Background: Despite over 90% of vision impairment (VI) being preventable, in China, a routine screening programme is currently unavailable in primary healthcare. Robust epidemiological evidence is needed to guide national strategies.
Method: Using Global Burden of Disease 2021 data, we estimated prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), and age-standardized rates of VI by cause and severity. Temporal changes were decomposed into contributions from population growth, ageing, and shifts in age-specific prevalence. Estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) assessed trends, and Bayesian age-period-cohort models projected burden to 2040.
Results: In 2021, China had 767.4 million (95% UI 576.6 to 1009.3) VI cases, comprising: 324.4 million (237.7 to 435.4) uncorrected presbyopia, 4.1 million (3.4 to 5.0) moderate VI, 46.7 million (39.4 to 55.3) severe VI and 8.6 million (7.0 to 10.2) blindness. Population ageing emerged as the predominant driver, accounting for 164.25% of the cataract-related burden increase. Women had a higher burden than men (53.79% of cases; 54.87% of YLDs), and the burden peaked at older ages. Uncorrected refractive errors and cataracts were the leading aetiologies, constituting 50.65% of moderate VI and 35.08% of blindness. Projections indicate that by 2040, the age-standardised YLD rate for VI may nearly double from 2021 levels, reaching 596.4 (95% UI 72.0 to 1240.4) per 100 000 population.
Conclusions: VI is a growing public health challenge in China, driven primarily by ageing. Many cases are preventable, underscoring the need for targeted interventions, particularly among women and older adults.
{"title":"Nationwide age-, sex-, cause-specific burden of blindness and vision impairment in China.","authors":"Xiao Guo, Ruilin Xiong, Jingwei Yao, Huangdong Li, Ziyu Zhu, Yanping Chen, Wenyong Huang, Mingguang He, Wei Wang","doi":"10.1136/bjo-2025-327389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo-2025-327389","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Despite over 90% of vision impairment (VI) being preventable, in China, a routine screening programme is currently unavailable in primary healthcare. Robust epidemiological evidence is needed to guide national strategies.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Using Global Burden of Disease 2021 data, we estimated prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), and age-standardized rates of VI by cause and severity. Temporal changes were decomposed into contributions from population growth, ageing, and shifts in age-specific prevalence. Estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) assessed trends, and Bayesian age-period-cohort models projected burden to 2040.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In 2021, China had 767.4 million (95% UI 576.6 to 1009.3) VI cases, comprising: 324.4 million (237.7 to 435.4) uncorrected presbyopia, 4.1 million (3.4 to 5.0) moderate VI, 46.7 million (39.4 to 55.3) severe VI and 8.6 million (7.0 to 10.2) blindness. Population ageing emerged as the predominant driver, accounting for 164.25% of the cataract-related burden increase. Women had a higher burden than men (53.79% of cases; 54.87% of YLDs), and the burden peaked at older ages. Uncorrected refractive errors and cataracts were the leading aetiologies, constituting 50.65% of moderate VI and 35.08% of blindness. Projections indicate that by 2040, the age-standardised YLD rate for VI may nearly double from 2021 levels, reaching 596.4 (95% UI 72.0 to 1240.4) per 100 000 population.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>VI is a growing public health challenge in China, driven primarily by ageing. Many cases are preventable, underscoring the need for targeted interventions, particularly among women and older adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":9313,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146099701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
George Varghese Puthuran,Paul Frederic Palmberg,Sruthi Talla,Ann Mary Mathews,Jyotish Kumar Khilar,Mary Anto,Iswarya Mani,Subbaiah Ramasamy Krishnadas,Alan L Robin,Steven J Gedde
PURPOSETo report long-term outcomes of Aurolab aqueous drainage implant (AADI) surgery in adults with refractory glaucoma.DESIGNRetrospective, non-comparative, interventional case series.METHODSCase records of patients aged >18 years who underwent AADI surgery between 2012 and 2018 and had >5 years of follow-up were reviewed. Intraocular pressure (IOP), visual acuity, number of IOP-lowering medications, complications and reoperations were recorded at baseline and at 1 day, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year and annually thereafter. Failure was defined as IOP>21 mmHg or reduced<20% below the baseline, IOP≤5 mmHg, reoperation for glaucoma or a complication or loss of light perception vision.RESULTSThe study included 282 eyes from 282 patients. Age (mean±SD) was 45.2±12.3 years, and 191 (68%) were men. Secondary angle closure glaucoma was the most common aetiologic group (30%), followed by secondary open angle glaucoma (25%) and primary open angle glaucoma (22%). IOP (mean±SD) decreased from 33.1±10.4 mmHg at baseline to 16.5±6.5 mmHg at 5 years. The cumulative probability of failure was 34.4% (95% CI 29.2 to 40.3) at 5 years. Corneal endothelial decompensation was the most common complication occurring in 32 eyes (11%). Delayed hypotony was seen in only four eyes (1.4%). After adjusting for age, sex and previous trabeculectomy, eyes with secondary glaucoma had a 32% lower risk of failure (HR=0.68, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.94, p=0.02).CONCLUSIONThe AADI showed good control of IOP over 5 years, but corneal endothelial decompensation remains a concern.
目的报道成人难治性青光眼aurorlab水引流植入（AADI）手术的远期疗效。设计回顾性、非比较性、干预性病例系列。方法回顾性分析2012年至2018年接受AADI手术并随访5年的bb10 ~ 18岁患者的病例记录。记录两组患者在基线及术后1天、1个月、3个月、6个月、1年及每年的眼压、视力、降眼压药物用量、并发症及再手术情况。失败的定义为IOP低于21 mmHg或低于基线降低<20%,IOP≤5 mmHg，青光眼再手术或并发症或光感知视力丧失。结果本研究纳入282例患者的282只眼。年龄（平均±SD）为45.2±12.3岁，男性191例（68%）。继发性闭角型青光眼是最常见的病因组（30%），其次是继发性开角型青光眼（25%）和原发性开角型青光眼（22%）。IOP（平均±SD）从基线时的33.1±10.4 mmHg下降到5年后的16.5±6.5 mmHg。5年累计失败概率为34.4% （95% CI 29.2 ~ 40.3）。角膜内皮失代偿是最常见的并发症，发生在32只眼（11%）。延迟性低斜视仅出现4只眼（1.4%）。在调整年龄、性别和既往小梁切除术后，继发性青光眼的失败风险降低32% （HR=0.68, 95% CI 0.50 ~ 0.94, p=0.02）。结论AADI在5年内对IOP有较好的控制，但角膜内皮失代偿仍然值得关注。
{"title":"Long-term outcomes of Aurolab aqueous drainage implant in adults with refractory glaucoma.","authors":"George Varghese Puthuran,Paul Frederic Palmberg,Sruthi Talla,Ann Mary Mathews,Jyotish Kumar Khilar,Mary Anto,Iswarya Mani,Subbaiah Ramasamy Krishnadas,Alan L Robin,Steven J Gedde","doi":"10.1136/bjo-2025-327124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo-2025-327124","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSETo report long-term outcomes of Aurolab aqueous drainage implant (AADI) surgery in adults with refractory glaucoma.DESIGNRetrospective, non-comparative, interventional case series.METHODSCase records of patients aged >18 years who underwent AADI surgery between 2012 and 2018 and had >5 years of follow-up were reviewed. Intraocular pressure (IOP), visual acuity, number of IOP-lowering medications, complications and reoperations were recorded at baseline and at 1 day, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year and annually thereafter. Failure was defined as IOP>21 mmHg or reduced<20% below the baseline, IOP≤5 mmHg, reoperation for glaucoma or a complication or loss of light perception vision.RESULTSThe study included 282 eyes from 282 patients. Age (mean±SD) was 45.2±12.3 years, and 191 (68%) were men. Secondary angle closure glaucoma was the most common aetiologic group (30%), followed by secondary open angle glaucoma (25%) and primary open angle glaucoma (22%). IOP (mean±SD) decreased from 33.1±10.4 mmHg at baseline to 16.5±6.5 mmHg at 5 years. The cumulative probability of failure was 34.4% (95% CI 29.2 to 40.3) at 5 years. Corneal endothelial decompensation was the most common complication occurring in 32 eyes (11%). Delayed hypotony was seen in only four eyes (1.4%). After adjusting for age, sex and previous trabeculectomy, eyes with secondary glaucoma had a 32% lower risk of failure (HR=0.68, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.94, p=0.02).CONCLUSIONThe AADI showed good control of IOP over 5 years, but corneal endothelial decompensation remains a concern.","PeriodicalId":9313,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146073077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emma Oreskovic,Axel Petzold,Ioannis Nikolaos Petropoulos,Scott Hau
Corneal confocal microscopy (CCM) is a non-invasive imaging technique that enables quantification of the corneal sub-basal nerve plexus and has emerged as a potential surrogate biomarker for peripheral neurodegeneration. This scoping review evaluated current evidence on the use of CCM in assessing corneal nerve fibre changes across neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) and explored its potential as a paraclinical diagnostic and monitoring tool. A comprehensive search of PubMed and Scopus was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines to identify studies reporting quantitative CCM metrics, including corneal nerve fibre density (CNFD), corneal nerve branch density (CNBD) and corneal nerve fibre length (CNFL). Both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of patients with NDDs were included, and findings were narratively synthesised. 50 studies were included: Parkinson's disease (n=13), multiple sclerosis (n=11), cerebrovascular accidents (n=7), post-COVID-19 neuropathy (n=5), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (n=4), chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (n=4), Alzheimer's disease (n=3), Fabry disease (n=2) and neurofibromatosis type 1 (n=1). CNFL and CNFD were consistently reduced in Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, cerebrovascular accidents, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy and post-COVID-19 neuropathy, whereas CNBD results were inconsistent. The strongest evidence supported the role of CCM in Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis. CNFL and CNFD emerged as the most reliable CCM-derived metrics across NDDs, supporting their potential as objective biomarkers for neurodegeneration. While findings support the potential of CCM as a paraclinical diagnostic tool, methodological heterogeneity in image acquisition, analysis software and study design limited comparability. Standardised imaging and analysis protocols are needed to enable broader clinical application and validation across NDDs.
{"title":"Corneal confocal microscopy as a paraclinical test in neurodegenerative disease: a scoping review.","authors":"Emma Oreskovic,Axel Petzold,Ioannis Nikolaos Petropoulos,Scott Hau","doi":"10.1136/bjo-2025-328181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo-2025-328181","url":null,"abstract":"Corneal confocal microscopy (CCM) is a non-invasive imaging technique that enables quantification of the corneal sub-basal nerve plexus and has emerged as a potential surrogate biomarker for peripheral neurodegeneration. This scoping review evaluated current evidence on the use of CCM in assessing corneal nerve fibre changes across neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) and explored its potential as a paraclinical diagnostic and monitoring tool. A comprehensive search of PubMed and Scopus was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines to identify studies reporting quantitative CCM metrics, including corneal nerve fibre density (CNFD), corneal nerve branch density (CNBD) and corneal nerve fibre length (CNFL). Both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of patients with NDDs were included, and findings were narratively synthesised. 50 studies were included: Parkinson's disease (n=13), multiple sclerosis (n=11), cerebrovascular accidents (n=7), post-COVID-19 neuropathy (n=5), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (n=4), chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (n=4), Alzheimer's disease (n=3), Fabry disease (n=2) and neurofibromatosis type 1 (n=1). CNFL and CNFD were consistently reduced in Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, cerebrovascular accidents, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy and post-COVID-19 neuropathy, whereas CNBD results were inconsistent. The strongest evidence supported the role of CCM in Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis. CNFL and CNFD emerged as the most reliable CCM-derived metrics across NDDs, supporting their potential as objective biomarkers for neurodegeneration. While findings support the potential of CCM as a paraclinical diagnostic tool, methodological heterogeneity in image acquisition, analysis software and study design limited comparability. Standardised imaging and analysis protocols are needed to enable broader clinical application and validation across NDDs.","PeriodicalId":9313,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146069868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Megan Paul,Jennifer Lee,Ken Kitayama,Deyu Pan,Fei Yu,Victoria L Tseng,Anne L Coleman
BACKGROUND/AIMSThe literature surrounding the relationship between obesity and glaucoma is conflicting. The aim of this study was to examine associations between obesity, metabolic syndrome (MetS) and glaucoma prevalence in the National Institutes of Health All of Us (AoU) research programme.METHODS156 362 individuals over age 40 were included in analyses. Obesity was defined by (1) body mass index (BMI) and (2) central obesity based on waist circumference (WC). MetS was defined as ≥3 of the following: central obesity (CO), triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (<40 mg/dL for men and <50 mg/dL for women), blood pressure ≥130/85 mm Hg and fasting glucose ≥100 mg/dL or non-fasting glucose ≥140 mg/dL. Metabolic Syndrome Severity Score (MSSS) was captured as a continuous measure of MetS. Logistic regression models examined associations between (1) BMI, (2) CO, (3) WC, (4) MetS, (5) MSSS and glaucoma prevalence.RESULTSOverweight (OR 0.80 (95% CI 0.74 to 0.86)) and obese (OR 0.79 (95% CI 0.74 to 0.85)) individuals based on BMI and those with CO (OR 0.87 (95% CI 0.83 to 0.93)) and increased WC (OR 0.97 (95% CI 0.95 to 0.99)) had lower odds of glaucoma compared with non-overweight individuals. Individuals with MetS (OR 1.35 (95% CI 1.27 to 1.44)) and higher MSSS (OR 1.19 (95% CI 1.16 to 1.22)) had increased odds of glaucoma compared with individuals without MetS.CONCLUSIONIn AoU, higher BMI and increased WC were associated with a lower likelihood of glaucoma, while MetS was associated with an increased likelihood of glaucoma.
背景/目的围绕肥胖和青光眼之间关系的文献是相互矛盾的。本研究的目的是在美国国立卫生研究院所有人（AoU）研究项目中研究肥胖、代谢综合征（MetS）和青光眼患病率之间的关系。方法156 362例40岁以上的个体纳入分析。肥胖的定义是(1)体重指数（BMI）和(2)基于腰围（WC）的中心型肥胖。MetS定义为以下≥3项：中心性肥胖（CO），甘油三酯≥150 mg/dL，高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（男性<40 mg/dL，女性<50 mg/dL），血压≥130/85 mm Hg，空腹血糖≥100 mg/dL或非空腹血糖≥140 mg/dL。代谢综合征严重程度评分（MSSS）作为MetS的连续测量。Logistic回归模型检验了(1)BMI、(2)CO、(3)WC、(4)MetS、(5)mss与青光眼患病率之间的关系。结果：体重超重（OR 0.80 (95% CI 0.74 ~ 0.86)）和肥胖（OR 0.79 (95% CI 0.74 ~ 0.85)）以及CO （OR 0.87 (95% CI 0.83 ~ 0.93)）和WC增加（OR 0.97 (95% CI 0.95 ~ 0.99)）的个体与非超重个体相比，青光眼的发生率较低。MetS患者（OR 1.35 (95% CI 1.27 ~ 1.44)）和较高的MSSS患者（OR 1.19 (95% CI 1.16 ~ 1.22)）与没有MetS的患者相比，青光眼的发生率增加。结论：在AoU中，较高的BMI和增加的WC与青光眼的可能性降低相关，而MetS与青光眼的可能性增加相关。
{"title":"Associations between obesity, metabolic syndrome and glaucoma in the National Institutes of Health 'All of Us' research programme.","authors":"Megan Paul,Jennifer Lee,Ken Kitayama,Deyu Pan,Fei Yu,Victoria L Tseng,Anne L Coleman","doi":"10.1136/bjo-2025-328112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo-2025-328112","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND/AIMSThe literature surrounding the relationship between obesity and glaucoma is conflicting. The aim of this study was to examine associations between obesity, metabolic syndrome (MetS) and glaucoma prevalence in the National Institutes of Health All of Us (AoU) research programme.METHODS156 362 individuals over age 40 were included in analyses. Obesity was defined by (1) body mass index (BMI) and (2) central obesity based on waist circumference (WC). MetS was defined as ≥3 of the following: central obesity (CO), triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (<40 mg/dL for men and <50 mg/dL for women), blood pressure ≥130/85 mm Hg and fasting glucose ≥100 mg/dL or non-fasting glucose ≥140 mg/dL. Metabolic Syndrome Severity Score (MSSS) was captured as a continuous measure of MetS. Logistic regression models examined associations between (1) BMI, (2) CO, (3) WC, (4) MetS, (5) MSSS and glaucoma prevalence.RESULTSOverweight (OR 0.80 (95% CI 0.74 to 0.86)) and obese (OR 0.79 (95% CI 0.74 to 0.85)) individuals based on BMI and those with CO (OR 0.87 (95% CI 0.83 to 0.93)) and increased WC (OR 0.97 (95% CI 0.95 to 0.99)) had lower odds of glaucoma compared with non-overweight individuals. Individuals with MetS (OR 1.35 (95% CI 1.27 to 1.44)) and higher MSSS (OR 1.19 (95% CI 1.16 to 1.22)) had increased odds of glaucoma compared with individuals without MetS.CONCLUSIONIn AoU, higher BMI and increased WC were associated with a lower likelihood of glaucoma, while MetS was associated with an increased likelihood of glaucoma.","PeriodicalId":9313,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"86 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146069852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kyoung A Viola Lee,Carsten Langholm,Trevor Lin,Kimberly Jin,Inas F Aboobakar,Isdin Oke,Mary C Whitman
AIMSTo evaluate the adult health consequences of amblyopia, including sensory deficits, mental health, physical activity and cardiovascular health.METHODSA cross-sectional study using data from the National Institutes of Health's All of Us Research Program, including 1998 adults with amblyopia (1335 non-strabismic, 663 strabismic) identified by International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9/ICD-10/Systemized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED) codes, including 187 with Fitbit data. Controls (10:1 ratio) were propensity-score-matched on age, sex, self-reported race, income and healthcare visits. Separate matched control groups were used for Fitbit and subgroup analyses. Data from electronic health records, surveys and Fitbit were used to assess sensory impairments, cardiometabolic conditions, physical activity and neuropsychiatric disorders. Prevalence and ORs with 95% CIs were calculated to assess associations between amblyopia (total, strabismic and non-strabismic) and health outcomes.RESULTSAmblyopia was associated with increased odds of bilateral blindness (OR=2.96, 95% CI 2.54 to 3.44), obesity (OR=1.27, 95% CI 1.16 to 1.39), type 2 diabetes (OR=1.39, 95% CI 1.26 to 1.53) and cardiovascular disease (OR=1.92, 95% CI 1.69 to 2.19). Amblyopic individuals took fewer daily steps (5859 vs 6229; p=0.044), indicating decreased physical activity. Neuropsychiatric disorders were more common, including generalised anxiety (OR=1.57, 95% CI 1.43 to 1.72), substance use disorder (OR=1.40, 95% CI 1.25 to 1.55), bipolar disorder (OR=1.35, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.61), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (OR=1.54, 95% CI 1.28 to 1.86), obsessive compulsive disorder (OR=1.82, 95% CI 1.31 to 2.54) and autism (OR=3.27, 95% CI 1.79 to 5.99). Schizophrenia was not associated (OR=1.00, 95% CI 0.70 to 1.42).CONCLUSIONSAmblyopia is associated with long-term systemic health conditions, suggesting either long-term effects of visual impairment or shared underlying risk factors. These findings underscore the need for early detection and intervention. Further research is needed to explore the neurodevelopmental pathways linking amblyopia and its comorbidities.
目的评价弱视对成人健康的影响，包括感觉缺陷、心理健康、身体活动和心血管健康。方法采用美国国立卫生研究院“我们所有人”研究计划的数据进行横断面研究，包括1998名由国际疾病分类(ICD)-9/ICD-10/系统化医学命名法（SNOMED）代码确定的弱视成人（1335名非斜视，663名斜视），其中187名具有Fitbit数据。对照组（10:1）在年龄、性别、自我报告的种族、收入和医疗保健访问方面与倾向得分匹配。Fitbit和亚组分析采用单独匹配的对照组。来自电子健康记录、调查和Fitbit的数据被用来评估感觉障碍、心脏代谢状况、身体活动和神经精神疾病。计算患病率和95% ci的or，以评估弱视（全弱视、斜视和非斜视）与健康结果之间的关系。结果弱视与双侧失明（OR=2.96, 95% CI 2.54 ~ 3.44）、肥胖（OR=1.27, 95% CI 1.16 ~ 1.39）、2型糖尿病（OR=1.39, 95% CI 1.26 ~ 1.53）和心血管疾病（OR=1.92, 95% CI 1.69 ~ 2.19）的几率增加相关。弱视个体每天走的步数较少（5859 vs 6229; p=0.044），表明体力活动减少。神经精神疾病更为常见，包括广泛性焦虑（OR=1.57, 95% CI 1.43至1.72）、物质使用障碍（OR=1.40, 95% CI 1.25至1.55）、双相情感障碍（OR=1.35, 95% CI 1.13至1.61）、注意力缺陷/多动障碍（OR=1.54, 95% CI 1.28至1.86）、强迫症（OR=1.82, 95% CI 1.31至2.54）和自闭症（OR=3.27, 95% CI 1.79至5.99）。与精神分裂症无关（OR=1.00, 95% CI 0.70 ~ 1.42）。结论弱视与长期全身性健康状况有关，可能是视力障碍的长期影响，也可能是共同的潜在危险因素。这些发现强调了早期发现和干预的必要性。弱视及其合并症的神经发育途径有待进一步研究。
{"title":"Amblyopia and adult health: a comprehensive analysis of long-term systemic, sensory and mental health comorbidities in a national cohort.","authors":"Kyoung A Viola Lee,Carsten Langholm,Trevor Lin,Kimberly Jin,Inas F Aboobakar,Isdin Oke,Mary C Whitman","doi":"10.1136/bjo-2025-328653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo-2025-328653","url":null,"abstract":"AIMSTo evaluate the adult health consequences of amblyopia, including sensory deficits, mental health, physical activity and cardiovascular health.METHODSA cross-sectional study using data from the National Institutes of Health's All of Us Research Program, including 1998 adults with amblyopia (1335 non-strabismic, 663 strabismic) identified by International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9/ICD-10/Systemized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED) codes, including 187 with Fitbit data. Controls (10:1 ratio) were propensity-score-matched on age, sex, self-reported race, income and healthcare visits. Separate matched control groups were used for Fitbit and subgroup analyses. Data from electronic health records, surveys and Fitbit were used to assess sensory impairments, cardiometabolic conditions, physical activity and neuropsychiatric disorders. Prevalence and ORs with 95% CIs were calculated to assess associations between amblyopia (total, strabismic and non-strabismic) and health outcomes.RESULTSAmblyopia was associated with increased odds of bilateral blindness (OR=2.96, 95% CI 2.54 to 3.44), obesity (OR=1.27, 95% CI 1.16 to 1.39), type 2 diabetes (OR=1.39, 95% CI 1.26 to 1.53) and cardiovascular disease (OR=1.92, 95% CI 1.69 to 2.19). Amblyopic individuals took fewer daily steps (5859 vs 6229; p=0.044), indicating decreased physical activity. Neuropsychiatric disorders were more common, including generalised anxiety (OR=1.57, 95% CI 1.43 to 1.72), substance use disorder (OR=1.40, 95% CI 1.25 to 1.55), bipolar disorder (OR=1.35, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.61), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (OR=1.54, 95% CI 1.28 to 1.86), obsessive compulsive disorder (OR=1.82, 95% CI 1.31 to 2.54) and autism (OR=3.27, 95% CI 1.79 to 5.99). Schizophrenia was not associated (OR=1.00, 95% CI 0.70 to 1.42).CONCLUSIONSAmblyopia is associated with long-term systemic health conditions, suggesting either long-term effects of visual impairment or shared underlying risk factors. These findings underscore the need for early detection and intervention. Further research is needed to explore the neurodevelopmental pathways linking amblyopia and its comorbidities.","PeriodicalId":9313,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146056422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tong Liu,Mengyuan Hu,Xin Liu,Zongrong Wang,Ke Yao,Min Chen,Kaijun Wang
BACKGROUNDIntraocular pressure (IOP) exhibits significant fluctuations in response to changes in body posture. Postural modification may serve as a potential adjunctive strategy for IOP management in glaucoma patients.METHODSA total of 144 patients with glaucoma were enrolled in this study. IOP was measured and compared between the high-pillow position (head elevated by 20-35° using two pillows) and the supine position. Additionally, changes in jugular venous lumen in response to postural variation were evaluated via ultrasonography in 20 healthy volunteers.RESULTSCompared with the supine position, the high-pillow position was associated with significantly elevated IOP, increased 24-hour IOP fluctuation and reduced ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) (all p<0.001). Greater postural IOP fluctuation (ΔIOP) was observed in younger individuals (p=0.027) and patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) (p<0.001). Multiple regression analysis identified thicker central corneal thickness and the presence of POAG (vs normal-tension glaucoma) as positive predictors of larger ΔIOP changes (both p<0.05). Ultrasonography in healthy volunteers revealed significant constriction of both internal and external jugular venous lumen in the high-pillow position (all p<0.001), accompanied by an increase in maximum blood flow velocity of the internal jugular vein (p=0.013).CONCLUSIONCompared with the supine position, the high-pillow position is associated with increased IOP and decreased OPP in patients with glaucoma, which may be linked to jugular venous compression. Patients with glaucoma may benefit from avoiding sleeping postures that induce jugular venous compression to mitigate postural IOP elevation, though further studies are needed to validate these preliminary associations.
{"title":"Association of high-pillow sleeping posture with intraocular pressure in patients with glaucoma.","authors":"Tong Liu,Mengyuan Hu,Xin Liu,Zongrong Wang,Ke Yao,Min Chen,Kaijun Wang","doi":"10.1136/bjo-2025-328037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo-2025-328037","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDIntraocular pressure (IOP) exhibits significant fluctuations in response to changes in body posture. Postural modification may serve as a potential adjunctive strategy for IOP management in glaucoma patients.METHODSA total of 144 patients with glaucoma were enrolled in this study. IOP was measured and compared between the high-pillow position (head elevated by 20-35° using two pillows) and the supine position. Additionally, changes in jugular venous lumen in response to postural variation were evaluated via ultrasonography in 20 healthy volunteers.RESULTSCompared with the supine position, the high-pillow position was associated with significantly elevated IOP, increased 24-hour IOP fluctuation and reduced ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) (all p<0.001). Greater postural IOP fluctuation (ΔIOP) was observed in younger individuals (p=0.027) and patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) (p<0.001). Multiple regression analysis identified thicker central corneal thickness and the presence of POAG (vs normal-tension glaucoma) as positive predictors of larger ΔIOP changes (both p<0.05). Ultrasonography in healthy volunteers revealed significant constriction of both internal and external jugular venous lumen in the high-pillow position (all p<0.001), accompanied by an increase in maximum blood flow velocity of the internal jugular vein (p=0.013).CONCLUSIONCompared with the supine position, the high-pillow position is associated with increased IOP and decreased OPP in patients with glaucoma, which may be linked to jugular venous compression. Patients with glaucoma may benefit from avoiding sleeping postures that induce jugular venous compression to mitigate postural IOP elevation, though further studies are needed to validate these preliminary associations.","PeriodicalId":9313,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146056482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiawei Shen,Abiye Tigabu,Shyam K Mishra,Umme Urmi,Jerome Ozkan,Fiona Stapleton,Muhammad Yasir,Mark Willcox
Ocular infections, caused by a variety of microbes, are likely to become more difficult to treat due to the global increase in antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Traditional assays for resistance only analyse a small proportion of the possible resistance capability of microbes. This review discusses the use of genomic datasets for predicting AMR and their current applications in investigating ocular infections. The use of whole genome sequencing coupled with several large databases on antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) can predict phenotypic resistance and multidrug resistance in bacteria. Use of this technology for viral and fungal infections is less advanced and would be a useful area for future research. Metagenomic analysis of the ocular surface microbiome for ARGs could be a sensitive and rapid method for tracking resistance in ocular infections, and monitoring commensal reservoirs of transferable ARGs. Applications of these newer technologies to ocular infections also have the potential to assess the long-term impact of topical antibiotics, disinfectants and preservative use on the ocular microbiome, as well as being used in epidemiological studies to study acquisition and transmission of ARGs.
{"title":"Antimicrobial resistance surveillance: lessons learnt from large databases of antimicrobial resistance genes.","authors":"Jiawei Shen,Abiye Tigabu,Shyam K Mishra,Umme Urmi,Jerome Ozkan,Fiona Stapleton,Muhammad Yasir,Mark Willcox","doi":"10.1136/bjo-2025-328620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo-2025-328620","url":null,"abstract":"Ocular infections, caused by a variety of microbes, are likely to become more difficult to treat due to the global increase in antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Traditional assays for resistance only analyse a small proportion of the possible resistance capability of microbes. This review discusses the use of genomic datasets for predicting AMR and their current applications in investigating ocular infections. The use of whole genome sequencing coupled with several large databases on antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) can predict phenotypic resistance and multidrug resistance in bacteria. Use of this technology for viral and fungal infections is less advanced and would be a useful area for future research. Metagenomic analysis of the ocular surface microbiome for ARGs could be a sensitive and rapid method for tracking resistance in ocular infections, and monitoring commensal reservoirs of transferable ARGs. Applications of these newer technologies to ocular infections also have the potential to assess the long-term impact of topical antibiotics, disinfectants and preservative use on the ocular microbiome, as well as being used in epidemiological studies to study acquisition and transmission of ARGs.","PeriodicalId":9313,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146033614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background/aims: Cataracts remain the leading cause of global blindness, particularly among ageing populations. This study evaluates the evolving burden of cataracts from 1990 to 2021, examines gender and socioeconomic disparities, assesses key risk factors and projects trends to 2050.
Methods: Data from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 database were systematically analysed across 204 countries, 21 regions and 5 sociodemographic index (SDI) levels. Indicators, including cataract prevalence, age-standardised prevalence rates, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and age-standardised DALY rates (ASDR), were assessed. Decomposition analysis quantified the impacts of population growth, ageing and healthcare improvements, while Bayesian age-period-cohort models forecast trends to 2050. Joinpoint regression identified temporal trends, and health inequality metrics evaluated disparities. Risk factor contributions, such as air pollution, high BMI and metabolic risks, were also analysed.
Results: Global cataract prevalence increased significantly due to aging and population growth, while ASDR decreased, reflecting improved disease management. Disparities persist, with South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa bearing the highest burden due to limited surgical access, and females consistently exhibiting higher cataract burdens. Key contributors included air pollution and metabolic disorders, particularly in low-SDI regions. Predictions indicate a continued rise in global cataract cases and DALYs by 2050 under current demographic and epidemiological trends.
Conclusions: This study highlights persistent inequities in cataract burden and underscores the urgent need for tailored prevention, equitable surgical access and policies addressing ageing populations and modifiable risks to manage the rise in global cataract cases by 2050. Future policies should focus on improving surgical accessibility in low-SDI regions, enhancing chronic disease prevention and leveraging technological advancements for early detection and treatment.
{"title":"Global trends in cataract burden: a 30-year epidemiological analysis and prediction of 2050 from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 study.","authors":"Xiaohui Jiang, Boyue Xu, Jing Zhai, Shurui Huang, Haodi Cheng, Liya Ma, Yun-E Zhao","doi":"10.1136/bjo-2025-327776","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bjo-2025-327776","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aims: </strong>Cataracts remain the leading cause of global blindness, particularly among ageing populations. This study evaluates the evolving burden of cataracts from 1990 to 2021, examines gender and socioeconomic disparities, assesses key risk factors and projects trends to 2050.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 database were systematically analysed across 204 countries, 21 regions and 5 sociodemographic index (SDI) levels. Indicators, including cataract prevalence, age-standardised prevalence rates, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and age-standardised DALY rates (ASDR), were assessed. Decomposition analysis quantified the impacts of population growth, ageing and healthcare improvements, while Bayesian age-period-cohort models forecast trends to 2050. Joinpoint regression identified temporal trends, and health inequality metrics evaluated disparities. Risk factor contributions, such as air pollution, high BMI and metabolic risks, were also analysed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Global cataract prevalence increased significantly due to aging and population growth, while ASDR decreased, reflecting improved disease management. Disparities persist, with South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa bearing the highest burden due to limited surgical access, and females consistently exhibiting higher cataract burdens. Key contributors included air pollution and metabolic disorders, particularly in low-SDI regions. Predictions indicate a continued rise in global cataract cases and DALYs by 2050 under current demographic and epidemiological trends.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study highlights persistent inequities in cataract burden and underscores the urgent need for tailored prevention, equitable surgical access and policies addressing ageing populations and modifiable risks to manage the rise in global cataract cases by 2050. Future policies should focus on improving surgical accessibility in low-SDI regions, enhancing chronic disease prevention and leveraging technological advancements for early detection and treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":9313,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"139-147"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144871601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Felix F Reichel, M Dominik Fischer, Katarina Stingl, Laura Kuehlewein, Immanuel Seitz, Tobias Peters, Melanie Ziegler, Barbara Wilhelm, Susanne Kohl, Nicole Weisschuh, Peter Martus, Mathias Seeliger, Regine Muehlfriedel, Francois Paquet-Durand, Stephen H Tsang, Karl Ulrich Bartz-Schmidt, Marius Ueffing, Eberhart Zrenner, Martin Biel, Bernd Wissinger, Stylianos Michalakis
Purpose: PDE6A-associated retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a rare inherited retinal disease leading to severe vision loss and blindness, with no available treatment. This study assessed the safety and vision outcomes of a gene therapy using an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector encoding PDE6A (AAV8.hPDE6A).
Methods: In an open-label, non-randomised controlled phase I/IIa trial, nine patients with biallelic PDE6A variants received a single subretinal injection of AAV8.hPDE6A. Doses were either 1.0×10¹⁰ (n=6) or 5.0×10¹⁰ (n=3) total vector genomes. Safety was the primary endpoint, assessed via clinical examinations, laboratory analyses and optical coherence tomography imaging. Secondary outcomes included changes in visual function, such as best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), contrast sensitivity, colour perception, dark adaptation thresholds, visual fields, patient-reported outcomes and chromatic pupil campimetry over 1 year.
Results: The mean patient age was 40.1 years, with baseline BCVA ranging from 40 to 82 letters (0.9-0.1 logMAR). No systemic adverse events occurred, and most ocular events resolved without treatment. Persistent adverse events included small peripheral atrophic areas (n=2), disturbed colour discrimination (n=3), cataract (n=1), slight central retinal thinning (n=5) and moderate visual acuity loss (n=2, 1 in each dose group). BCVA, full-field stimulus thresholds and other visual function measures showed statistically non-significant changes, with a trend towards worsening of retinal sensitivity in the treated eyes.
Conclusion: Subretinal gene therapy with AAV8.hPDE6A did not improve visual function over 1 year and posed risks, including central retinal thinning and visual acuity decline. This is in contrast to the safety and efficacy profile established in preclinical models.
{"title":"Safety and vision outcomes of subretinal gene supplementation therapy in <i>PDE6A</i>-associated retinitis pigmentosa: a non-randomised controlled trial.","authors":"Felix F Reichel, M Dominik Fischer, Katarina Stingl, Laura Kuehlewein, Immanuel Seitz, Tobias Peters, Melanie Ziegler, Barbara Wilhelm, Susanne Kohl, Nicole Weisschuh, Peter Martus, Mathias Seeliger, Regine Muehlfriedel, Francois Paquet-Durand, Stephen H Tsang, Karl Ulrich Bartz-Schmidt, Marius Ueffing, Eberhart Zrenner, Martin Biel, Bernd Wissinger, Stylianos Michalakis","doi":"10.1136/bjo-2024-326480","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bjo-2024-326480","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong><i>PDE6A</i>-associated retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a rare inherited retinal disease leading to severe vision loss and blindness, with no available treatment. This study assessed the safety and vision outcomes of a gene therapy using an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector encoding PDE6A (AAV8.hPDE6A).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In an open-label, non-randomised controlled phase I/IIa trial, nine patients with biallelic <i>PDE6A</i> variants received a single subretinal injection of AAV8.hPDE6A. Doses were either 1.0×10¹⁰ (n=6) or 5.0×10¹⁰ (n=3) total vector genomes. Safety was the primary endpoint, assessed via clinical examinations, laboratory analyses and optical coherence tomography imaging. Secondary outcomes included changes in visual function, such as best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), contrast sensitivity, colour perception, dark adaptation thresholds, visual fields, patient-reported outcomes and chromatic pupil campimetry over 1 year.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean patient age was 40.1 years, with baseline BCVA ranging from 40 to 82 letters (0.9-0.1 logMAR). No systemic adverse events occurred, and most ocular events resolved without treatment. Persistent adverse events included small peripheral atrophic areas (n=2), disturbed colour discrimination (n=3), cataract (n=1), slight central retinal thinning (n=5) and moderate visual acuity loss (n=2, 1 in each dose group). BCVA, full-field stimulus thresholds and other visual function measures showed statistically non-significant changes, with a trend towards worsening of retinal sensitivity in the treated eyes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Subretinal gene therapy with AAV8.hPDE6A did not improve visual function over 1 year and posed risks, including central retinal thinning and visual acuity decline. This is in contrast to the safety and efficacy profile established in preclinical models.</p>","PeriodicalId":9313,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"173-179"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144871572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laura Antonia Meliante,Kelsey V Stuart,Robert N Luben,Winifred P Nolan,Anthony P Khawaja,Paul J Foster
BACKGROUND/AIMSUp-to-date, stratified estimates of the number of individuals affected by glaucoma in the UK are lacking. This study aimed to estimate the current and future glaucoma burden in the UK population.METHODSThe most recent UK census data were used to obtain population counts stratified by age, sex and ethnicity. Age and sex-specific glaucoma prevalence estimates for individuals of European ancestry were sourced from a recent individual participant data meta-analysis of the European Eye Epidemiology Consortium. For non-European ethnic groups, prevalence was estimated by applying relative risks from a Bayesian global meta-analysis to the European baseline. Population projections from the UK's Office for National Statistics were used to estimate future disease burden.RESULTSAmong 34 million UK adults aged ≥40 years, an estimated 1 019 629 individuals (95% CI 691 042 to 1 428 594) are currently living with glaucoma. Estimated age-specific case numbers increase from approximately 10 000 at ages 40-44 to nearly 173 000 in those ≥85 years. Although non-European groups represent only 5.8% of the UK population aged ≥65, they account for an estimated 8.1% of current glaucoma cases. By 2060, the number of affected individuals is projected to rise to 1.61 million (95% CI 1.11 million to 2.22 million), corresponding to a 60% rise in cases despite only a 28% population increase, driven by demographic ageing and the growth of higher-risk ethnic populations.CONCLUSIONThe UK glaucoma burden is substantially higher than previously estimated and is expected to rise further by 2060, underscoring the need for targeted resource allocation and strategic healthcare planning.
迄今为止，英国缺乏青光眼患者人数的分层估计。本研究旨在估计英国人群目前和未来的青光眼负担。方法采用最新的英国人口普查数据，按年龄、性别和种族进行分层。欧洲血统个体的年龄和性别特异性青光眼患病率估计来自欧洲眼流行病学协会最近的个体参与者数据荟萃分析。对于非欧洲族群，患病率是通过将贝叶斯全球荟萃分析的相对风险应用于欧洲基线来估计的。英国国家统计局（Office for National Statistics）的人口预测数据被用来估计未来的疾病负担。结果在3400万英国≥40岁的成年人中，估计有1 019 629人（95% CI 691 042至1 428 594）目前患有青光眼。估计年龄特异性病例数从40-44岁的约1万例增加到≥85岁的近17.3万例。尽管非欧洲人群仅占英国65岁以上人口的5.8%，但他们占目前青光眼病例的8.1%。到2060年，受影响的个人数量预计将增加到161万（95%置信区间为111万至222万），在人口仅增长28%的情况下，病例数量将增加60%，这是由人口老龄化和高风险族裔人口的增长所驱动的。结论：英国青光眼的负担大大高于先前的估计，预计到2060年将进一步上升，强调有针对性的资源分配和战略性医疗保健计划的必要性。
{"title":"Current burden and future projections of glaucoma in the United Kingdom.","authors":"Laura Antonia Meliante,Kelsey V Stuart,Robert N Luben,Winifred P Nolan,Anthony P Khawaja,Paul J Foster","doi":"10.1136/bjo-2025-328373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo-2025-328373","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND/AIMSUp-to-date, stratified estimates of the number of individuals affected by glaucoma in the UK are lacking. This study aimed to estimate the current and future glaucoma burden in the UK population.METHODSThe most recent UK census data were used to obtain population counts stratified by age, sex and ethnicity. Age and sex-specific glaucoma prevalence estimates for individuals of European ancestry were sourced from a recent individual participant data meta-analysis of the European Eye Epidemiology Consortium. For non-European ethnic groups, prevalence was estimated by applying relative risks from a Bayesian global meta-analysis to the European baseline. Population projections from the UK's Office for National Statistics were used to estimate future disease burden.RESULTSAmong 34 million UK adults aged ≥40 years, an estimated 1 019 629 individuals (95% CI 691 042 to 1 428 594) are currently living with glaucoma. Estimated age-specific case numbers increase from approximately 10 000 at ages 40-44 to nearly 173 000 in those ≥85 years. Although non-European groups represent only 5.8% of the UK population aged ≥65, they account for an estimated 8.1% of current glaucoma cases. By 2060, the number of affected individuals is projected to rise to 1.61 million (95% CI 1.11 million to 2.22 million), corresponding to a 60% rise in cases despite only a 28% population increase, driven by demographic ageing and the growth of higher-risk ethnic populations.CONCLUSIONThe UK glaucoma burden is substantially higher than previously estimated and is expected to rise further by 2060, underscoring the need for targeted resource allocation and strategic healthcare planning.","PeriodicalId":9313,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146005162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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