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Governance 治理
Pub Date : 2020-09-17 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197531556.003.0011
A. Panagariya
This chapter covers three areas of governance: consolidation of ministries, reform of bureaucracy, and some selected aspects of economic administration. On ministries, it argues that India needs to eliminate some ministries while consolidating others. This will minimize inter-ministerial turf battles and speed up decision-making. On bureaucracy, the chapter calls for opening senior positions to competition, as talent must be brought into the government from wherever it exists. Other recommendations for bureaucracy include allowing officials to take short-term positions in non-government sectors, greater use of young professionals, reining in vigilance agencies, reforming training institutions for officials, and ending colonial-era practices. On economic administration, the chapter recommends creating missions for speedy reforms, a focused strategy for the expansion of exports, creation of a separate office for trade negotiations directly under the prime minister, numerous improvements in tax administration, a sunset clause on all centrally sponsored schemes, and transparency in fiscal accounting.
本章涵盖治理的三个方面:部门合并、官僚体制改革和经济管理的一些选定方面。在部门方面,它认为印度需要取消一些部门,同时巩固其他部门。这将减少部门间的地盘之争,加快决策速度。在官僚主义方面,这一章呼吁开放高级职位的竞争,因为政府必须从任何地方引进人才。对官僚主义的其他建议包括允许官员在非政府部门担任短期职位,更多地使用年轻专业人员,控制警惕机构,改革官员培训机构,以及结束殖民时代的做法。在经济管理方面,这一章建议建立快速改革的任务,集中扩大出口的战略,建立一个直接由总理领导的贸易谈判办公室,在税收管理方面进行大量改进,对所有中央资助的计划制定日落条款,以及提高财政会计的透明度。
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引用次数: 0
Urbanization: Making Room for Migrant Workers 城市化:为农民工腾出空间
Pub Date : 2020-09-17 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197531556.003.0007
A. Panagariya
Economic transformation involves a movement of workers out of agriculture and into industry and services. The latter are predominantly located in and around urban areas. Therefore, urbanization is integral to transformation and modernization. In India, the process of urbanization has been extremely slow. The high cost of living and a scarcity of low-cost rental housing have in turn impeded the faster movement of agricultural workers into industry and services. A key problem behind this situation is the high cost of urban land, a result of a very low floor space index, complex rules on the conversion of agricultural land on the periphery of cities, the difficulty of converting space from one use to another, and the large volume of unused land owned by sick firms or various government ministries; poor transportation networks add to the problem. The chapter spells out reforms to relax these constraints.
经济转型包括工人从农业转移到工业和服务业。后者主要位于城市地区及其周围。因此,城市化是转型和现代化不可或缺的组成部分。在印度,城市化进程极其缓慢。高昂的生活费用和缺乏低成本的出租住房反过来又阻碍了农业工人更快地进入工业和服务业。这种情况背后的一个关键问题是城市土地的高成本,这是由于极低的建筑面积指数、城市外围农业用地转换的复杂规则、空间从一种用途转换为另一种用途的难度,以及病态企业或各个政府部门拥有大量未使用的土地。糟糕的交通网络加剧了这一问题。这一章详细阐述了放松这些限制的改革措施。
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引用次数: 0
Transforming Higher Education 高等教育转型
Pub Date : 2020-09-17 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197531556.003.0010
A. Panagariya
Thanks to the rapid expansion of private colleges and universities, India has been able to raise gross enrollment ratios in higher education at a satisfactory pace during the last twenty years. There has not been similar success in raising the quality of higher education, however. India has no universities in the top one hundred in any international rankings, particularly lagging behind in social sciences and humanities. This chapter argues that the key bottleneck is the highly centralized governance system flowing from the archaic University Grants Commission (UGC) Act of 1956. Drawing on the experiences of the United States, United Kingdom, and China, this chapter suggests a complete overhaul of the system, giving autonomy to colleges and universities in all matters and establishing an accreditation system that would evaluate all institutions, with better-performing institutions receiving a larger volume of government funds. Institutions will also be freed to raise their own resources.
由于私立学院和大学的迅速扩张,印度在过去20年里以令人满意的速度提高了高等教育的毛入学率。然而,在提高高等教育质量方面却没有取得类似的成功。在任何国际排名中,印度都没有一所大学进入前100名,尤其是在社会科学和人文学科方面。本章认为,关键的瓶颈是1956年过时的大学教育资助委员会(UGC)法案所产生的高度集中的治理体系。借鉴美国、英国和中国的经验,本章建议对教育体系进行全面改革,赋予高校在所有事务上的自主权,并建立一个评估所有机构的认证体系,表现较好的机构将获得更多的政府资金。机构也可以自由筹集自己的资源。
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引用次数: 0
Nuggets: A Miscellany of Reforms 掘金:改革的杂烩
Pub Date : 2020-09-17 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197531556.003.0012
A. Panagariya
This chapter considers reforms in a few selected areas. On macroeconomy, the key recommendation is an upward revision of the inflation target. It suggests that when public sector enterprises incur losses and serve no public purpose, the government should sell them if possible and close them if there are no potential buyers. It recommends consolidation of subsidies to farmers and conversion to a single cash transfer via the universal Aadhaar biometric identity. It also suggests scaling down the Food Corporation of India, splitting electricity distribution companies into network and supply businesses and opening entry into the latter, and amending the Right to Education Act to improve learning outcomes.
本章考虑几个选定领域的改革。在宏观经济方面,主要建议是向上修正通胀目标。如果公共部门企业出现亏损,没有公共目的,政府应该尽可能出售,如果没有潜在买家,就应该关闭。它建议整合对农民的补贴,并通过通用的Aadhaar生物识别身份转换为单一的现金转移。报告还建议缩减印度食品公司(Food Corporation of India)的规模,将配电公司拆分为网络和供应企业,并开放后者的准入,并修改《教育权法》(Right to Education Act),以改善学习成果。
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引用次数: 0
In Conclusion: Revisiting the Past, Looking to the Future 总结:回顾过去,展望未来
Pub Date : 2020-09-17 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197531556.003.0013
A. Panagariya
This chapter looks back at post-independence economic history to understand the stranglehold that socialism acquired on the Indian economy in the early years, the launch of reforms in 1991 under Prime Ministers Narasimha Rao and Atal Bihari Vajpayee, partial reversals under Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, and a return to reforms under Prime Minister Narendra Modi. It particularly emphasizes the role that a socialistically inclined bureaucracy plays in continuing to hold back reforms. The chapter concludes by making the case that despite a slowdown in growth at the present time, India’s future is bright—but only if the leadership stays the course on economic reforms. The chapter concludes with a number of cautionary notes relating to policy. These relate to policy stability, the necessity of migrating half or more of the agricultural workforce to industry and services, creating an ecosystem that would help firms to grow larger, the centrality of success in export markets, and the need for investment in labor-intensive sectors of the economy.
本章回顾印度独立后的经济史,以了解社会主义早年对印度经济的束缚,1991年在纳拉辛哈·拉奥总理和阿塔尔·比哈里·瓦杰帕伊总理领导下的改革,曼莫汉·辛格总理领导下的部分逆转,以及纳伦德拉·莫迪总理领导下的改革回归。它特别强调了具有社会主义倾向的官僚机构在继续阻碍改革方面所起的作用。这一章的结论是,尽管目前经济增长放缓,但印度的未来是光明的——但前提是领导层坚持经济改革的道路。本章最后提出了一些与政策有关的警告。这些问题涉及政策稳定性、将一半或更多的农业劳动力转移到工业和服务业的必要性、创建有助于企业扩大规模的生态系统、出口市场成功的中心地位以及对劳动密集型经济部门的投资需求。
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引用次数: 0
From Command and Control to a More Liberal Order: 1950–2018 从命令与控制到更自由的秩序:1950-2018
Pub Date : 2020-09-17 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197531556.003.0002
A. Panagariya
The chapter provides an overview of India’s economic policies and growth experience from 1951 to 2018. The period is divided into four phases: 1951–81, 1981–88, 1988–2003, and 2003–18. A command-and-control and autarkic regime led to abysmal growth during the first phase. The second phase saw a mild transition toward a liberal regime and a slight uptick in growth. Reforms began in earnest in 1991, after which growth jumped as well. The economy grew especially rapidly during 2003–12, when extreme poverty saw a sharp decline. This growth made the government complacent, however, and it returned to several socialist-era policies during 2009–14. That led to a sudden slowdown in growth between 2012 and 2014. A new government came into office in 2014 and resumed reforms, and the economy grew 7.5 percent annually during 2014–19. The chapter concludes by making a case for accelerated economic reforms.
本章概述了1951年至2018年印度的经济政策和增长经验。该时期分为1951-81、1981-88、1988-2003和2003-18四个阶段。命令与控制和自给自足的体制导致了第一阶段经济的急剧增长。第二阶段是向自由政体的温和过渡,经济增长略有回升。改革在1991年正式开始,之后经济增长也突飞猛进。2003年至2012年期间,经济增长尤其迅速,极端贫困率大幅下降。然而,这种增长使政府自满,并在2009 - 2014年期间恢复了一些社会主义时代的政策。这导致2012年至2014年间经济增长突然放缓。2014年,新一届政府上台并恢复改革,2014 - 19年期间,经济每年增长7.5%。本章最后提出了加快经济改革的理由。
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引用次数: 0
Walking on Two Legs 两条腿走路
Pub Date : 2020-09-17 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197531556.003.0005
A. Panagariya
This chapter asks whether India can rely on an export-led, manufacturing-fed growth model. The question stems in part from suggestions that, given its success in the software industry, India can jump the manufacturing stage and go straight to specializing in services. It is argued that India has no escape from manufacturing, though it should also continue to exploit its strength in certain services. The argument for manufacturing is that only it can create good jobs for the vast majority of the workforce, which has limited or no skills. Tradable services such as software cannot employ these workers, and demand for non-traded services depends on domestic income. Manufacturing, being tradable, can expand by exploiting the vast global market. Moreover, as well-paid workers in manufacturing spend their incomes, demand for non-traded services rises as well. The chapter also explains why rising protectionism and the threat of automation do not make an export- and manufacturing-led model unviable.
本章探讨的问题是,印度能否依靠出口导向型、制造业驱动型的增长模式。这个问题部分源于这样一种观点,即鉴于印度在软件行业的成功,它可以跳过制造业阶段,直接专注于服务业。有人认为,印度无法摆脱制造业,尽管它也应该继续利用其在某些服务业的优势。支持制造业的理由是,只有制造业才能为绝大多数技能有限或没有技能的劳动力创造好工作。软件等可贸易服务无法雇用这些工人,而对非贸易服务的需求取决于国内收入。制造业是可交易的,可以通过开拓广阔的全球市场来扩张。此外,随着高薪的制造业工人花掉他们的收入,对非贸易服务的需求也会上升。本章还解释了为什么保护主义抬头和自动化的威胁并没有使出口和制造业主导的模式变得不可行。
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引用次数: 0
Reforms for Export-Led and Manufacturing-Fed Growth 出口导向型和制造业驱动型增长的改革
Pub Date : 2020-09-17 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197531556.003.0006
A. Panagariya
The near absence of large enterprises in the manufacture of labor-intensive products and consequent failure of such products in export markets is the reason for the paucity of good jobs for those with limited skills in India. To change this, India needs a clear focus on export expansion. It must avoid falling into the import-substitution trap that kept the country poor for decades. The rupee must depreciate sufficiently to eliminate its current overvaluation. Tariffs must be lowered and rationalized. Particularly important is to eliminate duties on synthetic fabrics and fibers. All indirect taxes must be reimbursed to exporters. Free trade agreements must be forged with countries that have potentially large markets. Trade facilitation must allow rapid movement of goods within the country and at ports. Finally, markets for labor and land must be liberalized. It will be worthwhile, though politically challenging, to experiment with autonomous employment zones that provide flexible land and labor markets within large areas.
在印度,几乎没有生产劳动密集型产品的大型企业,因此这些产品在出口市场上失败,这是技术有限的人找不到好工作的原因。要改变这种状况,印度需要明确关注出口扩张。它必须避免陷入进口替代陷阱,这种陷阱使该国几十年来一直处于贫困状态。卢比必须充分贬值,以消除目前的高估。关税必须降低并合理化。特别重要的是取消对合成织物和纤维的关税。所有间接税必须退还给出口商。必须与拥有巨大潜在市场的国家缔结自由贸易协定。贸易便利化必须允许货物在国内和港口快速流动。最后,劳动力和土地市场必须自由化。尽管在政治上具有挑战性,但尝试在大范围内提供灵活土地和劳动力市场的自主就业区是值得的。
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引用次数: 0
Investing Productively: The Banking Sector 有效投资:银行业
Pub Date : 2020-09-17 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197531556.003.0009
A. Panagariya
Banks collect savings by households via deposits and channel them to the most productive investors in the form of credit. What happens to bank credit has a determining impact on growth, especially in the formal economy. A key feature of Indian banks has been repeated episodes of accumulation of non-performing assets followed by their recapitalization by the government using public money. These episodes have been concentrated in public sector banks (PSBs), which continue to account for two-thirds of banking assets. This chapter offers a detailed analysis of these episodes and argues that it is time for the government to give serious thought to privatization of PSBs. PSBs are subject to regulation by both the government and the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), but RBI has limited powers over them. On average, private banks outdo PSBs along nearly all dimensions in terms of efficiency.
银行通过存款收集家庭的储蓄,并以信贷的形式将其输送给最具生产力的投资者。银行信贷的变化对经济增长有着决定性的影响,尤其是在正规经济中。印度银行业的一个关键特征是,不良资产不断积累,随后政府利用公共资金对其进行资本重组。这些事件集中在公共部门银行(psb),这些银行继续占银行资产的三分之二。本章对这些事件进行了详细的分析,并认为现在是政府认真考虑邮政服务银行私有化的时候了。邮政储蓄银行受政府和印度储备银行(RBI)的监管,但RBI对它们的权力有限。平均而言,在效率方面,私人银行几乎在所有方面都优于邮政储蓄银行。
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引用次数: 0
Underemployment in Agriculture 农业就业不足
Pub Date : 2020-09-17 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197531556.003.0003
A. Panagariya
The chapter begins with a history of agricultural policy in India. It goes on to argue that policies aimed at improving outcomes within agriculture alone cannot bring prosperity to those engaged in it. Today, agriculture employs 44 percent of India’s workforce but produces at most 17 percent of GDP. With the overall GDP per capita itself low, agricultural output per worker is extremely low, indicating gross underemployment of labor. Therefore, marketing reforms that shift prices in favor of the farmer and against intermediaries cannot go very far. With self-sufficiency in agriculture, increases in productivity will likely result in lower prices rather than higher revenues. Besides, agricultural growth rarely exceeds 4.5 percent over even a decade-long period. Scope for increased incomes through diversification within agriculture into horticulture, fisheries, and animal husbandry is also limited. The upshot is that the only avenue to increasing agricultural incomes rapidly is to pave the way for half or more of the farm workforce to migrate into industry and services.
这一章以印度农业政策的历史开始。报告继续指出,仅以改善农业成果为目的的政策不能给从事农业的人带来繁荣。如今,农业雇佣了印度44%的劳动力,但产出最多只占GDP的17%。由于整体人均GDP本身较低,每个工人的农业产出极低,表明劳动力总体就业不足。因此,使价格向有利于农民而不利于中间商的市场改革不会走得太远。在农业自给自足的情况下,生产力的提高可能会导致价格的降低,而不是收入的增加。此外,即使在长达十年的时间里,农业增长率也很少超过4.5%。通过农业多样化进入园艺、渔业和畜牧业来增加收入的空间也很有限。其结果是,迅速增加农业收入的唯一途径是为一半或更多的农业劳动力迁移到工业和服务业铺平道路。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Agricultural research (New Delhi, India)
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