Psychoradiology最新文献

Background: While cognitive reappraisal represents a promising emotion regulation strategy in regulating basic emotions, little experimental research has investigated its efficacy in reducing self-conscious emotions such as shame and guilt.

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of detached reappraisal and positive reappraisal in regulating feelings of shame and guilt, and also compared the effectiveness of these two strategies using behavioral and event-related potentials.

Method: Thirty-nine participants grouped either in positive reappraisal or detached reappraisal condition were informed to advise the decider to perform a dot-estimation task. Participants were also informed that the payment of the decider would be reduced if he/she adopted the wrong advice provided by them.

Result: The behavioral results demonstrated that both regulation strategies reduced shame and guilt when compared to the observation stage. We also observed a phenomenon (absent during the regulation of shame) where regulating guilt resulted in a higher parietal P3 amplitude, a component related to negative experiences, compared to the observation phase in the detached reappraisal group.

Conclusion: The results demonstrated that both regulation strategies were able to regulate self-conscious emotions (shame, guilt) effectively. The findings of this study enhance our understanding of the neurophysiological effects of different regulation strategies on self-conscious emotions.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1093/psyrad/kkae009.].

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1093/psyrad/kkad033.].

Schizophrenia is a complex disorder characterized by multiple neurochemical abnormalities and structural changes in the brain. These abnormalities may begin before recognizable clinical symptoms appear and continue as a dynamic process throughout the illness. Recent advances in imaging techniques have significantly enriched our comprehension of these structural alterations, particularly focusing on gray and white matter irregularities and prefrontal, temporal, and cingulate cortex alterations. Some of the changes suggest treatment resistance to antipsychotic medications, while treatment nonadherence and relapses may further exacerbate structural abnormalities. This narrative review aims to discuss the literature about alterations and deficits within the brain, which could improve the understanding of schizophrenia and how to interpret neurostructural changes.

Background: With bipolar disorder (BD) having a lifetime prevalence of 4.4% and a significant portion of patients being chronically burdened by symptoms, there has been an increased focus on uncovering new targets for intervention in BD. One area that has shown early promise is the mitochondrial hypothesis. However, at the time of publication no studies have utilized positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to assess mitochondrial function in the setting of BD.

Case presentation: Our participant is a 58 year-old male with a past medical history notable for alcohol use disorder and BD (unspecified type) who underwent PET imaging with the mitochondrial complex I PET ligand ¹⁸F-BCPP-EF. The resulting images demonstrated significant overlap between areas of dysfunction identified with the ¹⁸F-BCPP-EF PET ligand and prior functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques in the setting of BD. That overlap was seen in both affective and cognitive circuits, with mitochondrial dysfunction in the fronto-limbic, ventral affective, and dorsal cognitive circuits showing particularly significant differences.

Conclusions: Despite mounting evidence implicating mitochondria in BD, this study represents the first PET imaging study to investigate this mechanistic connection. There were key limitations in the form of comorbid alcohol use disorder, limited statistical power inherent to a case study, no sex matched controls, and the absence of a comprehensive psychiatric history. However, even with these limitations in mind, the significant overlap between dysfunction previously demonstrated on functional MRI and this imaging provides compelling preliminary evidence that strengthens the mechanistic link between mitochondrial dysfunction and BD.

High magnetic field homogeneity is critical for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional MRI, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) applications. B₀ inhomogeneity during MR scans is a long-standing problem resulting from magnet imperfections and site conditions, with the main issue being the inhomogeneity across the human body caused by differences in magnetic susceptibilities between tissues, resulting in signal loss, image distortion, and poor spectral resolution. Through a combination of passive and active shim techniques, as well as technological advances employing multi-coil techniques, optimal coil design, motion tracking, and real-time modifications, improved field homogeneity and image quality have been achieved in MRI/MRS. The integration of RF and shim coils brings a high shim efficiency due to the proximity of participants. This technique will potentially be applied to high-density RF coils with a high-density shim array for improved B₀ homogeneity. Simultaneous shimming and image encoding can be achieved using multi-coil array, which also enables the development of novel encoding methods using advanced magnetic field control. Field monitoring enables the capture and real-time compensation for dynamic field perturbance beyond the static background inhomogeneity. These advancements have the potential to better use the scanner performance to enhance diagnostic capabilities and broaden applications of MRI/MRS in a variety of clinical and research settings. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the latest advances in B₀ magnetic field shimming and magnetic field control techniques as well as MR hardware, and to emphasize their significance and potential impact on improving the data quality of MRI/MRS.

The clinical manifestations of adult-acquired cerebellar diseases often surpass those of congenital cerebellar diseases, suggesting the significant role of the cerebellum in the developing brain. Moreover, emerging evidence from structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging indicates that the cerebellum is implicated not only in motor functions but also in non-motor domains such as cognition, emotion, and language. However, delineating the specific extent of cerebellar development required to prevent deficits in either motor or non-motor functions remains challenging. In this study, we present two new cases of unilateral cerebellar agenesis. One individual leads a nearly normal life, while the other exhibits mild cognitive impairment, mild depression, and severe autism, but maintains normal motor function. Van der Heijden et al. (2023) revealed that the brain can compensate for some, but not all, perturbations to the developing cerebellum, including motor deficits and impairments in social behaviors. Therefore, we hypothesize that comparing structural images from our patients and reviewing pertinent literature may elucidate the reasons for the varied clinical manifestations observed in patients with cerebellar agenesis.