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Effects of habitat edges on vegetation structure and the vulnerable golden-brown mouse lemur (Microcebus ravelobensis) in northwestern Madagascar. 马达加斯加西北部生境边缘对植被结构和易危金棕色鼠狐猴的影响。
IF 2.2 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-12-17 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-020-00337-z
Bertrand Andriatsitohaina, Daniel Romero-Mujalli, Malcolm S Ramsay, Frederik Kiene, Solofonirina Rasoloharijaona, Romule Rakotondravony, Shawn M Lehman, Ute Radespiel

Background: Edge effects can influence species composition and community structure as a result of changes in microenvironment and edaphic variables. We investigated effects of habitat edges on vegetation structure, abundance and body mass of one vulnerable Microcebus species in northwestern Madagascar. We trapped mouse lemurs along four 1000-m transects (total of 2424 trap nights) that ran perpendicular to the forest edge. We installed 16 pairs of 20 m2 vegetation plots along each transect and measured nine vegetation parameters. To determine the responses of the vegetation and animals to an increasing distance to the edge, we tested the fit of four alternative mathematical functions (linear, power, logistic and unimodal) to the data and derived the depth of edge influence (DEI) for all parameters.

Results: Logistic and unimodal functions best explained edge responses of vegetation parameters, and the logistic function performed best for abundance and body mass of M. ravelobensis. The DEI varied between 50 m (no. of seedlings, no. of liana, dbh of large trees [dbh ≥ 10 cm]) and 460 m (tree height of large trees) for the vegetation parameters, whereas it was 340 m for M. ravelobensis abundance and 390 m for body mass, corresponding best to the DEI of small tree [dbh < 10 cm] density (360 m). Small trees were significantly taller and the density of seedlings was higher in the interior than in the edge habitat. However, there was no significant difference in M. ravelobensis abundance and body mass between interior and edge habitats, suggesting that M. ravelobensis did not show a strong edge response in the study region. Finally, regression analyses revealed three negative (species abundance and three vegetation parameters) and two positive relationships (body mass and two vegetation parameters), suggesting an impact of vegetation structure on M. ravelobensis which may be partly independent of edge effects.

Conclusions: A comparison of our results with previous findings reveals that edge effects are variable in space in a small nocturnal primate from Madagascar. Such an ecological plasticity could be extremely relevant for mitigating species responses to habitat loss and anthropogenic disturbances.

背景:由于微环境和土壤变量的变化,边缘效应会影响物种组成和群落结构。研究了生境边缘对马达加斯加西北部一种小头鼠易危物种的植被结构、丰度和体质量的影响。我们沿着垂直于森林边缘的四条1000米的样带(共2424个陷阱夜)捕获狐猴。我们沿着每个样带安装了16对20平方米的植被样地,并测量了9个植被参数。为了确定植被和动物对增加到边缘距离的响应,我们测试了四种替代数学函数(线性、幂、逻辑和单峰)对数据的拟合,并推导了所有参数的边缘影响深度(DEI)。结果:Logistic函数和单峰函数能很好地解释植被参数的边缘响应,Logistic函数能很好地解释马尾松的丰度和体质量。DEI在50 m (no。对幼苗来说,没有。植被参数中,大树胸径(dbh≥10 cm)和大树树高(460 m)为最优值,而马齿虎的丰度为340 m,体质量为390 m,最符合小树的DEI [dbh]。结论:本研究结果与前人研究结果的比较表明,马达加斯加小型夜间灵长类动物的边缘效应在空间上是不同的。这种生态可塑性可能与减轻物种对栖息地丧失和人为干扰的反应极其相关。
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引用次数: 9
Hydrology influences breeding time in the white-throated dipper. 水文影响白喉杓鹬的繁殖时间。
IF 2.2 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-12-17 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-020-00338-y
Anna L K Nilsson, Thomas Skaugen, Trond Reitan, Jan Henning L'Abée-Lund, Marlène Gamelon, Kurt Jerstad, Ole Wiggo Røstad, Tore Slagsvold, Nils C Stenseth, L Asbjørn Vøllestad, Bjørn Walseng

Background: Earlier breeding is one of the strongest responses to global change in birds and is a key factor determining reproductive success. In most studies of climate effects, the focus has been on large-scale environmental indices or temperature averaged over large geographical areas, neglecting that animals are affected by the local conditions in their home ranges. In riverine ecosystems, climate change is altering the flow regime, in addition to changes resulting from the increasing demand for renewable and clean hydropower. Together with increasing temperatures, this can lead to shifts in the time window available for successful breeding of birds associated with the riverine habitat. Here, we investigated specifically how the environmental conditions at the territory level influence timing of breeding in a passerine bird with an aquatic lifestyle, the white-throated dipper Cinclus cinclus. We relate daily river discharge and other important hydrological parameters, to a long-term dataset of breeding phenology (1978-2015) in a natural river system.

Results: Dippers bred earlier when winter river discharge and groundwater levels in the weeks prior to breeding were high, and when there was little snow in the catchment area. Breeding was also earlier at lower altitudes, although the effect dramatically declined over the period. This suggests that territories at higher altitudes had more open water in winter later in the study period, which permitted early breeding also here. Unexpectedly, the largest effect inducing earlier breeding time was territory river discharge during the winter months and not immediately prior to breeding. The territory river discharge also increased during the study period.

Conclusions: The observed earlier breeding can thus be interpreted as a response to climate change. Measuring environmental variation at the scale of the territory thus provides detailed information about the interactions between organisms and the abiotic environment.

背景:提前繁殖是鸟类对全球变化最强烈的反应之一,也是决定繁殖成功与否的关键因素。在大多数关于气候影响的研究中,重点都放在大范围环境指数或大地理区域的平均温度上,而忽略了动物会受到其家园当地条件的影响。在河流生态系统中,除了对可再生清洁水电日益增长的需求导致的变化外,气候变化还在改变水流状态。再加上气温升高,这可能会导致与河流栖息地相关的鸟类成功繁殖的时间窗口发生变化。在此,我们特别研究了领地层面的环境条件如何影响一种以水生生活方式为生的鸟类--白喉北斗七星(Cinclus cinclus)的繁殖时间。我们将每天的河流排水量和其他重要的水文参数与自然河流系统中长期的繁殖物候数据集(1978-2015 年)联系起来:结果:当冬季河流排水量和繁殖前几周的地下水位较高时,以及当集水区积雪较少时,鸭嘴兽的繁殖期较早。在海拔较低的地方,繁殖时间也较早,尽管这种影响在此期间急剧下降。这表明,在研究后期,海拔较高的领地在冬季有更多的开放水域,这使得这里的鸟类也能提早繁殖。出乎意料的是,对提前繁殖时间影响最大的是冬季期间的领地河流排水量,而不是在繁殖前夕。在研究期间,领地河流的排水量也有所增加:因此,观察到的提前繁殖可以解释为对气候变化的反应。因此,在领地范围内测量环境变化可提供生物与非生物环境之间相互作用的详细信息。
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引用次数: 0
Invasive raccoon management systems and challenges in regions with active control. 入侵浣熊管理系统和积极控制地区面临的挑战。
IF 2.2 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-12-11 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-020-00336-0
Takaaki Suzuki, Tohru Ikeda

Background: The raccoon (Procyon lotor) is an invasive, non-native species in Japan. Throughout the country, it causes significant agricultural damage and negatively affects native biodiversity. Most of the responsibility for raccoon management lies with local government, and there are still many challenges to be overcome. Although raccoon populations have not been eradicated, intensive control campaigns such as focus on the early stages of invasion have controlled raccoons in some regions. To improve the national management of raccoons, we conducted a survey on raccoon management systems in local government departments considered to solve the challenges recognized in many areas. During 2014 and 2015, we surveyed three different municipal departments about raccoon management measures. The semi-structured interview survey covered two topics: (1) the situation leading up to the current management system; (2) the current management system.

Results: Our results describe the scope and methods used in raccoon management. The government staff managed raccoons using monitoring, employing a variety of methods, a range of budgets, and various role divisions. The management practices are similar in that they share a sense of taking precautions, collaborating with stakeholders, understanding that adequate methods must be used, and obtaining support from experts.

Conclusions: Our case studies reveal the challenges in raccoon management faced by local government officers in regions with active control. The management systems and methods that we surveyed seemed to be effective in solving problems in both developed and undeveloped areas.

背景:浣熊(Procyon lotor)是日本的外来入侵物种。在日本各地,浣熊对农业造成了严重破坏,并对本地生物多样性产生了负面影响。浣熊管理的大部分责任由地方政府承担,但仍有许多挑战需要克服。虽然浣熊的数量还没有被根除,但在一些地区,通过集中在入侵早期阶段开展密集的控制活动,已经控制了浣熊的数量。为了改善国家对浣熊的管理,我们对地方政府部门的浣熊管理制度进行了调查,认为可以解决许多地区认识到的挑战。2014 年和 2015 年期间,我们对三个不同的市政部门进行了有关浣熊管理措施的调查。半结构式访谈调查涉及两个主题:(结果:我们的结果描述了浣熊管理的范围和方法。政府工作人员利用监测、各种方法、各种预算和各种角色分工来管理浣熊。他们的管理方法大同小异,都是采取预防措施、与利益相关者合作、了解必须使用适当的方法以及获得专家的支持:我们的案例研究揭示了积极控制地区的地方政府官员在浣熊管理中面临的挑战。我们调查的管理系统和方法似乎都能有效解决发达地区和不发达地区的问题。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of tree species and topography on soil and microbial biomass stoichiometry in Funiu Mountain, China. 树种和地形对中国伏牛山土壤和微生物生物量平衡的影响
IF 2.2 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-12-09 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-020-00332-4
Yaowu Tian, Dong Qiao, Shaojun Xu, Ning Wang

Background: Soil and microbial biomass stoichiometry plays an important role in understanding nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. However, studies on soil and microbial biomass stoichiometry in forests are rare. This study investigated the effect of tree species and topographic factors on the ecological stoichiometry of soil and soil microbial biomass.

Methods: Three types of forest stands (Quercus variabilis, Larix principis-ruprechtii, and Cotinus coggygria Scop.) in the Beiru River basin of Funiu Mountain were analyzed in September 2018. Six slope positions (sunny bottom slope, sunny middle slope, sunny top slope, shady bottom slope, shady middle slope, and shady top slope) were selected, and the total number of sampling plots was 108. The stoichiometric indices of soil and microbial biomass were determined.

Results: At a depth of 0-10 cm, the soil organic C contents in different stands followed the order of C. coggygria (27.7 ± 5.2 g/kg) > Q. variabilis (24.5 ± 4.9 g/kg) > L. principis-ruprechtii (20.8 ± 4.3 g/kg) (P < 0.05). The soil organic C contents at depths of 0-10 cm with different slope aspects and at different slope positions also showed significant differences (P < 0.05). The highest MBC content was observed at the slope bottom (1002 ± 157 mg/kg), whereas the lowest was observed at the slope top (641 ± 98.3 mg/kg). Redundancy analysis showed that the contribution of tree species to these differences was 57.1%, whereas that of topographical factors was 36.2%.

Conclusions: Tree species more significantly affected soil nutrients and microbial biomass C, N and P than did topographic factors.

背景:土壤和微生物生物量的化学计量对了解陆地生态系统的养分循环起着重要作用。然而,有关森林中土壤和微生物生物量生物力学的研究却很少见。本研究调查了树种和地形因素对土壤和土壤微生物生物量生态平衡的影响:2018年9月,分析了伏牛山北汝河流域的三种林分(Quercus variabilis、Larix principis-ruprechtii和Cotinus coggygria Scop.)。选取了6个坡位(阳坡底、阳坡中、阳坡顶、阴坡底、阴坡中、阴坡顶),采样小区总数为108个。测定了土壤和微生物生物量的化学计量指数:结果:在 0-10 厘米深度,不同树种的土壤有机碳含量依次为 C. coggygria(27.7 ± 5.2 g/kg)> Q. variabilis(24.5 ± 4.9 g/kg)> L. principis-ruprechtii(20.8 ± 4.3 g/kg)(P 结论):与地形因素相比,树种对土壤养分和微生物生物量 C、N 和 P 的影响更大。
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引用次数: 0
Bioclimatic zonation and potential distribution of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in South Kivu Province, DR Congo. 刚果民主共和国南基伍省 Spodoptera frugiperda(鳞翅目:夜蛾科)的生物气候区划和潜在分布。
IF 2.2 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-11-30 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-020-00335-1
Marcellin C Cokola, Yannick Mugumaarhahama, Grégoire Noël, Espoir B Bisimwa, David M Bugeme, Géant B Chuma, Adrien B Ndeko, Frédéric Francis

Background: The fall Armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith), is currently a devastating pest throughout the world due to its dispersal capacity and voracious feeding behaviour on several crops. A MaxEnt species distributions model (SDM) was developed based on collected FAW occurrence and environmental data's. Bioclimatic zones were identified and the potential distribution of FAW in South Kivu, eastern DR Congo, was predicted.

Results: Mean annual temperature (bio1), annual rainfall (bio12), temperature seasonality (bio4) and longest dry season duration (llds) mainly affected the FAW potential distribution. The average area under the curve value of the model was 0.827 demonstrating the model efficient accuracy. According to Jackknife test of variable importance, the annual rainfall was found to correspond to the highest gain when used in isolation. FAWs' suitable areas where this pest is likely to be present in South Kivu province are divided into two corridors. The Eastern corridor covering the Eastern areas of Kalehe, Kabare, Walungu, Uvira and Fizi territories and the Western corridor covering the Western areas of Kalehe, Kabare, Walungu and Mwenga.

Conclusions: This research provides important information on the distribution of FAW and bioclimatic zones in South Kivu. Given the rapid spread of the insect and the climatic variability observed in the region that favor its development and dispersal, it would be planned in the future to develop a monitoring system and effective management strategies to limit it spread and crop damage.

背景:秋陆虫(FAW)Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith),由于其传播能力和对几种作物的贪婪取食行为,目前在全世界都是一种毁灭性害虫。根据收集到的FAW发生和环境数据,开发了一个MaxEnt物种分布模型(SDM)。确定了生物气候区,并预测了草翅虫在刚果民主共和国东部南基伍省的潜在分布:结果:年平均气温(bio1)、年降雨量(bio12)、温度季节性(bio4)和最长旱季持续时间(llds)是影响草翅虫潜在分布的主要因素。模型的平均曲线下面积值为 0.827,表明模型的准确性较高。根据变量重要性的积刀检验,发现年降雨量单独使用时对应的增益最高。南基伍省可能出现 FAWs 害虫的适宜地区分为两个走廊。东部走廊包括卡莱亥(Kalehe)、卡巴雷(Kabare)、瓦伦古(Walungu)、乌维拉(Uvira)和菲齐(Fizi)等东部地区,西部走廊包括卡莱亥(Kalehe)、卡巴雷(Kabare)、瓦伦古(Walungu)和姆文加(Mwenga)等西部地区:这项研究提供了有关南基伍省非洲虫害分布和生物气候区的重要信息。鉴于该昆虫的快速传播以及在该地区观察到的有利于其发展和传播的气候多变性,未来将计划开发一套监测系统和有效的管理策略,以限制其传播和对作物的损害。
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引用次数: 0
Identifying the vegetation type in Google Earth images using a convolutional neural network: a case study for Japanese bamboo forests. 使用卷积神经网络识别谷歌地球图像中的植被类型:以日本竹林为例。
IF 2.2 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-11-27 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-020-00331-5
Shuntaro Watanabe, Kazuaki Sumi, Takeshi Ise

Background: Classifying and mapping vegetation are crucial tasks in environmental science and natural resource management. However, these tasks are difficult because conventional methods such as field surveys are highly labor-intensive. Identification of target objects from visual data using computer techniques is one of the most promising techniques to reduce the costs and labor for vegetation mapping. Although deep learning and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have become a new solution for image recognition and classification recently, in general, detection of ambiguous objects such as vegetation is still difficult. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of adopting the chopped picture method, a recently described protocol for CNNs, and evaluated the efficiency of CNN for plant community detection from Google Earth images.

Results: We selected bamboo forests as the target and obtained Google Earth images from three regions in Japan. By applying CNN, the best trained model correctly detected over 90% of the targets. Our results showed that the identification accuracy of CNN is higher than that of conventional machine learning methods.

Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that CNN and the chopped picture method are potentially powerful tools for high-accuracy automated detection and mapping of vegetation.

背景:植被分类与制图是环境科学和自然资源管理的重要任务。然而,这些任务是困难的,因为传统的方法,如实地调查是高度劳动密集型的。利用计算机技术从可视化数据中识别目标物是降低植被制图成本和人工的最有前途的技术之一。虽然深度学习和卷积神经网络(cnn)已经成为近年来图像识别和分类的新解决方案,但总的来说,植被等模糊物体的检测仍然是一个难题。在这项研究中,我们研究了采用切碎图片方法的有效性,这是一种最近被描述的CNN协议,并评估了CNN从Google Earth图像中检测植物群落的效率。结果:我们选择竹林作为目标,获得了日本三个地区的Google Earth图像。通过应用CNN,训练最好的模型正确检测了90%以上的目标。我们的研究结果表明,CNN的识别精度高于传统的机器学习方法。结论:我们的研究结果表明,CNN和切碎图像方法是潜在的强大工具,用于高精度的植被自动检测和制图。
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引用次数: 21
Diversity of entomopathogenic fungi associated with Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)) in Moroccan Argan forests and nearby area: impact of soil factors on their distribution. 摩洛哥阿甘森林及附近地区与地中海果蝇(Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae))相关的昆虫病原真菌的多样性:土壤因素对其分布的影响。
IF 2.2 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-11-24 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-020-00334-2
Ayoub Hallouti, Mohamed Ait Hamza, Abdelaziz Zahidi, Rachid Ait Hammou, Rachid Bouharroud, Abdellah Ait Ben Aoumar, Hassan Boubaker

Background: Studying the ecology of biocontrol-agents is a prerequisite to effectively control medfly (Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)) with entomopathogenic fungi. In this context, factors affecting the occurrence and distribution of medfly-associated entomopathogenic-fungi were studied. Soil samples (22) were collected from natural and cultivated areas of Souss-region Morocco.

Results: A total of 260 fungal isolates belonging to 22 species and 10 genera were obtained by using medfly pupae as bait. Medfly-associated fungi were detected in all studied soils and pupae infection percentages ranged from 3.33% to 48%. Two genera, Fusarium and Beauveria were the most frequent with 83 isolates (32%) and 50 isolates (19.23%) respectively. Pathogenicity test of isolated species against medfly pupae showed high mortality rates up to 91% for some strains. Principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated a strong influence of origin, physical, and chemical properties of soil on the abundance of these fungi. In general, medfly-associated fungi were more abundant in soils with moderate pH (7.5 to 8) having high sand and organic content. High relative humidity negatively influenced the abundance of these fungi. Both factors directly affected the fungal infection percentages in pupae. The response of fungi to these parameters varied among species. According to principal component analysis (PCA), the soils of argan fields and forests were more suitable for the development of medfly-associated fungi than citrus orchards.

Conclusions: These results guide identifying suitable soils for the effective application of entomopathogenic fungi as biological control agents. In summary, isolated indigenous strains seem to be a promising option to control C. capitata.

背景:研究生物控制剂的生态学是利用昆虫病原真菌有效控制褐飞虱(Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae))的先决条件。为此,研究人员对影响褐飞虱相关昆虫病原真菌发生和分布的因素进行了研究。研究人员从摩洛哥苏斯地区的自然和种植区采集了土壤样本(22 份):结果:通过使用蝇蛹作为诱饵,共获得了 260 个真菌分离物,隶属于 22 个种和 10 个属。在所有研究的土壤中都检测到了蝇类真菌,蛹的感染率从 3.33% 到 48% 不等。最常见的是镰刀菌属和牛至真菌属,分别有 83 个分离株(32%)和 50 个分离株(19.23%)。分离出的菌种对蝇蛹的致病性测试表明,一些菌株的死亡率高达 91%。主成分分析(PCA)表明,土壤的来源、物理和化学性质对这些真菌的数量有很大影响。一般来说,pH 值适中(7.5-8)、沙粒和有机物含量较高的土壤中,蝇蛆相关真菌的数量较多。相对湿度高对这些真菌的数量有负面影响。这两个因素都直接影响蛹的真菌感染率。真菌对这些参数的反应因物种而异。根据主成分分析(PCA),摩洛哥坚果田和森林的土壤比柑橘园更适合蝇类真菌的生长:这些结果有助于确定适合有效应用昆虫病原真菌作为生物防治剂的土壤。总之,分离出的本地菌株似乎是一种很有前景的防治帽带蝇的选择。
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引用次数: 0
Differences in growth-economics of fast vs. slow growing grass species in response to temperature and nitrogen limitation individually, and in combination. 速生草与慢生草对温度和氮限制单独及组合的生长经济学差异
IF 2.2 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-11-24 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-020-00333-3
Claudia Colesie, Zsofia Reka Stangl, Vaughan Hurry

Background: Fast growing invasive alien species are highly efficient with little investment in their tissues. They often outcompete slower growing species with severe consequences for diversity and community composition. The plant economics trait-based approach provides a theoretical framework, allowing the classification of plants with different performance characteristics. However, in multifaceted background, this approach needs testing. The evaluation and prediction of plant performance outcomes in ecologically relevant settings is among the most pressing topics to understand and predict ecosystem functioning, especially in a quickly changing environment. Temperature and nutrient availability are major components of the global environmental change and this study examines the response of growth economic traits, photosynthesis and respiration to such changes for an invasive fast-growing (Bromus hordaceus) and a slow-growing perennial (Bromus erectus) grass species.

Results: The fully controlled growth chamber experiment simulated temperature-and changes in nitrogen availability individually and in combination. We therefore provide maximum control and monitoring of growth responses allowing general growth trait response patterns to be tested. Under optimal nitrogen availability the slow growing B. erectus was better able to handle the lower temperatures (7 °C) whilst both species had problems at higher temperatures (30 °C). Stresses produced by a combination of heat and nutrient availability were identified to be less limiting for the slow growing species but the combination of chilling with low nutrient availability was most detrimental to both species.

Conclusions: For the fast-growing invader B. hordeaceus a reduction of nitrogen availability in combination with a temperature increase, leads to limited growth performance in comparison to the slow-growing perennial species B.erectus and this may explain why nutrient-rich habitats often experience more invasion than resource-poor habitats.

背景:快速生长的外来入侵物种是高效的,对其组织的投资很少。它们往往胜过生长较慢的物种,对多样性和群落组成造成严重后果。基于植物经济性状的方法提供了一个理论框架,允许对具有不同性能特征的植物进行分类。然而,在多方面的背景下,这种方法需要测试。在生态相关的环境中,植物性能结果的评估和预测是理解和预测生态系统功能最紧迫的主题之一,特别是在快速变化的环境中。温度和养分有效性是全球环境变化的主要组成部分,本研究考察了入侵型速生草(Bromus hordaceus)和生长缓慢的多年生草(Bromus erectus)的生长经济性状、光合作用和呼吸作用对这些变化的响应。结果:全控制生长室实验模拟了温度和氮有效性的单独和组合变化。因此,我们提供最大限度的控制和监测生长反应,允许测试一般的生长性状反应模式。在最佳氮利用率下,生长缓慢的直立人能够更好地应对较低的温度(7°C),而两种物种在较高的温度(30°C)下都有问题。对生长缓慢的物种来说,热量和养分有效性组合产生的胁迫限制较小,但低温和低养分有效性的组合对两种物种都是最有害的。结论:与生长缓慢的多年生物种直立人相比,快速生长的入侵物种B. hordeaceus的生长性能受到氮有效性降低和温度升高的限制,这可能解释了为什么营养丰富的栖息地往往比资源贫乏的栖息地遭受更多的入侵。
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引用次数: 2
Transgenerational effect of drug-mediated inhibition of LSD1 on eye pigment expression in Drosophila. 药物介导的LSD1抑制对果蝇眼色素表达的跨代影响。
IF 2.2 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-11-23 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-020-00330-6
Sigrid Hoyer-Fender

Background: The Drosophila melanogaster mutant white-mottled is a well-established model for position-effect variegation (PEV). Transposition of the euchromatic white gene into the vicinity of the pericentric heterochromatin caused variegated expression of white due to heterochromatin spreading. The establishment of the euchromatin-heterochromatin boundary and spreading of silencing is regulated by mutually exclusive histone modifications, i.e. the methylations of histone H3 at lysine 9 and lysine 4. Demethylation of H3K4, catalysed by lysine-specific demethylase LSD1, is required for subsequent methylation of H3K9 to establish heterochromatin. LSD1 is therefore essential for heterochromatin formation and spreading. We asked whether drug-mediated inhibition of LSD affects the expression of white and if this induced change can be transmitted to those generations that have never been exposed to the triggering signal, i.e. transgenerational epigenetic inheritance.

Results: We used the lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1)-inhibitor Tranylcypromine to investigate its effect on eye colour expression in consecutive generations by feeding the parental and F1 generations of the Drosophila melanogaster mutant white-mottled. Quantitative Western blotting revealed that Tranylcypromine inhibits H3K4-demethylation both in vitro in S2 cells as well as in embryos when used as feeding additive. Eye colour expression in male flies was determined by optical measurement of pigment extracts and qRT-PCR of white gene expression. Flies raised in the presence of Tranylcypromine and its solvent DMSO showed increased eye pigment expression. Beyond that, eye pigment expression was also affected in consecutive generations including F3, which is the first generation without contact with the inhibitor.

Conclusions: Our results show that feeding of Tranylcypromine and DMSO caused desilencing of white in treated flies of generation F1. Consecutive generations, raised on standard food without further supplements, are also affected by the drug-induced alteration of histone modifications. Although eye pigment expression eventually returned to the basal state, the observed long-lasting effect points to a memory capacity of previous epigenomes. Furthermore, our results indicate that food compounds potentially affect chromatin modification and hence gene expression and that the alteration is putatively inherited not only parentally but transgenerationally.

背景:黑腹果蝇突变体白斑是一种成熟的位置效应变异(PEV)模型。常染白色基因转位到中心外异染色质附近,由于异染色质的扩散,导致白色基因的表达呈现杂色。常染色质-异染色质边界的建立和沉默的扩散是由互斥的组蛋白修饰调控的,即组蛋白H3在赖氨酸9和赖氨酸4位点的甲基化。由赖氨酸特异性去甲基化酶LSD1催化的H3K4去甲基化是H3K9随后甲基化以建立异染色质所必需的。因此,LSD1对于异染色质的形成和扩散至关重要。我们想知道药物介导的LSD抑制是否会影响白蛋白的表达,以及这种诱导的变化是否可以传递给那些从未接触过触发信号的几代人,即跨代表观遗传。结果:利用赖氨酸特异性去甲基化酶1 (LSD1)抑制剂tranyylcypromine,通过饲养黑腹果蝇突变体白斑果蝇亲代和F1代,研究其对连续代眼睛颜色表达的影响。定量Western blotting结果显示,在体外S2细胞和胚胎中,tranyyl cypromine作为饲料添加剂均能抑制h3k4去甲基化。采用色素提取液的光学测量和白色基因表达的qRT-PCR方法测定雄性果蝇的眼睛颜色表达。在三酰环丙胺及其溶剂DMSO的存在下饲养的果蝇的眼色素表达增加。除此之外,包括F3在内的连续几代眼睛色素表达也受到影响,这是第一代没有接触抑制剂。结论:本研究结果表明,饲用三酰环丙氨酸和二甲二甲砜可引起F1代处理蝇的白沉默。连续几代,在没有进一步补充的标准食物中长大,也受到药物引起的组蛋白修饰改变的影响。虽然眼睛色素的表达最终回到了基础状态,但观察到的持久效应表明,以前的表观基因组具有记忆能力。此外,我们的研究结果表明,食物化合物可能会影响染色质修饰,从而影响基因表达,这种改变可能不仅是亲本遗传的,而且是跨代遗传的。
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引用次数: 2
Composition, uniqueness and connectivity across tropical coastal lagoon habitats in the Red Sea. 红海热带沿海泻湖栖息地的组成、独特性和连通性。
IF 2.2 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-11-23 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-020-00329-z
Zahra Alsaffar, João Cúrdia, Xabier Irigoien, Susana Carvalho

Background: Tropical habitats and their associated environmental characteristics play a critical role in shaping macroinvertebrate communities. Assessing patterns of diversity over space and time and investigating the factors that control and generate those patterns is critical for conservation efforts. However, these factors are still poorly understood in sub-tropical and tropical regions. The present study applied a combination of uni- and multivariate techniques to test whether patterns of biodiversity, composition, and structure of macrobenthic assemblages change across different lagoon habitats (two mangrove sites; two seagrass meadows with varying levels of vegetation cover; and an unvegetated subtidal area) and between seasons and years.

Results: In total, 4771 invertebrates were identified belonging to 272 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). We observed that macrobenthic lagoon assemblages are diverse, heterogeneous and that the most evident biological pattern was spatial rather than temporal. To investigate whether macrofaunal patterns within the lagoon habitats (mangrove, seagrass, unvegetated area) changed through the time, we analysed each habitat separately. The results showed high seasonal and inter-annual variability in the macrofaunal patterns. However, the seagrass beds that are characterized by variable vegetation cover, through time, showed comparatively higher stability (with the lowest values of inter-annual variability and a high number of resident taxa). These results support the theory that seagrass habitat complexity promotes diversity and density of macrobenthic assemblages. Despite the structural and functional importance of seagrass beds documented in this study, the results also highlighted the small-scale heterogeneity of tropical habitats that may serve as biodiversity repositories.

Conclusions: Comprehensive approaches at the "seascape" level are required for improved ecosystem management and to maintain connectivity patterns amongst habitats. This is particularly true along the Saudi Arabian coast of the Red Sea, which is currently experiencing rapid coastal development. Also, considering the high temporal variability (seasonal and inter-annual) of tropical shallow-water habitats, monitoring and management plans must include temporal scales.

背景:热带生境及其相关环境特征在大型无脊椎动物群落的形成中起着关键作用。评估空间和时间上的多样性模式,调查控制和产生这些模式的因素对保护工作至关重要。然而,这些因素在亚热带和热带地区仍然知之甚少。本研究采用单因素和多因素技术相结合的方法来测试大型底栖生物组合的生物多样性模式、组成和结构是否在不同的泻湖栖息地发生变化(两个红树林地点;两个不同植被覆盖水平的海草草地;以及没有植被的潮下地区),以及季节和年份之间的变化。结果:共鉴定无脊椎动物4771只,隶属于272个操作分类单元(otu)。结果表明,大底栖泻湖群落具有多样性和异质性,其生物格局具有明显的空间性而非时代性。为了调查泻湖栖息地(红树林、海草、无植被区域)内的大型动物模式是否随着时间的推移而变化,我们分别分析了每个栖息地。结果表明,大型动物的季节和年际变化较大。而植被覆盖度变化的海草床则表现出较高的稳定性(年际变异性最小,居住类群数量较多)。这些结果支持了海草生境复杂性促进大型底栖生物群落多样性和密度的理论。尽管本研究记录了海草床的结构和功能重要性,但结果也强调了热带栖息地可能作为生物多样性库的小规模异质性。结论:需要在“海景”层面采取综合措施来改善生态系统管理,并保持栖息地之间的连通性模式。红海沿岸的沙特阿拉伯沿岸尤其如此,该地区目前正在经历快速的沿海发展。此外,考虑到热带浅水生境的高时间变异性(季节性和年际),监测和管理计划必须包括时间尺度。
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引用次数: 2
期刊
BMC Ecology
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