Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.14434/iujur.v7i1.31722
Isaac Thuesen
Decades of research have shown that racial minorities face a higher rate of incarceration and lengthier prison sentences in the United States compared to their White counterparts (Alexander, 2012; Steffensmeier et al., 1998; Chiricos & Crawford, 1995). Moreover, racial minorities and young people often face disproportionately harsher penalties for specific offenses such as drug possession (Steffensmeier et al., 1998). One of the primary drivers of racial inequality in criminal sentencing has been “habitual offender” laws (Crow & Johnson, 2008). These laws impose sentence enhancements for repeat felony offenders and have been enacted by multiple states across the country. While scholars have repeatedly found that Florida’s habitual offender law has been disproportionately applied to racial minorities, virtually no attention has been devoted to Indiana’s habitual offender law (Crawford & Johnson, 2008; Caravelis et al., 2011; Beres & Griffith, 1998). In order to fill this gap in the literature, I used the Indiana Prosecutor Case Management System to examine case summaries of all habitual offender cases from 2015 to 2019 in Marion, Indiana’s largest and most racially diverse county. For each legal case, I coded the defendant’s race and age, the quantity and nature of their past crimes, the length of the defendant’s sentence, and whether or not they were convicted of the habitual offender enhancement. I then examined the statistical associations between these variables to ascertain whether Indiana’s habitual offender law has been disproportionately applied to young defendants, racial minorities, or drug offenders.
几十年的研究表明，在美国，与白人相比，少数族裔面临更高的监禁率和更长的刑期(Alexander, 2012;Steffensmeier et al.， 1998;Chiricos & Crawford, 1995)。此外，少数族裔和年轻人往往因持有毒品等特定罪行而面临不成比例的严厉惩罚(Steffensmeier et al.， 1998)。刑事判决中种族不平等的主要驱动因素之一是“惯犯”法律(Crow & Johnson, 2008)。这些法律对重犯加重了刑罚，全国多个州都颁布了这些法律。虽然学者们一再发现，佛罗里达州的习惯性犯罪法对少数族裔的适用不成比例，但几乎没有人关注印第安纳州的习惯性犯罪法(Crawford & Johnson, 2008;Caravelis et al.， 2011;Beres & Griffith, 1998)。为了填补这一文献空白，我使用印第安纳州检察官案件管理系统来检查2015年至2019年印第安纳州最大、种族最多样化的马里昂县所有惯犯案件的案件摘要。对于每一个法律案件，我都记录了被告的种族和年龄，他们过去犯罪的数量和性质，被告的刑期，以及他们是否被判犯有惯犯加重罪。然后，我检查了这些变量之间的统计关联，以确定印第安纳州的习惯性罪犯法是否不成比例地适用于年轻被告、少数族裔或毒品罪犯。
{"title":"Three Strikes and You’re Out: The Demographics of Indiana’s Habitual Offender Law","authors":"Isaac Thuesen","doi":"10.14434/iujur.v7i1.31722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14434/iujur.v7i1.31722","url":null,"abstract":"Decades of research have shown that racial minorities face a higher rate of incarceration and lengthier prison sentences in the United States compared to their White counterparts (Alexander, 2012; Steffensmeier et al., 1998; Chiricos & Crawford, 1995). Moreover, racial minorities and young people often face disproportionately harsher penalties for specific offenses such as drug possession (Steffensmeier et al., 1998).\u0000One of the primary drivers of racial inequality in criminal sentencing has been “habitual offender” laws (Crow & Johnson, 2008). These laws impose sentence enhancements for repeat felony offenders and have been enacted by multiple states across the country. While scholars have repeatedly found that Florida’s habitual offender law has been disproportionately applied to racial minorities, virtually no attention has been devoted to Indiana’s habitual offender law (Crawford & Johnson, 2008; Caravelis et al., 2011; Beres & Griffith, 1998).\u0000In order to fill this gap in the literature, I used the Indiana Prosecutor Case Management System to examine case summaries of all habitual offender cases from 2015 to 2019 in Marion, Indiana’s largest and most racially diverse county. For each legal case, I coded the defendant’s race and age, the quantity and nature of their past crimes, the length of the defendant’s sentence, and whether or not they were convicted of the habitual offender enhancement. I then examined the statistical associations between these variables to ascertain whether Indiana’s habitual offender law has been disproportionately applied to young defendants, racial minorities, or drug offenders.","PeriodicalId":92647,"journal":{"name":"Indiana University journal of undergraduate research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46491075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a rapidly growing problem in the global health community and has affected millions of people worldwide. The resulting COVID-19 disease poses a significant threat as it can lead to both short and long- term health consequences in all demographics. In order to contain this infectious disease and reduce the amount of harm it inflicts; vaccination has been the best recommended course of action in association with mask wearing and appropriately enforced social distancing measures. The increased speed of development for the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines relative to other vaccines and politicization of being immunized against COVID-19 in the United States of America serve as two points of potential divergency for demographics’ willingness to be immunized. The connections between demographic identifiers and immunization attitudes were evaluated using an online survey distributed to adults living in the United States. Representative data on demographics including age, education level, and political affiliation was collected as was the associated willingness to be immunized against COVID-19 and the annual influenza vaccine. The survey collected data on the factors that influence the participants’ attitudes towards immunization for both influenza and COVID-19. Upon analysis of the data, the relationship between political affiliation and willingness to be immunized for COVID-19 reported a chi-squared statistic of 10.8282 which resulted in a p-value of 0.001 < 0.05. The relationship between political affiliation and willingness to be immunized against COVID-19 proved to be statistically significant in the test population. Upon further analysis of the relationship, self-identified Republicans are less likely to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. Also concluded from the study in order of descending importance, people of all demographics decide to be immunized for both COVID-19 and influenza by reviewing primary scientific literature, considering physicians’ opinions, and reflecting on personal health status. However, in the groups with the lowest willingness to be immunized against COVID-19, the timeline of development was cited as the only deviating deciding factor from those listed above. Using this data, an intervention plan was proposed to increase vaccination participation in low-participating demographics in concurrence with the idea that increased vaccination rates offer a higher level of protection against the illness.
{"title":"Influences and Willingness to Receive Future COVID-19 Vaccination by Demographic Data and Proposed Interventions","authors":"Elissa Hachem, Alexis Daniello, Olivia Englebright","doi":"10.14434/iujur.v7i1.32239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14434/iujur.v7i1.32239","url":null,"abstract":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a rapidly growing problem in the global health community and has affected millions of people worldwide. The resulting COVID-19 disease poses a significant threat as it can lead to both short and long- term health consequences in all demographics. In order to contain this infectious disease and reduce the amount of harm it inflicts; vaccination has been the best recommended course of action in association with mask wearing and appropriately enforced social distancing measures. The increased speed of development for the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines relative to other vaccines and politicization of being immunized against COVID-19 in the United States of America serve as two points of potential divergency for demographics’ willingness to be immunized. The connections between demographic identifiers and immunization attitudes were evaluated using an online survey distributed to adults living in the United States. Representative data on demographics including age, education level, and political affiliation was collected as was the associated willingness to be immunized against COVID-19 and the annual influenza vaccine. The survey collected data on the factors that influence the participants’ attitudes towards immunization for both influenza and COVID-19. Upon analysis of the data, the relationship between political affiliation and willingness to be immunized for COVID-19 reported a chi-squared statistic of 10.8282 which resulted in a p-value of 0.001 < 0.05. The relationship between political affiliation and willingness to be immunized against COVID-19 proved to be statistically significant in the test population. Upon further analysis of the relationship, self-identified Republicans are less likely to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. Also concluded from the study in order of descending importance, people of all demographics decide to be immunized for both COVID-19 and influenza by reviewing primary scientific literature, considering physicians’ opinions, and reflecting on personal health status. However, in the groups with the lowest willingness to be immunized against COVID-19, the timeline of development was cited as the only deviating deciding factor from those listed above. Using this data, an intervention plan was proposed to increase vaccination participation in low-participating demographics in concurrence with the idea that increased vaccination rates offer a higher level of protection against the illness.","PeriodicalId":92647,"journal":{"name":"Indiana University journal of undergraduate research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47007578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.14434/iujur.v7i1.31689
A. Sayar
This study explored the effect of familiar music exposure on long-term declarative memory (LT-DM) was in college students. LT-DM stores facts or concepts that can be consciously recalled over a prolonged period. Twenty-one college students were equally randomized between two groups, Group A and Group B. The study was conducted over three sessions (7+/- 2 days between each). During the first session, both groups were given the same passages to study. Group A listened to familiar music of their choice while studying, and Group B studied in silence. In the second session, both groups were first given a multiple-choice test on the passages they had studied during session one. Subsequently, another set of passages were given to both groups to study. This time, Group B listened to familiar music of their choice while studying, and Group A studied in silence. In the third session, both groups were tested through multiple-choice questions over passages they had studied during the second session. Test responses were scored. The mean composite score of both groups with and without music were 15.4/20 (77%) and 14.9/20 (74.5%), respectively, indicating no significant change in LT-DM recall with familiar music exposure (p= 0.50). Group A displayed a trend towards increased LT-DM recall with music compared to silence and demonstrated a statistically significant lower mean score than Group B in the silent condition (p= 0.027). Overall, this study found that listening to familiar music had no significant effect on LT-DM recall in college students, however highly individualized variations may occur.
{"title":"The Effect of Familiar Music on Long-Term Declarative Memory in College Students","authors":"A. Sayar","doi":"10.14434/iujur.v7i1.31689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14434/iujur.v7i1.31689","url":null,"abstract":"This study explored the effect of familiar music exposure on long-term declarative memory (LT-DM) was in college students. LT-DM stores facts or concepts that can be consciously recalled over a prolonged period. Twenty-one college students were equally randomized between two groups, Group A and Group B. The study was conducted over three sessions (7+/- 2 days between each). During the first session, both groups were given the same passages to study. Group A listened to familiar music of their choice while studying, and Group B studied in silence. In the second session, both groups were first given a multiple-choice test on the passages they had studied during session one. Subsequently, another set of passages were given to both groups to study. This time, Group B listened to familiar music of their choice while studying, and Group A studied in silence. In the third session, both groups were tested through multiple-choice questions over passages they had studied during the second session. Test responses were scored. The mean composite score of both groups with and without music were 15.4/20 (77%) and 14.9/20 (74.5%), respectively, indicating no significant change in LT-DM recall with familiar music exposure (p= 0.50). Group A displayed a trend towards increased LT-DM recall with music compared to silence and demonstrated a statistically significant lower mean score than Group B in the silent condition (p= 0.027). Overall, this study found that listening to familiar music had no significant effect on LT-DM recall in college students, however highly individualized variations may occur.","PeriodicalId":92647,"journal":{"name":"Indiana University journal of undergraduate research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45492493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-22DOI: 10.14434/iujur.v0i0.27283
Evin George
Recent research indicates that the self-produced visual-motor nature of handwriting provides variable visual output that better facilitates symbol understanding (Li & James 2016). In addition, viewing novel objects/hearing novel verbs that were learned through active manipulation resulted in greater motor activation in the brain than learning through passive viewing (James & Swain 2011). The proposed study attempts to investigate the understanding and neural underpinnings of novel objects when learned in a self-production condition similar to handwriting: forming objects with clay. 7-8 year-old participants will learn novel object categories through three conditions: a high active condition in which participants form objects with clay, a low active condition in which participants actively hold/explore pre-made objects, and a passive condition in which participants watch the experimenter hold pre-made objects. Following this training session, an object-sorting task will be used to assess the participants’ knowledge of the object categories. Finally, a fMRI session will attempt to investigate motor and whole-brain activation differences between the two active conditions.
{"title":"Proposed fMRI Study: The Role of Self-Generated Object Formation in Novel Object Category Learning","authors":"Evin George","doi":"10.14434/iujur.v0i0.27283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14434/iujur.v0i0.27283","url":null,"abstract":"Recent research indicates that the self-produced visual-motor nature of handwriting provides variable visual output that better facilitates symbol understanding (Li & James 2016). In addition, viewing novel objects/hearing novel verbs that were learned through active manipulation resulted in greater motor activation in the brain than learning through passive viewing (James & Swain 2011). The proposed study attempts to investigate the understanding and neural underpinnings of novel objects when learned in a self-production condition similar to handwriting: forming objects with clay. 7-8 year-old participants will learn novel object categories through three conditions: a high active condition in which participants form objects with clay, a low active condition in which participants actively hold/explore pre-made objects, and a passive condition in which participants watch the experimenter hold pre-made objects. Following this training session, an object-sorting task will be used to assess the participants’ knowledge of the object categories. Finally, a fMRI session will attempt to investigate motor and whole-brain activation differences between the two active conditions.","PeriodicalId":92647,"journal":{"name":"Indiana University journal of undergraduate research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46776916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-01DOI: 10.14434/iujur.v5i1.26876
Maya E. Lee
Mental health and wellness are integral parts to person’s overall health and happiness. Globally, there has been an increased initiative to treat and support people living with mental health issues and disease; the Balkan region of southeastern Europe is no exception. A literary review researching the background of mental health treatment and how it intersects with the unique history and current administrative environment within the nations of the former Yugoslav Republic was conducted. Existing literature about mental health prevalence and practices within the region was analyzed and contextualized with historical perspectives. Significant gaps in research literature were identified, including lack of research into everyday mental disorders in the region that are not to do with the recent civil war, a need for standardized data collection about where mental health infrastructure exists within the region and how effective it is in treating patients, and finally economic research to determine how and by which governing body national healthcare systems should be funded. Filling these gaps in knowledge would greatly reduce barriers to mental healthcare and overall wellness within the Balkans.
{"title":"Practices and Perspectives of Mental Health in the Balkan Countries: A Narrative Review","authors":"Maya E. Lee","doi":"10.14434/iujur.v5i1.26876","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14434/iujur.v5i1.26876","url":null,"abstract":"Mental health and wellness are integral parts to person’s overall health and happiness. Globally, there has been an increased initiative to treat and support people living with mental health issues and disease; the Balkan region of southeastern Europe is no exception. A literary review researching the background of mental health treatment and how it intersects with the unique history and current administrative environment within the nations of the former Yugoslav Republic was conducted. Existing literature about mental health prevalence and practices within the region was analyzed and contextualized with historical perspectives. Significant gaps in research literature were identified, including lack of research into everyday mental disorders in the region that are not to do with the recent civil war, a need for standardized data collection about where mental health infrastructure exists within the region and how effective it is in treating patients, and finally economic research to determine how and by which governing body national healthcare systems should be funded. Filling these gaps in knowledge would greatly reduce barriers to mental healthcare and overall wellness within the Balkans.","PeriodicalId":92647,"journal":{"name":"Indiana University journal of undergraduate research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41367284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-26DOI: 10.14434/iujur.v5i1.27244
S. M. Adams
Literary scholars have long debated the thematic significance of Voltaire's Candide, a 1759 novella that relentlessly satirizes Gottfried Leibniz’s philosophy of optimism. In Candide, Voltaire assails his readers with displays of violence so absurd they might inspire anything from laughter to hopelessness. The novella's crude humor is hinged upon an unexpectedly-compassionate acknowledgement of human suffering. Voltaire uses Candide's plotline to attack the human assumption that any force of good will ever offset the evil in a world pervaded by cruelty and selfishness. He provokes questions with no answers in sight. Deriving a theme from the novella only becomes more difficult after reading its conclusion, which leaves readers dissatisfied, desperate for some sort of call to action. We are urged to cultivate our garden but given no advice on what that might entail. We are convinced of Leibnizian optimism's failures but deprived of a more-pragmatic philosophy to replace it with. In this essay, I analyze the ways Voltaire uses humor, irony, and structure in Candide not only to denounce deceitful forms of optimism, but to provoke future thought on the questions he could not answer himself.
{"title":"Irony, Contradiction, and Voltaire's Garden: Re-Reading Candide","authors":"S. M. Adams","doi":"10.14434/iujur.v5i1.27244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14434/iujur.v5i1.27244","url":null,"abstract":"Literary scholars have long debated the thematic significance of Voltaire's Candide, a 1759 novella that relentlessly satirizes Gottfried Leibniz’s philosophy of optimism. In Candide, Voltaire assails his readers with displays of violence so absurd they might inspire anything from laughter to hopelessness. The novella's crude humor is hinged upon an unexpectedly-compassionate acknowledgement of human suffering. Voltaire uses Candide's plotline to attack the human assumption that any force of good will ever offset the evil in a world pervaded by cruelty and selfishness. He provokes questions with no answers in sight. Deriving a theme from the novella only becomes more difficult after reading its conclusion, which leaves readers dissatisfied, desperate for some sort of call to action. We are urged to cultivate our garden but given no advice on what that might entail. We are convinced of Leibnizian optimism's failures but deprived of a more-pragmatic philosophy to replace it with. In this essay, I analyze the ways Voltaire uses humor, irony, and structure in Candide not only to denounce deceitful forms of optimism, but to provoke future thought on the questions he could not answer himself.","PeriodicalId":92647,"journal":{"name":"Indiana University journal of undergraduate research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45874044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-15DOI: 10.14434/IUJUR.V5I1.26407
S. M. Reed, E. Ketterson
In spring, songbirds undergo physiological changes such as migratory fattening and gonadal recrudescence in response to increasing day length. Past research suggests that the day length required to initiate physiological changes, known as the photoperiodic threshold, can vary by breeding latitude. In this study, we explored whether migrants breeding at higher latitudes require longer days in spring before physiological changes occur (i.e., whether breeding latitude of origin predicts photoperiodic threshold). We caught and housed male migrant and resident dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis) in an indoor aviary. Photoperiod was increased incrementally from nine to sixteen hours over fourteen weeks. During each photocycle, morphological measurements of mass, subcutaneous body fat, and cloacal protuberance were measured as indicators of migratory and reproductive condition. Stable isotope signatures of hydrogen were used to estimate breeding latitude as an index of migratory distance. Our results show that migrants and residents differed in physiological changes, as migrants accumulated more subcutaneous fat, increased body mass, and displayed a significant delay in gonadal recrudescence relative to residents. Additionally, individuals breeding at higher latitudes deposited fat at a faster rate than individuals breeding at lower latitudes. These results supported our hypothesis that migratory strategy and breeding latitude may predict differences in photoperiodic threshold for both migratory and reproductive timing. Our findings contribute to the understanding of regulation of timing in annual cycles and improve predictions of how species might respond to changing environments.
{"title":"Breeding Latitude and Annual Cycle Timing in a Songbird","authors":"S. M. Reed, E. Ketterson","doi":"10.14434/IUJUR.V5I1.26407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14434/IUJUR.V5I1.26407","url":null,"abstract":"In spring, songbirds undergo physiological changes such as migratory fattening and gonadal recrudescence in response to increasing day length. Past research suggests that the day length required to initiate physiological changes, known as the photoperiodic threshold, can vary by breeding latitude. In this study, we explored whether migrants breeding at higher latitudes require longer days in spring before physiological changes occur (i.e., whether breeding latitude of origin predicts photoperiodic threshold). We caught and housed male migrant and resident dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis) in an indoor aviary. Photoperiod was increased incrementally from nine to sixteen hours over fourteen weeks. During each photocycle, morphological measurements of mass, subcutaneous body fat, and cloacal protuberance were measured as indicators of migratory and reproductive condition. Stable isotope signatures of hydrogen were used to estimate breeding latitude as an index of migratory distance. Our results show that migrants and residents differed in physiological changes, as migrants accumulated more subcutaneous fat, increased body mass, and displayed a significant delay in gonadal recrudescence relative to residents. Additionally, individuals breeding at higher latitudes deposited fat at a faster rate than individuals breeding at lower latitudes. These results supported our hypothesis that migratory strategy and breeding latitude may predict differences in photoperiodic threshold for both migratory and reproductive timing. Our findings contribute to the understanding of regulation of timing in annual cycles and improve predictions of how species might respond to changing environments.","PeriodicalId":92647,"journal":{"name":"Indiana University journal of undergraduate research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48230176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-16DOI: 10.14434/iujur.v4i1.24536
Haily Merritt
The present study aims to fill a gap at the intersection of the phenomena of language mode—the state of activation of the bilingual’s languages and language processing mechanisms—and the subset problem—issues learners face when the second language has fewer of some kind of contrast than the first language. When the subset problem is present in second language acquisition, learners may struggle to acquire specific contrasts of a language and may map them incorrectly to their first language. By studying advanced learners of Spanish and considering language mode, we are able to investigate whether learners create separate categories for Spanish vowels—as opposed to simply adapting their English categories—and whether the use of such categories depends on the language being perceived. Spanish and English serve as convenient languages for study of these phenomena because Spanish has fewer vowels than English. With this, we ask: “Does language mode influence language-specific categorization?” To investigate this question, we had native English-speaking, proficient Spanish learners perform an AX task in both English and Spanish, where they identified whether two aurally presented vowel stimuli were the same or different. There was no strong effect of language mode across conditions, but we found that reaction times were significantly slower and that error rates were higher in tasks that included stimuli from more than one language. Thus, we conclude that when multiple languages are activated it is more difficult to process a given language.
{"title":"Language Mode Influences Language-Specific Categorization","authors":"Haily Merritt","doi":"10.14434/iujur.v4i1.24536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14434/iujur.v4i1.24536","url":null,"abstract":"The present study aims to fill a gap at the intersection of the phenomena of language mode—the state of activation of the bilingual’s languages and language processing mechanisms—and the subset problem—issues learners face when the second language has fewer of some kind of contrast than the first language. When the subset problem is present in second language acquisition, learners may struggle to acquire specific contrasts of a language and may map them incorrectly to their first language. By studying advanced learners of Spanish and considering language mode, we are able to investigate whether learners create separate categories for Spanish vowels—as opposed to simply adapting their English categories—and whether the use of such categories depends on the language being perceived. Spanish and English serve as convenient languages for study of these phenomena because Spanish has fewer vowels than English. With this, we ask: “Does language mode influence language-specific categorization?” To investigate this question, we had native English-speaking, proficient Spanish learners perform an AX task in both English and Spanish, where they identified whether two aurally presented vowel stimuli were the same or different. There was no strong effect of language mode across conditions, but we found that reaction times were significantly slower and that error rates were higher in tasks that included stimuli from more than one language. Thus, we conclude that when multiple languages are activated it is more difficult to process a given language.","PeriodicalId":92647,"journal":{"name":"Indiana University journal of undergraduate research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49563793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-16DOI: 10.14434/IUJUR.V4I1.24379
Halley Rose Meslin
Online grocery shopping is growing rapidly and has been heralded as a potential solution to food insecurity. Supermarkets are increasing their online presence, and some have joined the United States Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) pilot program aimed at increasing online grocery access among Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participants. Although both the growth of the online grocery industry and the launch of the USDA pilot program are steps in the right direction for greater food access, it is worth asking how these initiatives will address food access among low-income consumers. This paper aims to answer the following questions: does online grocery shopping reduce or eliminate food access barriers for low-income consumers? Does it introduce new barriers? Does online grocery shopping have the potential to reshape the definition of a food desert? Using Hilary Shaw’s (2006) categorization of food access barriers—ability, asset, attitude—as a framework, online grocery shopping motivations were reviewed, and a case study on current practices at Kroger, Wal-Mart, and Amazon Fresh was conducted. The results suggested that none of the retailers’ current practices significantly reduce the barriers that low-income consumers are likely to experience when trying to shop online. Although the online channel eliminates the physical barrier of having to carry groceries, it in turn introduces new barriers, such as sensory risk aversion to buying perishables online, the necessity of possessing relevant technological skills, and having access to a computer. This paper proposes a new term, “digital food desert,” to define (1) a community without access to online grocery due to infrastructure constraints, or (2) a community with access to online grocery, but whose market manifests the conditions of a physical food desert online.
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Pub Date : 2018-12-16DOI: 10.14434/IUJUR.V4I1.24522
T. Huber
The harmonic oscillator is a quantum mechanical system that represents one of the most basic potentials. In order to understand the behavior of a particle within this system, the time-independent Schrödinger equation was solved; in other words, its eigenfunctions and eigenvalues were found. The first goal of this study was to construct a family of single parameter potentials and corresponding eigenfunctions with a spectrum similar to that of the harmonic oscillator. This task was achieved by means of supersymmetric quantum mechanics, which utilizes an intertwining operator that relates a known Hamiltonian with another whose potential is to be built. Secondly, a generalization of the technique was used to work with the time-dependent Schrödinger equation to construct new potentials and corresponding solutions.
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