{"title":"Innovative and Applied Potential of Center of Competence ”Clean technologies for \u0000Sustainable Environment – Water, Waste, Energy for Circle Economy”","authors":"Y. Topalova","doi":"10.34049//BCC.53.A.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34049//BCC.53.A.0002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9289,"journal":{"name":"Bulgarian Chemical Communications","volume":"67 1","pages":"8-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74009355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Yankova, E. Ivanova, K. Todorova, A. Georgieva, V. Dilcheva, I. Vladov, S. Petkova, R. Toshkova, L. Velkova, P. Dolashka, I. Iliev
Hemocyanins (Hcs) are respiratory, oxygen-carrying metalloproteins that are freely dissolved in the hemolymph of many molluscs and arthropods. The interest in hemocyanins has grown significantly since it was found that they can be successfully used in immunotherapy of neoplastic diseases as non-specific or active stimulators of the immune system. The present study aims to assess the cytotoxicity, in vivo toxicity and antiproliferative activity of hemocyanins isolated from marine snail Rapana venosa (RvH), garden snails Helix lucorum (HlH) and Helix aspersa (HaH). For in vitro safety testing, 3T3 Neutral Red Uptake (NRU) test was used. The experiments for antiproliferative activity of the hemocyanins were performed by MTT assay on a panel of cell lines - a model of breast cancer. The in vivo toxicological assessment was performed by regular clinical examinations of hemocyanin-treated laboratory mice and histopathological analysis of hematoxylin/eosin stained preparations of parenchymal organs. The evaluation of the in vitro cytotoxicity showed that the tested hemocyanins does not induce toxic effects in nontumorigenic epithelial cell lines. In contrast, significant reduction of the viability of human breast carcinoma cell lines was found after treatment with high concentrations of hemocyanins. The in vivo experiments showed no signs of organ and systemic toxicity in the hemocyanin-treated animals. The presented data indicate that Hcs show a potential for development of novel anticancer therapeutics due to their beneficial properties, biosafety and lack of toxicity or side effects. Key words: hemocyanins (Hcs); cytotoxicity; antitumor activity; in vivo biosafety testing.
{"title":"Assessment of the toxicity and antiproliferative activity of hemocyanins from Helix\u0000lucorum, Helix aspersa and Rapana venosa","authors":"I. Yankova, E. Ivanova, K. Todorova, A. Georgieva, V. Dilcheva, I. Vladov, S. Petkova, R. Toshkova, L. Velkova, P. Dolashka, I. Iliev","doi":"10.34049//BCC.53.A.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34049//BCC.53.A.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Hemocyanins (Hcs) are respiratory, oxygen-carrying metalloproteins that are freely dissolved in the hemolymph of many molluscs and arthropods. The interest in hemocyanins has grown significantly since it was found that they can be successfully used in immunotherapy of neoplastic diseases as non-specific or active stimulators of the immune system. The present study aims to assess the cytotoxicity, in vivo toxicity and antiproliferative activity of hemocyanins isolated from marine snail Rapana venosa (RvH), garden snails Helix lucorum (HlH) and Helix aspersa (HaH). For in vitro safety testing, 3T3 Neutral Red Uptake (NRU) test was used. The experiments for antiproliferative activity of the hemocyanins were performed by MTT assay on a panel of cell lines - a model of breast cancer. The in vivo toxicological assessment was performed by regular clinical examinations of hemocyanin-treated laboratory mice and histopathological analysis of hematoxylin/eosin stained preparations of parenchymal organs. The evaluation of the in vitro cytotoxicity showed that the tested hemocyanins does not induce toxic effects in nontumorigenic epithelial cell lines. In contrast, significant reduction of the viability of human breast carcinoma cell lines was found after treatment with high concentrations of hemocyanins. The in vivo experiments showed no signs of organ and systemic toxicity in the hemocyanin-treated animals. The presented data indicate that Hcs show a potential for development of novel anticancer therapeutics due to their beneficial properties, biosafety and lack of toxicity or side effects. Key words: hemocyanins (Hcs); cytotoxicity; antitumor activity; in vivo biosafety testing.","PeriodicalId":9289,"journal":{"name":"Bulgarian Chemical Communications","volume":"19 1","pages":"15-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82399760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"National Research Programme “Innovative Low-Toxic Bioactive Systems for Precision Medicine (BioActiveMed)”","authors":"O. Stoilova","doi":"10.34049/BCC.53.A.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34049/BCC.53.A.0001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9289,"journal":{"name":"Bulgarian Chemical Communications","volume":"14 1","pages":"5-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86066438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Belouhova, Nora Dinova, I. Yotinov, S. Lincheva, I. Schneider, Y. Topalova
The landfill leachate is heavily polluted wastewater produced in the landfills. The management of the purification of the leachate is especially challenging and that is why new approaches and indicators are needed. The quantity, localization, interaction, clustering of the key microbial groups, responsible for the critical transformation processes can be used as indication leading to better performance of the technology. This study is focused on two bacterial groups (Anammox and Azoarcus-Thauera cluster) which have potential to serve as indicators for the landfill leachate treatment. Their quantity and activity were studied by FISH during lab-scale treatment of leachate from the Municipal Enterprise for Waste Treatment (MEWT), Sofia, Bulgaria. Two activated sludges (AS) were used – one from the MEWT and another form the WWTP (wastewater treatment plant) of Sofia. The obtained results showed that 74% of the COD was eliminated when leachate was diluted 50 and 25 times and 31% - when undiluted leachate was used. At the end of the process (21 day) the Azoarcus-Thauera group formed large aggregations in the AS from MEWT. They were 17.50% of the bacteria there while in the AS from the WWTP of Sofia they represented only 2.61%. The quantity of the anammox bacteria remained almost unchanged during the process and was 10.75% of the community from MEWT which eliminated 98 mg/L more ammonium ions at the end of the process and 6% from the community from the WWTP of Sofia. The two studied groups gave more complex information about the processes in the AS related to the elimination of the nitrogen and carbon containing pollutants. They could be used for better management of the biological processes during landfill leachate treatment. Key words: landfill leachate; anammox, Azoarcus-Thauera; activated sludge; fluorescence in-situ hybridization
{"title":"FISH investigation of the bacterial groups anammox and Azoarcus-Thauera at treatment of landfill leachate","authors":"M. Belouhova, Nora Dinova, I. Yotinov, S. Lincheva, I. Schneider, Y. Topalova","doi":"10.34049//bcc.53.a.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34049//bcc.53.a.0004","url":null,"abstract":"The landfill leachate is heavily polluted wastewater produced in the landfills. The management of the purification of the leachate is especially challenging and that is why new approaches and indicators are needed. The quantity, localization, interaction, clustering of the key microbial groups, responsible for the critical transformation processes can be used as indication leading to better performance of the technology. This study is focused on two bacterial groups (Anammox and Azoarcus-Thauera cluster) which have potential to serve as indicators for the landfill leachate treatment. Their quantity and activity were studied by FISH during lab-scale treatment of leachate from the Municipal Enterprise for Waste Treatment (MEWT), Sofia, Bulgaria. Two activated sludges (AS) were used – one from the MEWT and another form the WWTP (wastewater treatment plant) of Sofia. The obtained results showed that 74% of the COD was eliminated when leachate was diluted 50 and 25 times and 31% - when undiluted leachate was used. At the end of the process (21 day) the Azoarcus-Thauera group formed large aggregations in the AS from MEWT. They were 17.50% of the bacteria there while in the AS from the WWTP of Sofia they represented only 2.61%. The quantity of the anammox bacteria remained almost unchanged during the process and was 10.75% of the community from MEWT which eliminated 98 mg/L more ammonium ions at the end of the process and 6% from the community from the WWTP of Sofia. The two studied groups gave more complex information about the processes in the AS related to the elimination of the nitrogen and carbon containing pollutants. They could be used for better management of the biological processes during landfill leachate treatment. Key words: landfill leachate; anammox, Azoarcus-Thauera; activated sludge; fluorescence in-situ hybridization","PeriodicalId":9289,"journal":{"name":"Bulgarian Chemical Communications","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90910226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Krstic, M. Stanković, D. Đorđević, V. Dimitrijević, M. Marinković, M. Đorđević, A. Bojić
In this study, raw and chemically activated natural zeolite from Zlatokop deposit (Serbia) were investigated by FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, TGA and BET in order to define their properties as further potential sorption materials. Obtained results indicate porous (meso-pore range) and defined crystal alumino-silicate structure of these materials, with Na+, K+, such as Ca2+ and Mg2+ as dominating exchangeable cations. Content of clinoptilolite (ca. 90%) indicates the high quality of the zeolite samples. Preliminary sorption analyses of these materials toward copper(II) ion from aqueous solution showed good removal efficiency for base activated zeolite (zVBB) compared to raw natural (zVBN) and acid activated (zVBA) zeolite. Since these were preliminary sorption tests, the investigated zeolites will be further examined under different experimental conditions.
{"title":"Characterization of raw and chemically activated natural zeolite as a potential sorbent\u0000for heavy metal ions from waste water","authors":"N. Krstic, M. Stanković, D. Đorđević, V. Dimitrijević, M. Marinković, M. Đorđević, A. Bojić","doi":"10.34049/bcc.51.3.5062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34049/bcc.51.3.5062","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, raw and chemically activated natural zeolite from Zlatokop deposit (Serbia) were investigated by FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, TGA and BET in order to define their properties as further potential sorption materials. Obtained results indicate porous (meso-pore range) and defined crystal alumino-silicate structure of these materials, with Na+, K+, such as Ca2+ and Mg2+ as dominating exchangeable cations. Content of clinoptilolite (ca. 90%) indicates the high quality of the zeolite samples. Preliminary sorption analyses of these materials toward copper(II) ion from aqueous solution showed good removal efficiency for base activated zeolite (zVBB) compared to raw natural (zVBN) and acid activated (zVBA) zeolite. Since these were preliminary sorption tests, the investigated zeolites will be further\u0000examined under different experimental conditions.","PeriodicalId":9289,"journal":{"name":"Bulgarian Chemical Communications","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84574589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A series of carbazole-based 1,4-benzothiazepine and pyrazoline derivatives were synthesized and the structures of the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectral studies. All new derivatives 4(a-f) and 5(a-e) were screened for their in vitro antimicrobial activity, and also for their antimalarial activity. Compounds 4a, 4b, 4d, 5a, 5b and 5c exhibited promising antimicrobial and antimalarial activities as compared to positive control. Notably, compounds 4a, 4b and 4d showed excellent antifungal activity against Penicillium sp. comparable to that of a standard drug.
{"title":"Synthesis, antimicrobial and antimalarial activityof1, 4-benzothiazepine and pyrazolinederivatives incorporating carbazolemoiety","authors":"V. Kadnor, S. Shelke","doi":"10.34049/BCC.51.2.4921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34049/BCC.51.2.4921","url":null,"abstract":"A series of carbazole-based 1,4-benzothiazepine and pyrazoline derivatives were synthesized and the structures of the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectral studies. All new derivatives 4(a-f) and 5(a-e) were screened for their in vitro antimicrobial activity, and also for their antimalarial activity. Compounds 4a, 4b, 4d, 5a, 5b and 5c exhibited promising antimicrobial and antimalarial activities as compared to positive control. Notably, compounds 4a, 4b and 4d showed excellent antifungal activity against Penicillium sp. comparable to that of a standard drug.","PeriodicalId":9289,"journal":{"name":"Bulgarian Chemical Communications","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82868607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This work was carried out for determination of essential and toxic metals ions in different milk powder samples commonly found in Lahore (Pakistan). Samples were collected from local markets and after dry ashing, they were dissolved in 2M nitric acid for complete mineralization. Then the concentration of metal ions was determined by flame photometry and atomic absorption spectrometry. The concentration levels of cadmium, lead and nickel were found to be below detection limits in all samples, whereas the maximum values of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc were 48.55, 0.96, 4.94 mg/g, and 768, 4.12 and 3.02 μg/g respectively. Minimum amounts of these metal ions were: 3.69, 0.07, 0.85 mg/g and 214, 0.21, 1.02 μg/g, respectively. The amounts of all metal ions were found to be within safe limits as recommended by WHO.
{"title":"Spectrophotometric determination of significant minerals in milk samples found in Lahore (Pakistan) for ensuring food safety","authors":"R. Rehman, T. Tanveer","doi":"10.34049/BCC.51.2.4833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34049/BCC.51.2.4833","url":null,"abstract":"This work was carried out for determination of essential and toxic metals ions in different milk powder samples commonly found in Lahore (Pakistan). Samples were collected from local markets and after dry ashing, they were dissolved in 2M nitric acid for complete mineralization. Then the concentration of metal ions was determined by flame photometry and atomic absorption spectrometry. The concentration levels of cadmium, lead and nickel were found to be below detection limits in all samples, whereas the maximum values of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc were 48.55, 0.96, 4.94 mg/g, and 768, 4.12 and 3.02 μg/g respectively. Minimum amounts of these metal ions were: 3.69, 0.07, 0.85 mg/g and 214, 0.21, 1.02 μg/g, respectively. The amounts of all metal ions were found to be within safe limits as recommended by WHO.","PeriodicalId":9289,"journal":{"name":"Bulgarian Chemical Communications","volume":"168 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91321542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The scope of this paper is the investigation of the effect of precipitation on an EN AW-6060 aluminum alloy by measuring mechanical, physical, and thermal properties. According to the exothermic peaks that appeared on the DSC thermogram and thermal diffusivity curve, parameters for isochronal aging treatment were defined. Thermal, mechanical, physical, and structural properties were investigated during the isochronal aging. The maximal enhancement of mechanical properties was achieved after aging at 230 °C for 30 min, whereas the most favorable thermal properties were obtained after aging at the same temperature for 60 min. During the aging, the precipitation from the solid solution caused a gradual increase in electrical conductivity. SEM/EDS microstructural investigations confirmed the existence of precipitated phases and provided the insight into their distribution within the microstructure. Keywords: aluminum alloys, EN AW-6060, aging, heat treatment, thermal properties
{"title":"The influence of isochronal aging on the mechanical and thermophysical properties of the EN AW-6060 aluminum alloy","authors":"Uroš Stamenković, S. Ivanov, I. Marković","doi":"10.34049/bcc.51.3.5018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34049/bcc.51.3.5018","url":null,"abstract":"The scope of this paper is the investigation of the effect of precipitation on an EN AW-6060 aluminum alloy by measuring mechanical, physical, and thermal properties. According to the exothermic peaks that appeared on the DSC thermogram and thermal diffusivity curve, parameters for isochronal aging treatment were defined. Thermal, mechanical, physical, and structural properties were investigated during the isochronal aging. The maximal enhancement of mechanical properties was achieved after aging at 230 °C for 30 min, whereas the most favorable thermal properties were obtained after aging at the same temperature for 60 min. During the aging, the precipitation from the solid solution caused a gradual increase in electrical conductivity. SEM/EDS microstructural investigations confirmed the existence of precipitated phases and provided the insight into their distribution within the microstructure. Keywords: aluminum alloys, EN AW-6060, aging, heat treatment, thermal properties","PeriodicalId":9289,"journal":{"name":"Bulgarian Chemical Communications","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80723041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. F. Júnior, N. Rocha, W. Pereira, Nadine P. Merlo
In this study, Purolite resins and activated carbon (AC) were used to remove LAS (linear dodecyl benzene sulfonate) from water. In some cases the conventional filtration at constant pressure released a negligible amount of residual surfactant (< 0.1 mg L-1). Adsorption characteristics were investigated with anionic, cationic and mixed resins and activated carbon with different sizes. LAS adsorption onto the solid material was studied in a solution of low concentration (0.50 mg L-1). For comparison, some filters filled with resins and activated carbon were prepared, characterized and connected to the recipient bottom for filtration. The size of carbon particles really influenced the results, and the anionic resin exhibited better adsorption capacity than the others in this study. The ANOVA response surface analyses properly confirmed the experimental results. Keywords: resins; activated carbon; filtration; continuous process; adsorption.
{"title":"Removal of LAS from water by activated carbon and resins in continuous process","authors":"M. F. Júnior, N. Rocha, W. Pereira, Nadine P. Merlo","doi":"10.34049/bcc.51.3.5012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34049/bcc.51.3.5012","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, Purolite resins and activated carbon (AC) were used to remove LAS (linear dodecyl benzene sulfonate) from water. In some cases the conventional filtration at constant pressure released a negligible amount of residual surfactant (< 0.1 mg L-1). Adsorption characteristics were investigated with anionic, cationic and mixed resins and activated carbon with different sizes. LAS adsorption onto the solid material was studied in a solution of low concentration (0.50 mg L-1). For comparison, some filters filled with resins and activated carbon were prepared, characterized and connected to the recipient bottom for filtration. The size of carbon particles really influenced the results, and the anionic resin exhibited better adsorption capacity than the others in this study. The ANOVA response surface analyses properly confirmed the experimental results. Keywords: resins; activated carbon; filtration; continuous process; adsorption.","PeriodicalId":9289,"journal":{"name":"Bulgarian Chemical Communications","volume":"103 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86836842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
High ultrasonic-assisted extraction technology (INEFU) was employed to extract the active components from natural materials (green coffee beans, Citrus madurensis, Centella asiatica, Laminaria Japonica). The extraction conditions were optimized by a response surface method and Box-Behnken design. The active component yields were obtained under the optimum parameters: ultrasound power (1800 watts), ultrasonication time, and particle size. After INEFU of natural materials (green coffee beans, Citrus madurensis, Centella asiatica and Laminaria Japonica) the products were analyzed with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). HPLC analysis showed that the four natural materials were composed of different combinations of vitamin C, polyphenols, chlorogenic acid, caffein, caffeic acid, asiaticoside and alginic acid. In addition, the INEFU results showed that natural materials can yield more active components during a simulated extraction process.
{"title":"Optimization of high ultrasound-assisted extraction (INEFU) of active components from natural materials by response HPLC-PDA analysis","authors":"S. Seo, Y. M. Kim","doi":"10.34049/BCC.51.2.5051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34049/BCC.51.2.5051","url":null,"abstract":"High ultrasonic-assisted extraction technology (INEFU) was employed to extract the active components from natural materials (green coffee beans, Citrus madurensis, Centella asiatica, Laminaria Japonica). The extraction conditions were optimized by a response surface method and Box-Behnken design. The active component yields were obtained under the optimum parameters: ultrasound power (1800 watts), ultrasonication time, and particle size. After INEFU of natural materials (green coffee beans, Citrus madurensis, Centella asiatica and Laminaria Japonica) the products were analyzed with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). HPLC analysis showed that the four natural materials were composed of different combinations of vitamin C, polyphenols, chlorogenic acid, caffein, caffeic acid, asiaticoside and alginic acid. In addition, the INEFU results showed that natural materials can yield more active components during a simulated extraction process.","PeriodicalId":9289,"journal":{"name":"Bulgarian Chemical Communications","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80123158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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