关系的研究，讲述了一个微妙的故事，讲述了20世纪60年代末，美国白人公共电视官员为了给愤怒的黑人社区提供一个发泄渠道，是如何居高居高下的，导致了一场(主要)由黑人控制的、以(主要)黑人美学为基础的黑人艺术运动。然而，正是这种克制的方法，选择黑人/非洲人的“灵魂”之外的知识来源作为本书的学术基础，使这本书奇怪地吸引人，而且有点令人恼火。(可以在网上找到剧集)首先是黑人起义的产物。对这种愤怒和暴力的宣泄，白人资助者(多少有些偶然)让黑人制片人埃利斯·海兹利普(Ellis Haizlip)为所欲为。wnet - 13频道(现在被称为13频道)，当时和现在都是美国公共广播公司(PBS)总部位于纽约的旗舰频道，想要一个与它的黑人新闻杂志《黑人杂志》(Black Journal)配套的节目。在海兹利普的领导下，“黑人今夜秀”的最初想法发展成为一个黑人艺术沙龙，比“Flip Wilson秀”和唐·科尼利厄斯的大非洲发型更酷。沃尔德明智地将海兹利普的生活故事尽可能多地写进了这本书。(《灵魂先生》(Mr. Soul)是一部记录海兹利普生活和工作的纪录片，由他的侄女梅丽莎·海兹利普(Melissa Haizlip)拍摄，目前正在努力争取资金。)“灵魂!”收到的支持信在沃尔德的书中得到了很好的运用。他们展示了黑人社区的参与，而不仅仅是描述观众的欣赏。《一切都很美好》在一定程度上借鉴了德沃拉·海特纳(Devorah Heitner) 2013年的《黑人权力电视》(Black Power TV)，这是一部关于东海岸黑人公共事务电视早期的开创性知识叙事作品，它带着极大的知识热情。沃尔德是乔治华盛顿大学(George Washington University)英美研究教授，他正确地使用了纽约的“Soul!——这档节目会以妮基·乔瓦尼采访詹姆斯·鲍德温或演播室演出《最后的诗人》或《大地、风与火》为特色——寻找“一个时代的关键电视文本，或作为一个文化项目，与20世纪60年代和70年代的政治斗争有共同的事业联系在一起”(第4页)。马丁·路德·金(Martin Luther King, Jr.)在申请制作该节目的拨款前两周被杀，节目被取消，因为PBS的资助者面临尼克松时代的冲击和黑人权力运动的消退，希望制作黑人和白人互动的节目(第63页)。因此，作者将“灵魂!”作为一个节目，连同它的表演者和制作人一起讨论，这本身就值这本书的价格。沃尔德毫不避讳地解释美国黑人文化的荣耀与愤怒。但她似乎并不想深入挖掘她所看到和描述的非洲、非西方的根源。…

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引用次数: 9

Selected Letters of Langston Hughes 兰斯顿·休斯书信选集

The journal of Pan African studies

Pub Date : 2015-03-01 DOI: 10.5860/choice.190752

Todd Steven Burroughs

Selected Letters of Langston Hughes (New York: Knopf, pp. 423, ISBN: 0375413790) edited by Arnold Rampersad and David Roessel with Christa Fratantoro reviewed by Todd Steven Burroughs. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] If he were alive today, Langston Hughes would have tried to write this book review as quickly as possible. He had bills to pay (and loans from friends to pay back), so he leapt into the plays, novels and short stories he had to write. Meanwhile, an ever-mounting pile of correspondence awaited him to sort and answer--which he did, often into the late night and early morning. Luckily for Hughes aficionados, that lifetime's worth of letters were regularly shipped, from 1940 until his 1967 death at the age of 65, to Yale University's James Weldon Johnson Collection. (The idea for the collection was Carl Van Vechten's, the man history identifies as the white champion of the Harlem Renaissance.) It's from this massive Hughes output--thousands of letters that date back to 1921, letters that eventually filled 671 boxes--that the reader can see the artist at work. It's almost mostly just his work schedule--with a smattering of self-opining and sometimes-frank opinions of his fellow artists thrown in--that's absorbed from this comprehensive survey. Hughes's definitive biographer Arnold Rampersad and literature scholar David Roessel, with help from independent scholar Christa Fratantoro, chose the letters that give as much insight as the often-intangible Hughes chooses to reveal. His most frequent communications, according to this assemblage, were to his literary agent, Maxim Lieber, his publisher Blanche Knopf (the matron of the publishing house that is celebrating its centennial with this book and a re-issue of Hughes' first-and-still-classic 1926 poetry collection The Weary Blues), his friend and quasi-patron Noel Sullivan, and his best pal and writing partner, Arna Bontemps. In this book, which mightily struggles to be more than a work ledger, Hughes is almost constantly at work, writing anything from quickie children's books to newspaper columns to his two autobiographies, the 1940's The Big Sea: An Autobiography and the 1956's I Wonder as I Wander: An Autobiographical Journey. Sadly for the general reader but semi-happily for Hughes, the master poet had a near-obsession with writing a successful stage musical, which would have given him the financial security that eluded him his entire struggling-against-being-a-vagabond life. His attempts to fight being fleeced by racist white producers and playwrights are as tedious as they are outrageous. Hughes kept everything that interested him. He followed Black newspapers and magazines with great care, and kept track what those periodicals were saying about Black artists, especially him. Periodicals were Hughes' lifeblood: he sold many short stories, poems and essays to Black magazines such as The Crisis and Phylon and white magazines such as Esquire. …

兰斯顿·休斯书信选集(纽约:Knopf出版社，第423页，ISBN: 0375413790)，由阿诺德·兰普萨德和大卫·罗塞尔与克里斯塔·弗拉塔托罗编辑，托德·史蒂文·巴勒斯评阅。如果兰斯顿·休斯今天还活着，他一定会尽快写完这篇书评。他有账单要付(还有朋友的贷款要还)，所以他开始写剧本、小说和短篇故事。与此同时，有越来越多的信件等着他整理和回复——他常常要整理和回复到深夜和清晨。对于休斯的粉丝来说，幸运的是，从1940年到1967年他65岁去世，他一生的信件都定期运往耶鲁大学的詹姆斯·韦尔登·约翰逊收藏馆。(这个系列的创意来自卡尔·范·维奇滕(Carl Van Vechten)，他被历史视为哈莱姆文艺复兴的白人冠军。)从休斯的大量作品中——可以追溯到1921年的数千封信件，这些信件最终装满了671个盒子——读者可以看到这位艺术家在工作。从这个全面的调查中，我们可以吸收到的几乎只是他的工作安排——加上一点点自我评价和有时对他的艺术家同行的坦率看法。休斯的权威传记作者阿诺德·兰普萨德和文学学者大卫·罗塞尔，在独立学者克里斯塔·弗拉坦托罗的帮助下，选择了这些信件，这些信件提供了休斯选择揭示的往往是无形的见解。根据这次聚会，他最频繁的交流对象是他的文学经纪人马克西姆·利伯(Maxim Lieber)、出版商布兰奇·克诺夫(Blanche Knopf)(这家出版社的负责人，正在用这本书和休斯1926年的第一本也是仍然很经典的诗集《疲惫的布鲁斯》(the倦布鲁斯)庆祝百年诞辰)、他的朋友兼半赞助人诺埃尔·沙利文(Noel Sullivan)，以及他最好的朋友和写作伙伴安娜·邦坦普斯(Arna Bontemps)。在这本书中，休斯努力做到不只是一本工作账簿，他几乎一直在工作，从儿童读物到报纸专栏，再到他的两本自传——1940年的《大海:自传》和1956年的《我在漫游时好奇:自传之旅》——无所不有。对于普通读者来说，这是悲哀的，但对于休斯来说，这是半幸福的，这位诗人大师几乎痴迷于创作一部成功的舞台音乐剧，这将给他带来经济上的安全感，而这正是他一生中一直在与流浪生活作斗争的原因。他试图反抗种族主义白人制片人和剧作家的欺骗，这既乏味又令人发指。休斯保留了所有他感兴趣的东西。他非常关注黑人报纸和杂志，并密切关注这些杂志对黑人艺术家，尤其是对他的评论。期刊是休斯的生命线:他向《危机》、《Phylon》等黑人杂志和《时尚先生》等白人杂志出售了许多短篇小说、诗歌和散文。…

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引用次数: 1

Comparative Perspectives on Afro-Latin America 非洲-拉丁美洲的比较观点

The journal of Pan African studies

Pub Date : 2015-03-01 DOI: 10.5860/choice.50-0451

Eric R. Jackson

A review of Comparative Perspectives on Afro-Latin America by Kwame Dixon and John Burdick (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2012. 382 pp., ISBN 978-0-8130-3756-1) reviewed by Eric R. Jackson (Book Review Editor, The Journal of Pan African Studies; jacksoner@nku.edu) Associate Professor, Department of History and Geography; Director--Black Studies Program; Northern Kentucky University. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] The United States immigration system is outdated and in many ways almost completely broken. Thousands of employers have manipulated the system to hire thousands of undocumented workers from Latin America, particularly those of African descent. It is estimated that about eleven million illegal immigrants now call the United States their home. Also important to this situation is the various voices that emerged during and soon after the 2001 "World Conference Against Racism" that was held in Durban, South Africa that referenced the immigration problem of the United States. Thus, the one million dollar question is what can be done to resolve this dilemma in a fair and comprehensive fashion? One way to tactical this problem is to examine and understand the cultural heritage and countless histories of some of the major groups of Latin American migrants who seek employment and a better life in the United States. The editors of this volume, Kwame Dixon and John Burdick, members of the African American Studies and Anthropology Departments at Syracuse University respectively, seek to perform this task in the book under review here. In Comparative Perspectives of Afro-Latin America Dixon and Burdick offers a powerful and original collection of fifteen essays by various prominent scholars who explore the topics of Blackness and cultural differences, Black political mobilization, and various Latin American countries' responses to Afro-Latin activism throughout Latin America. More importantly, however, the overall goal of the editors was to create a volume that will "provide a range of disciplinary perspectives, in-depth regional coverage, and cutting-edge analysis of Afro-descendant peoples in Latin America and the Caribbean" (1). Also important was the editors' quest to investigate "how the region's Afro-descendants are reconfiguring notions of citizenship, territory, race, gender, belonging, and nation" (1). The volume is divided into three thematic sections titled "Blackness and Cultural Differences," "Afro Social Movements and Mobilization," and "State Responses" respectively. Each section discusses some aspect of either the cultural heritage or the potent contemporary realities of the numerous Afro-Latin American socio-economic, political, societal, and ethnic challenges and complexities of this region of the Western Hemisphere that has received little attention from most scholars, political leaders, and community activists. Also included in this volume is a masterful balance of gender-focused essays that broadens the book far beyond any of

夸梅·迪克森和约翰·伯迪克的《非裔拉丁美洲比较视角》(盖恩斯维尔:佛罗里达大学出版社，2012)。382页，ISBN 978-0-8130-3756-1)，由Eric R. Jackson(泛非研究杂志书评编辑;jacksoner@nku.edu)历史地理系副教授;黑人研究项目主任;北肯塔基大学。美国的移民制度已经过时，在许多方面几乎完全崩溃。成千上万的雇主操纵了这一制度，雇佣了成千上万来自拉丁美洲的无证工人，尤其是非洲裔工人。据估计，现在大约有1100万非法移民称美国为他们的家。同样重要的是，2001年在南非德班举行的“世界反种族主义会议”期间和之后不久出现的各种声音提到了美国的移民问题。因此，最重要的问题是如何以公平和全面的方式解决这一困境?解决这个问题的一种方法是研究和理解在美国寻求就业和更好生活的拉美移民的一些主要群体的文化遗产和无数的历史。本书的编辑Kwame Dixon和John Burdick分别是雪城大学非裔美国人研究和人类学系的成员，他们试图在本书中完成这一任务。在《非裔拉丁美洲的比较视角》一书中，迪克森和伯迪克提供了一个强大而原创的十五篇文章合集，这些文章由不同的著名学者撰写，他们探讨了黑人和文化差异、黑人政治动员以及拉丁美洲各国对整个拉丁美洲的非裔拉丁激进主义的反应等主题。然而，更重要的是，编辑们的总体目标是创造一卷将“提供一系列学科视角，深入的区域覆盖，以及对拉丁美洲和加勒比地区非洲裔民族的前沿分析”(1)。同样重要的是，编辑们寻求调查“该地区的非洲裔如何重新配置公民身份，领土，种族，性别，归属，种族，种族和种族的概念”。这本书分为三个主题部分，分别是“黑人与文化差异”、“非洲社会运动与动员”和“国家应对”。每个部分都讨论了文化遗产的某些方面，或者是西半球非洲-拉丁美洲地区众多社会经济、政治、社会和种族挑战和复杂性的当代现实的某些方面，这些方面很少受到大多数学者、政治领袖和社区活动家的关注。这本书中还包括以性别为中心的文章的巧妙平衡，使这本书远远超出了任何竞争对手。最后，这本书包含了几篇文章，这些文章从至少九个不同的国家考察了广泛的地理位置和非裔拉丁美洲的经历。总的来说，《非裔拉丁美洲的比较视角》包含了许多深刻而有力的文章，这些文章基于对各种非裔拉丁美洲社区成员的大量个人采访，这些社区成员很少在他们特定的地方之外发出声音。这种研究方法的使用大大提高了每篇文章的可信度和真实性。同样重要的是，使用这种方法可以帮助作者轻松地分析种族、性别、民族、政治活动和地理位置等主题。例如，在题为“黑人运动的步兵:巴西黑人妇女和邻居争取土地权利的斗争”的文章中，作者Keisha-Klan Y. ...

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引用次数: 0

There Was a Country: A Personal History of Biafra 《曾经有一个国家:比夫拉的个人历史

The journal of Pan African studies

Pub Date : 2014-09-01 DOI: 10.5860/choice.51-1026

S. Oyewole

A review of There Was a Country: A Personal History of Biafra by Chinua Achebe (London: Penguin Book, 2012. 352 pp., ISBN: 978-0143124030) by Samuel Oyewole (Samueloyewole47@yahoo.co.uk), Instructor, Department of Political Science; University of Ilorin, Ilorin, NigeriaThe Nigerian Civil War remains one of the most important political incidents in the history of the country. The Civil War covers the period of 30 months (1967-1970) of confrontation between the secessionist eastern region, Republic of Biafra and the Federal Republic of Nigeria. The significant of this event for Nigerian political development cannot be overemphasised. Forty-four years after the war, its legacies have endured against the stability of the nation. Among the legacies of the Civil War and notable reasons for the book are: 1) despite the policy of reintegration pursued by the post-civil war governments, the Igbos (members of the ethnic group that dominated the secession) still continued to feel less secure outside their 'state of origin', and most particularly in the northern region; 2) the Igbo people have remained politically marginalised in the national politics; and 3) Biafra and neo-Biafra ideas have continued to serve as popular points of rally and advocacy. The relevance of violent advocacy groups like Movement for Actualisation of Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB) is an instance.Appreciable number of books has appeared on the subject of Nigerian Civil War. Some of the existing accounts have engaged the Civil War broadly, while others focused on aspects of the event, including antecedents of the war, battle experiences, the cost, international dimension, the consequences et-central. It is within the context of antecedents of the war and overall cost incurred by the Igbo nation before and during the war that one could find this book worthwhile. The book contribute to knowledge on civil war, ethno-regional politics, insurgency and terrorism, state viability, regime security, leadership crisis, art, education and diplomacy. The book benefited from the reputation of the author in the world of literature, in terms of attention. This account explains the Biafra secessionist struggle within the framework of leadership crisis in Nigeria. This factor is identified to have interplay the phenomenon of ethnicity, democratic reversal and state failure in Nigerian history. The book explains the trend that accounted for the personality clash between General Yakubu Gowon, the military head of state of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, and the military governor of the eastern region and the head of (defunct) Biafran state, Lt-Col. Chukwuemeka Odumegwu-Ojukwu. This personality clash plays out well within the framework of ethnic, regional and even religious cleavages. To this understanding, the civil war was identified as ethno-regional struggle within the country, but Ojukwu was successful with propaganda in depicting it as religious war for the Western world.With the account of mas

奇努阿·阿切贝的《有一个国家:比夫拉的个人历史》书评(伦敦:企鹅出版社，2012年)。352页，ISBN: 978-0143124030)由塞缪尔Oyewole (Samueloyewole47@yahoo.co.uk)，讲师，政治科学系;伊洛林大学，伊洛林，尼日利亚尼日利亚内战仍然是该国历史上最重要的政治事件之一。内战包括分离主义东部地区、比夫拉共和国和尼日利亚联邦共和国之间长达30个月(1967-1970年)的对抗。这一事件对尼日利亚政治发展的重要性怎么强调都不为过。战争结束44年后，其遗留问题与国家的稳定背道而驰。内战的遗产和这本书值得注意的原因是:1)尽管内战后政府推行了重新融合的政策，但伊博人(主导分离的种族群体的成员)在他们的“原籍国”之外仍然感到不太安全，尤其是在北部地区;2)伊博人在国家政治中仍然处于政治边缘;3) Biafra和新Biafra思想继续作为集会和宣传的流行点。比亚夫拉主权国家实现运动(MASSOB)等暴力倡导团体的相关性就是一个例子。相当数量的书已经出现在尼日利亚内战的主题。一些现存的叙述广泛地涉及了内战，而另一些则侧重于事件的各个方面，包括战争的前奏、战斗经历、成本、国际层面、后果等。在战争的背景和伊博民族在战争前和战争期间所付出的总体代价的背景下，人们可以发现这本书是值得的。这本书有助于了解内战，民族地区政治，叛乱和恐怖主义，国家生存能力，政权安全，领导危机，艺术，教育和外交。这本书受益于作者在文学界的声誉，在关注方面。这一描述解释了尼日利亚领导危机框架内比夫拉分离主义斗争。这一因素被认为与尼日利亚历史上的种族、民主逆转和国家失败现象相互作用。这本书解释了尼日利亚联邦共和国军事元首雅库布·戈万将军与东部地区军事总督和比夫拉州(现已解散)州长中校之间人格冲突的趋势。Chukwuemeka Odumegwu-Ojukwu。这种个性冲突在种族、地区甚至宗教分裂的框架下表现得很好。根据这种理解，内战被确定为国家内部的民族-地区斗争，但Ojukwu成功地将其描述为西方世界的宗教战争。通过对内战前的大屠杀的描述，作者提请读者注意尼日利亚现代恐怖主义模式的先例。这本书捕捉到了战前对东部地区以外的伊博人进行的不人道的十字军东征。这被认为是男人反抗的充分的、合乎逻辑的和合乎道德的理由。因此，反对尼日利亚联邦的分离主义战争的道德前提得到了承认。尽管如此，发件人进一步指出伊博人为防止局势迅速恶化而造成内战所作的努力。这样，伊博人对尼日利亚统一的承诺得到了评价。．..

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引用次数: 149

A Spectacular Leap: Black Women Athletes in Twentieth-Century America 壮观的飞跃:20世纪美国黑人女运动员

The journal of Pan African studies

Pub Date : 2014-06-01 DOI: 10.5860/choice.52-0903

Drew D. Brown

A review of A Spectacular Leap: Black Women Athletes in Twentieth-Century America by Jennifer H. Lansbury (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2014. 317 pp., ISBN 978-1557286581) by Drew Brown (drew.brown@temple.edu), Ph.D. Candidate, Department of African American Studies; Temple University.Jennifer H. Lansbury writes on the largely ignored topic of Black woman athletes in her book, A Spectacular Leap. Here she chronicles the lives of six Black woman-Alice Coachman, Ora Washington, Althea Gibson, Wilma Rudolph, Wyomia Tyus, and Jackie Joyner-Kersee- throughout their athletic and personal lives as they confronted race and gender stereotypes. This timely book is critical to the subjects of race, sports, and gender given the lack of literature centered on Black women athletes. While the scholarship around race and sports seems to be growing, the history and experiences of Black woman in sport has yet to be adequately being addressed. Lansbury, a former history and sports culture professor at George Mason University, takes on the task of uncovering this often overlooked subject. She does this by using primary sources gathered from interviews and archives to document the inspiring stories found in this book.Lansbury argues that nearly all of the six. Black women used sports to flee poverty, escape working-class environments, travel, and take on educational opportunities. In addition, sports helped them contest racial and gender stereotypes that were often used to define them. Lansbury suggests that the image of Black women athletes experiences several transitions. She suggests that White middle-class women monopolized the conceptualization of Womanhood, while Black woman have been de-feminized by their participation in certain sports. This book shows how these particular Black women reject the stereotypes placed on them. However, Lansbury states, "rejecting the stereotypes of White society was not the same as ignoring them" (67). After an attempt to maintain its femininity, the image of the Black woman athlete became hyper-sexualized. What can be taken from this book is that throughout the transition of their image, Black women have struggled to assert a self- defined, and often differing, image of Black womanhood.The insightful "Introduction" presents the main themes of the book and contextualizes the forthcoming narratives with theories of race, gender, and class. The book is divided into six major chapters, one for each of the selected athletes in chronological order. The final section is an Epilogue, "Performance-Enhanced Athletes and 'Ghetto Cinderellas': Black Women Athletes Enter the Twenty-First Century," that discusses several related contemporary issues. In the "Introduction," the aim of the book is clearly laid out. Lansbury states,This is the story of African American women's relationship with competitive sport during the twentieth century. It is a relationship that allowed athletically talented Black women, many of them from poor

《惊人的飞跃:20世纪美国黑人女运动员》(Jennifer H. Lansbury著，费耶特维尔:阿肯色大学出版社，2014年)317页，ISBN 978-1557286581)，德鲁·布朗(drew.brown@temple.edu)，博士候选人，非裔美国人研究部门;天普大学。詹妮弗·h·兰斯伯里(Jennifer H. Lansbury)在她的书《惊人的飞跃》(A Spectacular Leap)中谈到了黑人女运动员这个基本上被忽视的话题。在这本书中，她记录了6位黑人女性的生活——爱丽丝·科奇曼、奥拉·华盛顿、阿尔西娅·吉布森、威尔玛·鲁道夫、怀俄米亚·泰斯和杰基·乔伊娜·科西——在她们面对种族和性别刻板印象的运动和个人生活中。鉴于缺乏以黑人女运动员为中心的文学作品，这本及时的书对种族、体育和性别主题至关重要。虽然关于种族和体育的学术研究似乎在不断增长，但黑人女性在体育领域的历史和经历还没有得到充分的关注。兰斯伯里曾是乔治梅森大学(George Mason University)的历史和体育文化教授，他承担了揭示这个经常被忽视的主题的任务。为了做到这一点，她从采访和档案中收集了第一手资料，记录了这本书中发现的鼓舞人心的故事。兰斯伯里认为，几乎所有的六个。黑人女性利用体育运动来逃离贫困、逃离工人阶级的环境、旅行和接受教育机会。此外，体育运动还帮助他们挑战那些经常用来定义他们的种族和性别刻板印象。兰斯伯里认为黑人女运动员的形象经历了几次转变。她认为白人中产阶级女性垄断了女性的概念，而黑人女性因参与某些体育运动而被去女性化。这本书展示了这些特殊的黑人女性如何拒绝对她们的刻板印象。然而，兰斯伯里指出，“拒绝对白人社会的刻板印象并不等于无视它们”(67)。在试图保持女性气质之后，黑人女运动员的形象变得超级性感。从这本书中我们可以看到，在她们形象的转变过程中，黑人女性一直在努力维护一种自我定义的、往往是不同的黑人女性形象。富有洞察力的“引言”介绍了本书的主要主题，并将即将到来的叙述与种族、性别和阶级理论联系起来。这本书分为六个主要章节，每个章节按照时间顺序为每个选定的运动员。最后一部分是结语，“成绩提高的运动员和‘贫民窟灰姑娘’:黑人女运动员进入二十一世纪”，讨论了几个相关的当代问题。在“引言”中，这本书的目的被清楚地列出了。兰斯伯里说，这是20世纪非裔美国妇女与竞技体育的关系的故事。这种关系使得有运动天赋的黑人女性，其中许多来自贫困家庭，能够上大学，旅行，以她们原本不知道的方式体验生活。每章的主题在各章的标题中提出。在第一章“法庭女王:奥拉·华盛顿和美国第一位黑人女性体育名人的出现”中，兰斯伯里讲述了黑人女性参与美国体育运动的早期历史，以及随之而来的批评。兰斯伯里认为，通过华盛顿参加多项体育运动，白人(和一些黑人)批评者担心体育运动会“剥夺女性的女性气质，损害她们的生殖器官……”(28)。第二章，“‘塔斯基吉闪光’:Alice Coachman和20世纪40年代美国女子田径的挑战”，讲述了Coachman赢得三枚奥运金牌的道路。在第三章“‘全国社区项目’:阿尔西娅·吉布森、阶级和20世纪50年代黑人网球的种族政治”中，重点关注了杰出而自信的吉布森如何在一名黑人女性统治一项历史上为白人保留的运动的名声和批评中度过，同时拒绝了“种族英雄”的角色。…

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引用次数: 8