Pub Date : 1967-11-01DOI: 10.1088/0508-3443/18/11/307
E. A. Owen, E. W. Evans
The paper gives an account of the determination of the atomic vibration amplitudes in two alloys: silver-copper (409 at.% Cu) and gold-copper (AuCu3). It is found that the introduction of copper to the extent of 409 at.% into pure silver does not alter the inter-atomic binding forces of the silver atoms appreciably whereas the binding energy of the copper atom in the alloy is reduced to about 75% of its value in pure copper. Curves are given showing how the atomic root-mean-square displacement varies with temperature for copper in pure copper and in the alloy and for silver in pure silver and in the alloy. The second part of the paper is devoted to the determination of the characteristic temperature of the atom of `mean mass' in the gold-copper alloy AuCu3, and the study of the parallelism which exists in the changes with temperature that occur in the reflected X-ray intensity, the atomic r.m.s. displacement and the specific heat. The values of both the specific heat and the reflected X-ray intensity are governed by the extent of the atomic vibration. Increase of specific heat corresponds to a drop in the value of the characteristic temperature and a corresponding increase in the atomic r.m.s. displacement. Curves in the paper give information concerning the disappearance of long-range and short-range order amongst the atoms as the temperature is raised.
{"title":"Investigation of the atomic vibration amplitudes in two alloys: silver-copper and gold-copper","authors":"E. A. Owen, E. W. Evans","doi":"10.1088/0508-3443/18/11/307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0508-3443/18/11/307","url":null,"abstract":"The paper gives an account of the determination of the atomic vibration amplitudes in two alloys: silver-copper (409 at.% Cu) and gold-copper (AuCu3). It is found that the introduction of copper to the extent of 409 at.% into pure silver does not alter the inter-atomic binding forces of the silver atoms appreciably whereas the binding energy of the copper atom in the alloy is reduced to about 75% of its value in pure copper. Curves are given showing how the atomic root-mean-square displacement varies with temperature for copper in pure copper and in the alloy and for silver in pure silver and in the alloy. The second part of the paper is devoted to the determination of the characteristic temperature of the atom of `mean mass' in the gold-copper alloy AuCu3, and the study of the parallelism which exists in the changes with temperature that occur in the reflected X-ray intensity, the atomic r.m.s. displacement and the specific heat. The values of both the specific heat and the reflected X-ray intensity are governed by the extent of the atomic vibration. Increase of specific heat corresponds to a drop in the value of the characteristic temperature and a corresponding increase in the atomic r.m.s. displacement. Curves in the paper give information concerning the disappearance of long-range and short-range order amongst the atoms as the temperature is raised.","PeriodicalId":9350,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"233 1","pages":"1559-1566"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82850131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1967-11-01DOI: 10.1088/0508-3443/18/11/308
G. Webb
In a previous paper the fading in thermoluminescent lithium fluoride after irradiation with low doses (0?5 rad) was examined. The present paper describes an extension of the work to higher gamma-ray doses, involving measurements of fading at 10 and 1000 rad for three types of phosphor. An accelerated fading technique was used which was shown to agree with previous work at low doses. The results show that the fading is a monotonically decreasing function of time and amounts to 7 ? 2% over 100 days for all phosphors up to doses of 1000 rad, with the exception of Con-Rad N at 1000 rad. The lower fading of this latter phosphor is attributed to the increase in sensitivity at doses greater than 100 rad being due mainly to the creation of deep traps, thereby reducing the proportion of shallow traps. Examination of glow curves supports this hypothesis.
{"title":"FADING IN THERMOLUMINESCENT LITHIUM FLUORIDE AFTER IRRADIATION WITH GAMMA- RAY DOSES UP TO 1000 RAD.","authors":"G. Webb","doi":"10.1088/0508-3443/18/11/308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0508-3443/18/11/308","url":null,"abstract":"In a previous paper the fading in thermoluminescent lithium fluoride after irradiation with low doses (0?5 rad) was examined. The present paper describes an extension of the work to higher gamma-ray doses, involving measurements of fading at 10 and 1000 rad for three types of phosphor. An accelerated fading technique was used which was shown to agree with previous work at low doses. The results show that the fading is a monotonically decreasing function of time and amounts to 7 ? 2% over 100 days for all phosphors up to doses of 1000 rad, with the exception of Con-Rad N at 1000 rad. The lower fading of this latter phosphor is attributed to the increase in sensitivity at doses greater than 100 rad being due mainly to the creation of deep traps, thereby reducing the proportion of shallow traps. Examination of glow curves supports this hypothesis.","PeriodicalId":9350,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"130 1","pages":"1567-1571"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89228236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1967-11-01DOI: 10.1088/0508-3443/18/11/304
W. Heinle
This paper describes a method which is applicable in certain cases to determine the domain field distribution in the Gunn effect in the case of inhomogeneously doped samples. The method makes use of the steady-state solutions of domain dynamics. Evaluation for a special domain model shows that the domain current reproduces the doping profile almost linearly and that the doping fluctuation increases the triggered-mode threshold field but does not alter the domain velocity appreciably.
{"title":"Gunn domain propagation in non-uniformly doped samples","authors":"W. Heinle","doi":"10.1088/0508-3443/18/11/304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0508-3443/18/11/304","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a method which is applicable in certain cases to determine the domain field distribution in the Gunn effect in the case of inhomogeneously doped samples. The method makes use of the steady-state solutions of domain dynamics. Evaluation for a special domain model shows that the domain current reproduces the doping profile almost linearly and that the doping fluctuation increases the triggered-mode threshold field but does not alter the domain velocity appreciably.","PeriodicalId":9350,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"33 1","pages":"1537-1541"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73776657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1967-11-01DOI: 10.1088/0508-3443/18/11/316
J. A. Harrison
The departures from uniformity of the electric field, expressed as (E - E0)/E0, have been calculated for fields produced by 90° Rogowski, 120° Rogowski and Bruce electrodes. The fields on the axes of the electrodes were found to be uniform to better than 1 part in 107 for the Rogowski profiles and to better than 1% for the Bruce profile. The effect of increasing the 120° Rogowski electrode separation to twice its design value and the influence of the walls of the containing vessel on the electric field were investigated. A new uniform-field electrode profile is presented which is a compromise between the Bruce and Rogowski forms. Accurate values of the field produced by this new profile are given.
{"title":"A computer study of uniform-field electrodes","authors":"J. A. Harrison","doi":"10.1088/0508-3443/18/11/316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0508-3443/18/11/316","url":null,"abstract":"The departures from uniformity of the electric field, expressed as (E - E0)/E0, have been calculated for fields produced by 90° Rogowski, 120° Rogowski and Bruce electrodes. The fields on the axes of the electrodes were found to be uniform to better than 1 part in 107 for the Rogowski profiles and to better than 1% for the Bruce profile. The effect of increasing the 120° Rogowski electrode separation to twice its design value and the influence of the walls of the containing vessel on the electric field were investigated. A new uniform-field electrode profile is presented which is a compromise between the Bruce and Rogowski forms. Accurate values of the field produced by this new profile are given.","PeriodicalId":9350,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"24 1","pages":"1617-1627"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74734751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1967-11-01DOI: 10.1088/0508-3443/18/11/419
J. Guimbard, P. Gobin
The yield stress of pure polycrystalline aluminium quenched from 600°C shows two stages as a function of ageing temperature. A stage Θ1 below a transition temperature θm ( -43°C) in which the yield stress after 150 min of ageing increases with increasing temperature, and a stage Θ2 above θm in which the yield stress decreases with increasing temperature. The effect of quenching temperature on these transition temperatures has been studied and for six quenching temperatures Tq between 475 and 600°C, both stages are observed. The initial yield stress values decrease with decreasing quenching temperature. The transition temperature θm does not change with Tq in the case of super-refined aluminium, but decreases with increasing quenching temperature for less pure metal.
{"title":"RESEARCH NOTES: The influence of quenching temperature on the hardening of pure aluminium quenched to -72°C","authors":"J. Guimbard, P. Gobin","doi":"10.1088/0508-3443/18/11/419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0508-3443/18/11/419","url":null,"abstract":"The yield stress of pure polycrystalline aluminium quenched from 600°C shows two stages as a function of ageing temperature. A stage Θ1 below a transition temperature θm ( -43°C) in which the yield stress after 150 min of ageing increases with increasing temperature, and a stage Θ2 above θm in which the yield stress decreases with increasing temperature. The effect of quenching temperature on these transition temperatures has been studied and for six quenching temperatures Tq between 475 and 600°C, both stages are observed. The initial yield stress values decrease with decreasing quenching temperature. The transition temperature θm does not change with Tq in the case of super-refined aluminium, but decreases with increasing quenching temperature for less pure metal.","PeriodicalId":9350,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81676433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1967-11-01DOI: 10.1088/0508-3443/18/11/124
S. Goldsmith, A. S. Kaufman
The measured luminous-flux ratio of the singlet and triplet lines at 5048 and 4713 A is constant close to and on the axis of the discharge tube, but increases towards the tube wall. Analysis shows that an electron-velocity distribution function of exponential form for the region near the tube wall is not compatible with this observation.
{"title":"LETTERS TO THE EDITOR: Spectroscopic evidence of deviation from Maxwell's law of electron velocities in the helium positive column","authors":"S. Goldsmith, A. S. Kaufman","doi":"10.1088/0508-3443/18/11/124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0508-3443/18/11/124","url":null,"abstract":"The measured luminous-flux ratio of the singlet and triplet lines at 5048 and 4713 A is constant close to and on the axis of the discharge tube, but increases towards the tube wall. Analysis shows that an electron-velocity distribution function of exponential form for the region near the tube wall is not compatible with this observation.","PeriodicalId":9350,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76363415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1967-11-01DOI: 10.1088/0508-3443/18/11/310
J. Preece, H. Wilman
Additional arcs in electron-diffraction reflection patterns from tin films condensed in air or oxygen at pressures of between 100 and 1 ?torr are shown to be due to normally forbidden diffractions arising from secondary scattering, and not to the presence of crystalline SnO. These diffractions are evidently associated with the presence of oxygen, but this is only because they are prominent when the tin develops a preferred (110) orientation, as happens when it is condensed in oxygen at pressures above 10 ?torr.
{"title":"Abnormal reflections in electron-diffraction patterns from tin condensed in low-pressure air or oxygen","authors":"J. Preece, H. Wilman","doi":"10.1088/0508-3443/18/11/310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0508-3443/18/11/310","url":null,"abstract":"Additional arcs in electron-diffraction reflection patterns from tin films condensed in air or oxygen at pressures of between 100 and 1 ?torr are shown to be due to normally forbidden diffractions arising from secondary scattering, and not to the presence of crystalline SnO. These diffractions are evidently associated with the presence of oxygen, but this is only because they are prominent when the tin develops a preferred (110) orientation, as happens when it is condensed in oxygen at pressures above 10 ?torr.","PeriodicalId":9350,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"31 1","pages":"1581"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84802626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1967-11-01DOI: 10.1088/0508-3443/18/11/418
M. Stuart
The current-voltage behaviour of evaporated silicon oxide films has been investigated. It is shown that conduction is bulk limited and closely obeys a modified Poole-Frenkel equation. This equation is derived from a model of the insulator containing donors and traps.
{"title":"Conduction in silicon oxide films","authors":"M. Stuart","doi":"10.1088/0508-3443/18/11/418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0508-3443/18/11/418","url":null,"abstract":"The current-voltage behaviour of evaporated silicon oxide films has been investigated. It is shown that conduction is bulk limited and closely obeys a modified Poole-Frenkel equation. This equation is derived from a model of the insulator containing donors and traps.","PeriodicalId":9350,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"2 1","pages":"1637-1640"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85363424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1967-11-01DOI: 10.1088/0508-3443/18/11/315
Y. Murooka, Y. Toriyama
This paper reports several results obtained during an investigation of surface-discharge phenomena in gases using ring-type electrodes devised by the authors. Compared with other measurements the present method has the advantages of simplicity and accuracy when applied to the measurement of the velocity of positive and negative corona-discharge development and to the observation of `back-discharge' phenomena. It was found that the velocities of the positive and negative corona discharges were about 16 × 107 and 08 × 107 cm sec-1 respectively, and that back-discharge phenomena appeared before the applied pulse voltage dropped to zero.
本文报道了用作者设计的环形电极研究气体表面放电现象时得到的几个结果。与其他测量方法相比，本方法在测量正负电晕放电发展速度和观察“反放电”现象方面具有简单、准确的优点。结果表明，正、负电晕放电速度分别约为16 × 107和08 × 107 cm s -1，且在施加脉冲电压降至零之前就出现了反放电现象。
{"title":"The study of surface-discharge phenomena using ring-type electrodes","authors":"Y. Murooka, Y. Toriyama","doi":"10.1088/0508-3443/18/11/315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0508-3443/18/11/315","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports several results obtained during an investigation of surface-discharge phenomena in gases using ring-type electrodes devised by the authors. Compared with other measurements the present method has the advantages of simplicity and accuracy when applied to the measurement of the velocity of positive and negative corona-discharge development and to the observation of `back-discharge' phenomena. It was found that the velocities of the positive and negative corona discharges were about 16 × 107 and 08 × 107 cm sec-1 respectively, and that back-discharge phenomena appeared before the applied pulse voltage dropped to zero.","PeriodicalId":9350,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"43 1","pages":"1607-1659"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74956956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1967-11-01DOI: 10.1088/0508-3443/18/11/526
P. H. Bigg
{"title":"CORRIGENDUM: Density of water in SI units over the range 0-40°C","authors":"P. H. Bigg","doi":"10.1088/0508-3443/18/11/526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0508-3443/18/11/526","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9350,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"2 5 1","pages":"1659"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79959282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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