Keynote Address: Laura DeNardis, The Global War for Internet Governance Internet governance conflicts are the new spaces where political and economic power is unfolding in the 21st century. Technologies of Internet governance increasingly mediate freedom of expression and individual privacy. They are entangled with national security and global commerce. The distributed nature of Internet governance technologies is shifting historic control over these public interest areas from sovereign nation-states to private ordering and new global institutions. The term "Internet governance" conjures up a host of global controversies such as the prolonged Internet outage in Syria during political turmoil or Google's decision not to acquiesce to U.S. government requests to remove an incendiary political video from YouTube. It invokes narratives about the United Nations "taking over" the Internet, NSA surveillance revelations, cybersecurity concerns about denial of service attacks, and the mercurial privacy policies of social media companies. These issues exist only at the surface of a technologically concealed and institutionally complex ecosystem of governance that is generally out of public view. This talk explains how the Internet is currently governed, particularly through the sinews of power that exist in technical architecture and new global institutions, and presents several brewing Internet governance controversies that will affect the future of economic and expressive liberty.
{"title":"The global war for internet governance","authors":"L. DeNardis","doi":"10.1145/2615569.2618146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2615569.2618146","url":null,"abstract":"Keynote Address: Laura DeNardis, The Global War for Internet Governance Internet governance conflicts are the new spaces where political and economic power is unfolding in the 21st century. Technologies of Internet governance increasingly mediate freedom of expression and individual privacy. They are entangled with national security and global commerce. The distributed nature of Internet governance technologies is shifting historic control over these public interest areas from sovereign nation-states to private ordering and new global institutions. The term \"Internet governance\" conjures up a host of global controversies such as the prolonged Internet outage in Syria during political turmoil or Google's decision not to acquiesce to U.S. government requests to remove an incendiary political video from YouTube. It invokes narratives about the United Nations \"taking over\" the Internet, NSA surveillance revelations, cybersecurity concerns about denial of service attacks, and the mercurial privacy policies of social media companies. These issues exist only at the surface of a technologically concealed and institutionally complex ecosystem of governance that is generally out of public view. This talk explains how the Internet is currently governed, particularly through the sinews of power that exist in technical architecture and new global institutions, and presents several brewing Internet governance controversies that will affect the future of economic and expressive liberty.","PeriodicalId":93136,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the ... ACM Web Science Conference. ACM Web Science Conference","volume":"24 1","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87187445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paula Laufer, Claudia Wagner, Fabian Flöck, M. Strohmaier
For many people, Wikipedia represents one of the primary sources of knowledge about foreign cultures. Yet, different Wikipedia language editions offer different descriptions of cultural practices. Unveiling diverging representations of cultures provides an important insight, since they may foster the formation of cross-cultural stereotypes, misunderstandings and potentially even conflict. In this work, we explore to what extent the descriptions of cultural practices in various European language editions of Wikipedia differ on the example of culinary practices and propose an approach to mine cultural relations between different language communities trough their description of and interest in their own and other communities' food culture. We assess the validity of the extracted relations using 1) various external reference data sources (i.e., the European Social Survey, migration statistics), 2) crowdsourcing methods and 3) simulations.
{"title":"Mining cross-cultural relations from Wikipedia: A study of 31 European food cultures","authors":"Paula Laufer, Claudia Wagner, Fabian Flöck, M. Strohmaier","doi":"10.1145/2786451.2786452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2786451.2786452","url":null,"abstract":"For many people, Wikipedia represents one of the primary sources of knowledge about foreign cultures. Yet, different Wikipedia language editions offer different descriptions of cultural practices. Unveiling diverging representations of cultures provides an important insight, since they may foster the formation of cross-cultural stereotypes, misunderstandings and potentially even conflict. In this work, we explore to what extent the descriptions of cultural practices in various European language editions of Wikipedia differ on the example of culinary practices and propose an approach to mine cultural relations between different language communities trough their description of and interest in their own and other communities' food culture. We assess the validity of the extracted relations using 1) various external reference data sources (i.e., the European Social Survey, migration statistics), 2) crowdsourcing methods and 3) simulations.","PeriodicalId":93136,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the ... ACM Web Science Conference. ACM Web Science Conference","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85038932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A folksonomy is ostensibly an information structure built up by the "wisdom of the crowds", but is the "crowd" really doing the work? Tagging is in fact a sharply skewed process in which a small minority of users generate an overwhelming majority of the annotations. Using data from the social music site Last.fm as a case study, this paper explores the implications of this tagging imbalance. Partitioning the folksonomy into two halves - one created by the prolific minority and the other by the non-prolific majority of taggers - we examine the large-scale differences in these two sub-folksonomies and the users generating them, and then explore several possible accounts of what might be driving these differences. We find that prolific taggers preferentially annotate content in the long-tail of less popular items, use tags with higher information content, and show greater tagging expertise. These results indicate that "supertaggers" not only tag more than their counterparts, but in quantifiably different ways.
{"title":"\"Supertagger\" behavior in building folksonomies","authors":"Jared Lorince, S. Zorowitz, J. Murdock, P. Todd","doi":"10.1145/2615569.2615686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2615569.2615686","url":null,"abstract":"A folksonomy is ostensibly an information structure built up by the \"wisdom of the crowds\", but is the \"crowd\" really doing the work? Tagging is in fact a sharply skewed process in which a small minority of users generate an overwhelming majority of the annotations. Using data from the social music site Last.fm as a case study, this paper explores the implications of this tagging imbalance. Partitioning the folksonomy into two halves - one created by the prolific minority and the other by the non-prolific majority of taggers - we examine the large-scale differences in these two sub-folksonomies and the users generating them, and then explore several possible accounts of what might be driving these differences. We find that prolific taggers preferentially annotate content in the long-tail of less popular items, use tags with higher information content, and show greater tagging expertise. These results indicate that \"supertaggers\" not only tag more than their counterparts, but in quantifiably different ways.","PeriodicalId":93136,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the ... ACM Web Science Conference. ACM Web Science Conference","volume":"5 1","pages":"129-138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73536657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While online trolling is mostly committed by a small number of trolls who enjoy irritating other members in the same social space, it is also often observed that a larger number of trolls establish an online community dedicated to trolling against the public outside. Using network data from two Korean online communities, we fit a longitudinal fixed effects model to test the trolling community's network structures differ from an ordinary online community. We found that the trolling community, ILBE, had a unique reward mechanism to maintain the anonymity of trolls in order to make the illegitimate behaviors collectively sustainable.
{"title":"The norm of normlessness: structural correlates of a trolling communit","authors":"Hyeongseok Wi, Wonjae Lee","doi":"10.1145/2615569.2615663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2615569.2615663","url":null,"abstract":"While online trolling is mostly committed by a small number of trolls who enjoy irritating other members in the same social space, it is also often observed that a larger number of trolls establish an online community dedicated to trolling against the public outside. Using network data from two Korean online communities, we fit a longitudinal fixed effects model to test the trolling community's network structures differ from an ordinary online community. We found that the trolling community, ILBE, had a unique reward mechanism to maintain the anonymity of trolls in order to make the illegitimate behaviors collectively sustainable.","PeriodicalId":93136,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the ... ACM Web Science Conference. ACM Web Science Conference","volume":"15 1","pages":"275-276"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74977590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is ten years since the concept of Web Science was conceived against a backdrop of a dramatically evolving Web. At the time social networks were in their infancy and linked data was only talked about in the research labs. Today as we celebrate the 25th anniversary of the birth of the Web and we become increasingly aware of the pressures on it going forwards, I see Web Science as more significant to the evolution of the Web than ever. It is so important we can present real evidence to the major stakeholders in the development of the Web to demonstrate the likely consequences of decisions they might take. It is my hypothesis that we cannot achieve this without establishing an international project to observe what is happening on the Web and to set this in the wider social context and what has happened before. This means developing mechanisms to share data and data analytics across different projects and cultures over time -- including the creation of "safe harbours" in which private and public data can be integrated with out compromising privacy, confidentiality, or data security issues. This thinking has led to the establishment of the Web Observatory project, the latest incarnation of which will be presented in this talk. There are many such observatories in existence. The grand challenge is to create a distributed framework to facilitate the virtual integration of the data that resides in the various repositories and the sharing of data analysis tools as well as the results of the research that such international collaboration will engender.
{"title":"Observing the web","authors":"W. Hall","doi":"10.1145/2615569.2618143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2615569.2618143","url":null,"abstract":"It is ten years since the concept of Web Science was conceived against a backdrop of a dramatically evolving Web. At the time social networks were in their infancy and linked data was only talked about in the research labs. Today as we celebrate the 25th anniversary of the birth of the Web and we become increasingly aware of the pressures on it going forwards, I see Web Science as more significant to the evolution of the Web than ever. It is so important we can present real evidence to the major stakeholders in the development of the Web to demonstrate the likely consequences of decisions they might take. It is my hypothesis that we cannot achieve this without establishing an international project to observe what is happening on the Web and to set this in the wider social context and what has happened before. This means developing mechanisms to share data and data analytics across different projects and cultures over time -- including the creation of \"safe harbours\" in which private and public data can be integrated with out compromising privacy, confidentiality, or data security issues. This thinking has led to the establishment of the Web Observatory project, the latest incarnation of which will be presented in this talk. There are many such observatories in existence. The grand challenge is to create a distributed framework to facilitate the virtual integration of the data that resides in the various repositories and the sharing of data analysis tools as well as the results of the research that such international collaboration will engender.","PeriodicalId":93136,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the ... ACM Web Science Conference. ACM Web Science Conference","volume":"11 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87123539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ramine Tinati, Olivier Phillipe, C. Pope, L. Carr, S. Halford
In this paper we outline some of the challenges for social media analytics and -- at the same time - challenge existing approaches to social media analysis. Specifically, we suggest that there is an unhelpful gulf between social scientific approaches, which offer rich theoretical and methodological understandings of the social; and computational approaches which offer sophisticated methods for data harvesting, interrogation and modelling. Brought together these approaches might meet the challenges facing social media analytics and produce a different order of understanding. We offer two preliminary examples of this synthesis in practice: first, we show how established computational tools might be harnessed to address theoretically grounded empirical questions about the social; and second we consider social theories might inspire the development of new methodological tools for social media analytics. In doing so, we aim to contribute to the development of interdisciplinary social media analytics with in a broader framework of Web Science.
{"title":"Challenging social media analytics: web science perspectives","authors":"Ramine Tinati, Olivier Phillipe, C. Pope, L. Carr, S. Halford","doi":"10.1145/2615569.2615690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2615569.2615690","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we outline some of the challenges for social media analytics and -- at the same time - challenge existing approaches to social media analysis. Specifically, we suggest that there is an unhelpful gulf between social scientific approaches, which offer rich theoretical and methodological understandings of the social; and computational approaches which offer sophisticated methods for data harvesting, interrogation and modelling. Brought together these approaches might meet the challenges facing social media analytics and produce a different order of understanding. We offer two preliminary examples of this synthesis in practice: first, we show how established computational tools might be harnessed to address theoretically grounded empirical questions about the social; and second we consider social theories might inspire the development of new methodological tools for social media analytics. In doing so, we aim to contribute to the development of interdisciplinary social media analytics with in a broader framework of Web Science.","PeriodicalId":93136,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the ... ACM Web Science Conference. ACM Web Science Conference","volume":"22 1","pages":"177-181"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88227631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper we describe structural and topical properties of "ordinary" blogs versus "popular" blogs. Using the complete directory of the Russian language LiveJournal, we sample both groups and show that the main difference between them is in the volume of posting activity and of commenting feedback and in the skewedness of respective distributions. No substantial differences in topical structure obtained with the LDA algorithm are found, which suggests that ordinary bloggers do not hold specific vision of topic salience and do not set their own "grassroots" agendas.
{"title":"Do ordinary bloggers really differ from blog celebrities?","authors":"Olessia Koltsova, S. Koltsov, S. Alexeeva","doi":"10.1145/2615569.2615675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2615569.2615675","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we describe structural and topical properties of \"ordinary\" blogs versus \"popular\" blogs. Using the complete directory of the Russian language LiveJournal, we sample both groups and show that the main difference between them is in the volume of posting activity and of commenting feedback and in the skewedness of respective distributions. No substantial differences in topical structure obtained with the LDA algorithm are found, which suggests that ordinary bloggers do not hold specific vision of topic salience and do not set their own \"grassroots\" agendas.","PeriodicalId":93136,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the ... ACM Web Science Conference. ACM Web Science Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"166-170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90612849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper outlines some challenges for the Web Observatory vision with reference to field notes from a student exchange and research collaboration in December 2013 between the University of Southampton, Tsinghua University and KAIST. These field notes outline a methodological narrative of the practical challenges that we faced in using the Web Observatory in collaborative research. It is suggested that these challenges particularly come in the form of technical, organizational and legal issues. The paper concludes with some proposals for the future of the Web Observatory vision.
{"title":"Some challenges for the web observatory vision: field notes from a southampton-tsinghua-kaist collaboration","authors":"Evangelia Papadaki, Abby Whitmarsh, Eamonn Walls","doi":"10.1145/2615569.2615646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2615569.2615646","url":null,"abstract":"This paper outlines some challenges for the Web Observatory vision with reference to field notes from a student exchange and research collaboration in December 2013 between the University of Southampton, Tsinghua University and KAIST. These field notes outline a methodological narrative of the practical challenges that we faced in using the Web Observatory in collaborative research. It is suggested that these challenges particularly come in the form of technical, organizational and legal issues. The paper concludes with some proposals for the future of the Web Observatory vision.","PeriodicalId":93136,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the ... ACM Web Science Conference. ACM Web Science Conference","volume":"10 1","pages":"245-246"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81694116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shubhanshu Mishra, Sneha Agarwal, Jinlong Guo, Kirstin C. Phelps, John Picco, J. Diesner
We present a novel sentiment classifier particularly designed for modeling and analyzing social movements; capturing levels of support (supportive versus non-supportive) and degrees of enthusiasm (enthusiastic versus passive). The resulting computational solution can help organizations involved with social causes to disseminate messages in a more informed and effective fashion; potentially leading to greater impact. Our findings suggest that enthusiastic and supportive tweets are more prevalent in tweets about social causes than other types of tweets on Twitter.
{"title":"Enthusiasm and support: alternative sentiment classification for social movements on social media","authors":"Shubhanshu Mishra, Sneha Agarwal, Jinlong Guo, Kirstin C. Phelps, John Picco, J. Diesner","doi":"10.1145/2615569.2615667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2615569.2615667","url":null,"abstract":"We present a novel sentiment classifier particularly designed for modeling and analyzing social movements; capturing levels of support (supportive versus non-supportive) and degrees of enthusiasm (enthusiastic versus passive). The resulting computational solution can help organizations involved with social causes to disseminate messages in a more informed and effective fashion; potentially leading to greater impact. Our findings suggest that enthusiastic and supportive tweets are more prevalent in tweets about social causes than other types of tweets on Twitter.","PeriodicalId":93136,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the ... ACM Web Science Conference. ACM Web Science Conference","volume":"16 1","pages":"261-262"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89390897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Advertisements that generate undue controversies can destroy an advertising campaign. However it is difficult to estimate the potential of controversies in advertisements through traditional methods such as customer surveys and market research. In this paper, we develop a controversy detection system based on initial comments on online advertisements posted on YouTube. We extract early YouTube comments on a collection of Superbowl advertisements and generate a comprehensive set of over 2500 semantic and linguistic features for automatically detecting controversies. Our results show good accuracy in early detection of controversies. The proposed data-driven approach can complement and greatly aid traditional approaches of market research.
{"title":"Race, religion or sex: what makes a superbowl ad controversial?","authors":"Rumi Ghosh, S. Asur","doi":"10.1145/2615569.2615641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2615569.2615641","url":null,"abstract":"Advertisements that generate undue controversies can destroy an advertising campaign. However it is difficult to estimate the potential of controversies in advertisements through traditional methods such as customer surveys and market research. In this paper, we develop a controversy detection system based on initial comments on online advertisements posted on YouTube. We extract early YouTube comments on a collection of Superbowl advertisements and generate a comprehensive set of over 2500 semantic and linguistic features for automatically detecting controversies. Our results show good accuracy in early detection of controversies. The proposed data-driven approach can complement and greatly aid traditional approaches of market research.","PeriodicalId":93136,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the ... ACM Web Science Conference. ACM Web Science Conference","volume":"47 1","pages":"265-266"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87995957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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