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Phylogeography of higher Diptera in glacial and postglacial grasslands in western North America. 北美西部冰期和冰期后草原高等双翅目植物的系统地理学。
IF 2.2 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-12-20 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-019-0266-4
Anna M Solecki, Jeffrey H Skevington, Christopher M Buddle, Terry A Wheeler

Background: Pleistocene glaciations have had an important impact on the species distribution and community composition of the North American biota. Species survived these glacial cycles south of the ice sheets and/or in other refugia, such as Beringia. In this study, we assessed, using mitochondrial DNA from three Diptera species, whether flies currently found in Beringian grasslands (1) survived glaciation as disjunct populations in Beringia and in the southern refugium; (2) dispersed northward postglacially from the southern refugium; or (3) arose by a combination of the two. Samples were collected in grasslands in western Canada: Prairies in Alberta and Manitoba; the Peace River region (Alberta); and the southern Yukon Territory. We sequenced two gene regions (658 bp of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, 510 bp of cytochrome b) from three species of higher Diptera: one with a continuous distribution across grassland regions, and two with disjunct populations between the regions. We used a Bayesian approach to determine population groupings without a priori assumptions and performed analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and exact tests of population differentiation (ETPD) to examine their validity. Molecular dating was used to establish divergence times.

Results: Two geographically structured populations were found for all species: a southern Prairie and Peace River population, and a Yukon population. Although AMOVA did not show significant differentiation between populations, ETPD did. Divergence time between Yukon and southern populations predated the Holocene for two species; the species with an ambiguous divergence time had high haplotype diversity, which could suggest survival in a Beringian refugium.

Conclusions: Populations of Diptera in Yukon grasslands could have persisted in steppe habitats in Beringia through Pleistocene glaciations. Current populations in the region appear to be a mix of Beringian relict populations and, to a lesser extent, postglacial dispersal northward from southern prairie grasslands.

背景:更新世冰期对北美生物区系的物种分布和群落组成产生了重要影响。这些物种在冰原以南和/或其他避难所(如白令陆桥)的冰期循环中幸存下来。在这项研究中,我们利用来自三种双翅目物种的线粒体DNA,评估了目前在白令陆桥草原上发现的苍蝇是否(1)作为白令陆桥和南部避难所的分离种群在冰川时期存活下来;(2)冰川后由南部避难区向北分散;或者(3)由两者结合而产生。样本收集于加拿大西部的草原:阿尔伯塔省和马尼托巴省的大草原;和平河地区(阿尔伯塔);以及育空地区南部。对3种高等双翅目昆虫细胞色素c氧化酶I亚基658 bp和细胞色素b亚基510 bp的两个基因区进行了测序,其中一个基因区连续分布于草原地区,另一个基因区种群间不相交。我们使用贝叶斯方法在没有先验假设的情况下确定种群分组,并进行了分子方差分析(AMOVA)和种群分化的精确检验(ETPD)来检验其有效性。分子定年法用于确定发散时间。结果:所有物种均有两个地理结构种群:南部草原和平河种群和育空种群。虽然AMOVA没有显示出种群间的显著差异,但ETPD却有。育空地区和南部地区两个种群的分化时间早于全新世;分化时间不明确的物种具有较高的单倍型多样性,这可能表明它们在白令陆桥避难所生存过。结论:育空草原双翅目种群在更新世冰期可能在白令陆桥草原生境中持续存在。该地区目前的种群似乎是白令陆桥遗留种群的混合体,在较小程度上,是冰川后从南部草原向北扩散的种群。
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引用次数: 4
Increased songbird nest depredation due to Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) encroachment in Mediterranean shrubland. 由于阿勒颇松(Pinus halepensis)对地中海灌木丛的入侵,鸣鸟巢穴的掠夺增加。
IF 2.2 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-12-17 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-019-0270-8
Asaf Ben-David, Hila Shamon, Ido Izhaki, Ronny Efronny, Roi Maor, Tamar Dayan

Background: In recent decades, a decrease of passerine densities was documented in Mediterranean shrublands. At the same time, a widespread encroachment of Aleppo pines (Pinus halepensis) to Mediterranean shrubland occurred. Such changes in vegetation structure may affect passerine predator assemblage and densities, and in turn impact passerine densities. Depredation during the nesting season is an important factor to influence passerine population size. Understanding the effects of changes in vegetation structure (pine encroachment) on passerine nesting success is the main objective of this study. We do so by assessing the effects of Aleppo pine encroachment on Sardinian warbler (Sylvia melanocephala) nest depredation in Mediterranean shrublands. We examined direct and indirect predation pressures through a gradients of pine density, using four methods: (1) placing dummy nests; (2) acoustic monitoring of mobbing events; (3) direct observations on nest predation using cameras; and (4) observation of Eurasian jay (Garrulus glandarius) behaviour as indirect evidence of predation risk.

Results: We found that Aleppo pine encroachment to Mediterranean shrublands increased nest predation by Eurasian jays. Nest predation was highest in mixed shrubland and pines. These areas are suitable for warblers but had high occurrence rate of Eurasian jays.

Conclusions: Encroaching pines directly increase activity of Eurasian jays in shrubland habitats, which reduced the nesting success of Sardinian warblers. These findings are supported by multiple methodologies, illustrating different predation pressures along a gradient of pine densities in natural shrublands. Management of Aleppo pine seedlings and removal of unwanted trees in natural shrubland might mitigate arrival and expansion of predators and decrease the predation pressure on passerine nests.

背景:近几十年来,地中海灌木地记录了雀形目动物密度的下降。与此同时,阿勒颇松(Pinus halepensis)对地中海灌木丛的大面积入侵发生了。植被结构的变化可能会影响雀形鱼捕食者的组合和密度,进而影响雀形鱼的密度。筑巢季节的捕食是影响雀形鱼种群规模的重要因素。了解植被结构变化(松林入侵)对雀鸟筑巢成功的影响是本研究的主要目的。我们通过评估阿勒颇松树对地中海灌木丛中撒丁岛莺(Sylvia melanocephala)巢穴掠夺的影响来做到这一点。我们通过四种方法研究了松木密度梯度下的直接和间接捕食压力:(1)放置假巢;(2)暴民事件的声学监测;(3)利用摄像机直接观察巢穴捕食;(4)观察欧亚松鸦(Garrulus glandarius)的行为作为捕食风险的间接证据。结果:阿勒颇松对地中海灌丛的入侵增加了欧亚松鸦对巢的捕食。混交林和松林的巢捕食率最高。这些地区适合莺栖息,但欧亚松鸦的发生率较高。结论:松林入侵直接增加了欧亚松鸦在灌丛生境的活动,降低了撒丁岛莺的筑巢成功率。这些发现得到了多种方法的支持,说明了天然灌丛中松树密度梯度的不同捕食压力。管理阿勒颇松苗和清除天然灌木林中不需要的树木可能会减缓捕食者的到来和扩张,并减少雀形鸟巢穴的捕食压力。
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引用次数: 5
FACEPAI: a script for fast and consistent environmental DNA processing and identification FACEPAI:用于快速一致的环境DNA处理和鉴定的脚本
IF 2.2 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-019-0269-1
Emma Wahlberg
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引用次数: 2
High nutrient uptake efficiency and high water use efficiency facilitate the spread of Stellera chamaejasme L. in degraded grasslands 高养分吸收效率和高水分利用效率有利于狼毒在退化草地上的传播
IF 2.2 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-019-0267-3
Lizhu Guo, Jiahuan Li, Wei He, Li Liu, Ding Huang, Kun Wang
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引用次数: 17
Impact of global warming scenarios on life-history traits of Tetranychus evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae) 全球变暖情景对伊氏叶螨生活史性状的影响(蜱螨亚纲:叶螨科)
IF 2.2 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-11-27 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-019-0264-6
N. Ghazy, T. Gotoh, Takeshi Suzuki
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引用次数: 7
Assemblages of certain benthic molluscs along the southwestern Atlantic: from subtidal to deep sea 西南大西洋沿岸某些底栖软体动物群:从潮下到深海
IF 2.2 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-11-27 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-019-0263-7
V. Teso, D. Urteaga, G. Pastorino
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引用次数: 7
Experimental Listeria–Tetrahymena–Amoeba food chain functioning depends on bacterial virulence traits 实验性李斯特菌-四膜虫-阿米巴食物链功能取决于细菌毒力特征
IF 2.2 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-11-22 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-019-0265-5
V. Pushkareva, Julia I. Podlipaeva, A. Goodkov, S. Ermolaeva
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引用次数: 7
The luxury effect beyond cities: bats respond to socioeconomic variation across landscapes 城市之外的奢侈效应:蝙蝠对不同景观的社会经济变化做出反应
IF 2.2 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-11-01 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-019-0262-8
Han Li, K. Parker, M. Kalcounis-Rueppell
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引用次数: 12
Ecological niche modelling to estimate the distribution of Culicoides, potential vectors of bluetongue virus in Senegal. 生态位模型,用于估计库蚊的分布,库蚊是塞内加尔蓝舌病毒的潜在媒介。
IF 2.2 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-11-01 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-019-0261-9
Mamadou Ciss, Biram Biteye, Assane Gueye Fall, Moussa Fall, Marie Cicille Ba Gahn, Louise Leroux, Andrea Apolloni

Background: Vector-borne diseases are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in humans and animals. In the Afrotropical region, some are transmitted by Culicoides, such as Akabane, bluetongue, epizootic haemorrhagic fever and African horse sickness viruses. Bluetongue virus infection has an enormous impact on ruminant production, due to its high morbidity and mortality rates.

Methods: A nationwide Culicoides trapping campaign was organized at the end of the 2012 rainy season in Senegal. A Maximum Entropy approach (MaxEnt), Boosted Regression Tree (BRT) method and Ecological Niche Factor Analysis (ENFA) were used to develop a predictive spatial model for the distribution of Culicoides, using bio-climatic variables, livestock densities and altitude.

Results: The altitude, maximum temperature of the warmest month, precipitation of the warmest quarter, mean temperature of the wettest quarter, temperature seasonality, precipitation of the wettest quarter and livestock density were among the most important factors to predict suitable habitats of Culicoides. Culicoides occurrences were, in most of the cases, positively correlated to precipitation variables and livestock densities; and negatively correlated to the altitude and temperature indices. The Niayes area and the Groundnut basin were the most suitable habitats predicted.

Conclusion: We present ecological niche models for different Culicoides species, namely C. imicola, C. oxystoma, C. enderleini and C. miombo, potential vectors of bluetongue virus, on a nationwide scale in Senegal. Through our modelling approach, we were able to determine the effect of bioclimatic variables on Culicoides habitats and were able to generate maps for the occurrence of Culicoides species. This information will be helpful in developing risk maps for disease outbreaks.

背景:媒介传播疾病是人类和动物发病率和死亡率的主要原因之一。在非洲热带地区,一些是由库蚊传播的,如阿卡班病毒、蓝舌病毒、流行性出血热和非洲马病病毒。蓝舌病毒感染由于其高发病率和死亡率,对反刍动物的生产产生了巨大影响。方法:2012年雨季结束时,在塞内加尔组织了一场全国性的库蚊诱捕活动。采用最大熵法(MaxEnt)、增强回归树法(BRT)和生态位因子分析法(ENFA),利用生物气候变量、牲畜密度和海拔高度,建立了库蚊分布的预测空间模型。结果:海拔高度、最热月最高气温、最热季降水量、最湿季平均气温、温度季节性、最湿季度降水量和牲畜密度是预测库蚊适宜生境的最重要因素。在大多数情况下,库蚊的发生与降水变量和牲畜密度呈正相关;并且与海拔和温度指数呈负相关。Niayes地区和花生盆地是预测的最合适的栖息地。结论:我们在塞内加尔全国范围内建立了不同库蚊属物种的生态位模型,这些库蚊属是蓝舌病毒的潜在载体,即米氏库蚊、氧口库蚊、恩德莱尼库蚊和米奥博库蚊。通过我们的建模方法,我们能够确定生物气候变量对库蚊栖息地的影响,并能够生成库蚊物种发生的地图。这些信息将有助于制定疾病爆发的风险图。
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引用次数: 0
Environmental variation mediates the prevalence and co-occurrence of parasites in the common lizard, Zootoca vivipara 环境变化介导了常见蜥蜴中寄生虫的流行和共存
IF 2.2 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-10-22 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-019-0259-3
Qiangsheng Wu, M. Richard, A. Rutschmann, D. Miles, J. Clobert
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引用次数: 20
期刊
BMC Ecology
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