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Can Artificial Intelligence Aid Diagnosis by Teleguided Point-of-Care Ultrasound? A Pilot Study for Evaluating a Novel Computer Algorithm for COVID-19 Diagnosis Using Lung Ultrasound. 人工智能可以通过远程指导的护理点超声辅助诊断吗?利用肺超声评估新冠肺炎诊断新计算机算法的初步研究。
Q2 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-10 DOI: 10.3390/ai4040044
Laith R Sultan, Allison Haertter, Maryam Al-Hasani, George Demiris, Theodore W Cary, Yale Tung-Chen, Chandra M Sehgal

With the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, there is an increasing demand for remote monitoring technologies to reduce patient and provider exposure. One field that has an increasing potential is teleguided ultrasound, where telemedicine and point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) merge to create this new scope. Teleguided POCUS can minimize staff exposure while preserving patient safety and oversight during bedside procedures. In this paper, we propose the use of teleguided POCUS supported by AI technologies for the remote monitoring of COVID-19 patients by non-experienced personnel including self-monitoring by the patients themselves. Our hypothesis is that AI technologies can facilitate the remote monitoring of COVID-19 patients through the utilization of POCUS devices, even when operated by individuals without formal medical training. In pursuit of this goal, we performed a pilot analysis to evaluate the performance of users with different clinical backgrounds using a computer-based system for COVID-19 detection using lung ultrasound. The purpose of the analysis was to emphasize the potential of the proposed AI technology for improving diagnostic performance, especially for users with less experience.

随着2019冠状病毒病(新冠肺炎)大流行,对远程监测技术的需求越来越大,以减少患者和提供者的接触。一个潜力越来越大的领域是远程引导超声,远程医疗和护理点超声(POCUS)融合在一起,创造了这种新的范围。远程引导POCUS可以最大限度地减少工作人员的接触,同时在床边程序中保护患者的安全和监督。在本文中,我们建议使用人工智能技术支持的远程引导POCUS,由无经验的人员对新冠肺炎患者进行远程监测,包括患者自己进行自我监测。我们的假设是,人工智能技术可以通过使用POCUS设备来促进对新冠肺炎患者的远程监测,即使是由未经正式医疗培训的个人操作。为了实现这一目标,我们使用基于计算机的系统进行了初步分析,以评估具有不同临床背景的用户的表现,该系统用于使用肺部超声检测新冠肺炎。分析的目的是强调所提出的人工智能技术在提高诊断性能方面的潜力,特别是对于经验较少的用户。
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引用次数: 0
Chatbots Put to the Test in Math and Logic Problems: A Comparison and Assessment of ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4, and Google Bard 聊天机器人在数学和逻辑问题上的测试:ChatGPT-3.5、ChatGPT-4和Google Bard的比较和评估
Q2 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Pub Date : 2023-10-24 DOI: 10.3390/ai4040048
Vagelis Plevris, George Papazafeiropoulos, Alejandro Jiménez Rios
In an age where artificial intelligence is reshaping the landscape of education and problem solving, our study unveils the secrets behind three digital wizards, ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4, and Google Bard, as they engage in a thrilling showdown of mathematical and logical prowess. We assess the ability of the chatbots to understand the given problem, employ appropriate algorithms or methods to solve it, and generate coherent responses with correct answers. We conducted our study using a set of 30 questions. These questions were carefully crafted to be clear, unambiguous, and fully described using plain text only. Each question has a unique and well-defined correct answer. The questions were divided into two sets of 15: Set A consists of “Original” problems that cannot be found online, while Set B includes “Published” problems that are readily available online, often with their solutions. Each question was presented to each chatbot three times in May 2023. We recorded and analyzed their responses, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses. Our findings indicate that chatbots can provide accurate solutions for straightforward arithmetic, algebraic expressions, and basic logic puzzles, although they may not be consistently accurate in every attempt. However, for more complex mathematical problems or advanced logic tasks, the chatbots’ answers, although they appear convincing, may not be reliable. Furthermore, consistency is a concern as chatbots often provide conflicting answers when presented with the same question multiple times. To evaluate and compare the performance of the three chatbots, we conducted a quantitative analysis by scoring their final answers based on correctness. Our results show that ChatGPT-4 performs better than ChatGPT-3.5 in both sets of questions. Bard ranks third in the original questions of Set A, trailing behind the other two chatbots. However, Bard achieves the best performance, taking first place in the published questions of Set B. This is likely due to Bard’s direct access to the internet, unlike the ChatGPT chatbots, which, due to their designs, do not have external communication capabilities.
在人工智能正在重塑教育和解决问题的时代,我们的研究揭示了三位数字巫师——ChatGPT-3.5、ChatGPT-4和Google Bard——背后的秘密,因为他们参与了一场令人兴奋的数学和逻辑实力对决。我们评估聊天机器人理解给定问题的能力,采用适当的算法或方法来解决问题,并产生具有正确答案的连贯响应。我们通过一组30个问题进行了研究。这些问题经过精心设计,清晰、明确,并仅使用纯文本进行完整描述。每个问题都有一个明确的正确答案。这些问题被分为两组,每组15个:A组包括在网上找不到的“原创”问题,而B组包括在网上随时可以找到的“已发表”问题,通常都有答案。每个问题在2023年5月向每个聊天机器人提出三次。我们记录并分析了他们的回答,突出了他们的优点和缺点。我们的研究结果表明,聊天机器人可以为简单的算术、代数表达式和基本的逻辑谜题提供准确的解决方案,尽管它们可能不是每次尝试都始终准确。然而,对于更复杂的数学问题或高级逻辑任务,聊天机器人的答案虽然看起来令人信服,但可能并不可靠。此外,一致性是一个问题,因为聊天机器人在多次提出相同问题时经常会提供相互矛盾的答案。为了评估和比较这三个聊天机器人的表现,我们根据正确程度对它们的最终答案进行了定量分析。我们的结果表明,在这两组问题中,ChatGPT-4的表现都优于ChatGPT-3.5。巴德在A组的原始问题中排名第三,落后于另外两个聊天机器人。然而,Bard的表现最好,在b组的公开问题中排名第一。这可能是因为Bard直接接入互联网,而不像ChatGPT聊天机器人,由于其设计,没有外部通信能力。
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引用次数: 0
Deep Learning Performance Characterization on GPUs for Various Quantization Frameworks 不同量化框架下gpu的深度学习性能表征
Q2 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Pub Date : 2023-10-18 DOI: 10.3390/ai4040047
Muhammad Ali Shafique, Arslan Munir, Joonho Kong
Deep learning is employed in many applications, such as computer vision, natural language processing, robotics, and recommender systems. Large and complex neural networks lead to high accuracy; however, they adversely affect many aspects of deep learning performance, such as training time, latency, throughput, energy consumption, and memory usage in the training and inference stages. To solve these challenges, various optimization techniques and frameworks have been developed for the efficient performance of deep learning models in the training and inference stages. Although optimization techniques such as quantization have been studied thoroughly in the past, less work has been done to study the performance of frameworks that provide quantization techniques. In this paper, we have used different performance metrics to study the performance of various quantization frameworks, including TensorFlow automatic mixed precision and TensorRT. These performance metrics include training time and memory utilization in the training stage along with latency and throughput for graphics processing units (GPUs) in the inference stage. We have applied the automatic mixed precision (AMP) technique during the training stage using the TensorFlow framework, while for inference we have utilized the TensorRT framework for the post-training quantization technique using the TensorFlow TensorRT (TF-TRT) application programming interface (API).We performed model profiling for different deep learning models, datasets, image sizes, and batch sizes for both the training and inference stages, the results of which can help developers and researchers to devise and deploy efficient deep learning models for GPUs.
深度学习在许多应用中都有应用,比如计算机视觉、自然语言处理、机器人和推荐系统。庞大而复杂的神经网络带来了高准确率;然而,它们会对深度学习性能的许多方面产生不利影响,例如训练时间、延迟、吞吐量、能量消耗以及训练和推理阶段的内存使用。为了解决这些挑战,已经开发了各种优化技术和框架,以便在训练和推理阶段有效地执行深度学习模型。尽管量化等优化技术在过去已经得到了深入的研究,但研究提供量化技术的框架的性能的工作却很少。在本文中,我们使用不同的性能指标来研究各种量化框架的性能,包括TensorFlow自动混合精度和TensorRT。这些性能指标包括训练阶段的训练时间和内存利用率,以及推理阶段图形处理单元(gpu)的延迟和吞吐量。我们在训练阶段使用TensorFlow框架应用了自动混合精度(AMP)技术,而在推理方面,我们使用TensorFlow TensorRT (TF-TRT)应用程序编程接口(API)将TensorRT框架用于训练后量化技术。我们在训练和推理阶段对不同的深度学习模型、数据集、图像大小和批处理大小进行了模型分析,其结果可以帮助开发人员和研究人员为gpu设计和部署高效的深度学习模型。
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引用次数: 0
From Trustworthy Principles to a Trustworthy Development Process: The Need and Elements of Trusted Development of AI Systems 从可信原则到可信开发过程:人工智能系统可信开发的需求和要素
Q2 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Pub Date : 2023-10-13 DOI: 10.3390/ai4040046
Ellen Hohma, Christoph Lütge
The current endeavor of moving AI ethics from theory to practice can frequently be observed in academia and industry and indicates a major achievement in the theoretical understanding of responsible AI. Its practical application, however, currently poses challenges, as mechanisms for translating the proposed principles into easily feasible actions are often considered unclear and not ready for practice. In particular, a lack of uniform, standardized approaches that are aligned with regulatory provisions is often highlighted by practitioners as a major drawback to the practical realization of AI governance. To address these challenges, we propose a stronger shift in focus from solely the trustworthiness of AI products to the perceived trustworthiness of the development process by introducing a concept for a trustworthy development process for AI systems. We derive this process from a semi-systematic literature analysis of common AI governance documents to identify the most prominent measures for operationalizing responsible AI and compare them to implications for AI providers from EU-centered regulatory frameworks. Assessing the resulting process along derived characteristics of trustworthy processes shows that, while clarity is often mentioned as a major drawback, and many AI providers tend to wait for finalized regulations before reacting, the summarized landscape of proposed AI governance mechanisms can already cover many of the binding and non-binding demands circulating similar activities to address fundamental risks. Furthermore, while many factors of procedural trustworthiness are already fulfilled, limitations are seen particularly due to the vagueness of currently proposed measures, calling for a detailing of measures based on use cases and the system’s context.
目前,学术界和工业界经常可以观察到将人工智能伦理从理论转向实践的努力,这表明在对负责任的人工智能的理论理解方面取得了重大成就。然而,它的实际应用目前面临挑战,因为将提议的原则转化为容易可行的行动的机制往往被认为是不明确的,而且还没有准备好付诸实践。特别是,缺乏与监管规定相一致的统一、标准化的方法,经常被从业者强调为实际实现人工智能治理的主要缺点。为了应对这些挑战,我们建议通过引入人工智能系统可信开发过程的概念,将重点从单纯的人工智能产品的可信度转移到开发过程的感知可信度。我们从对常见人工智能治理文件的半系统文献分析中得出这一过程,以确定实施负责任的人工智能的最重要措施,并将其与以欧盟为中心的监管框架对人工智能提供商的影响进行比较。评估由此产生的过程以及可信赖过程的衍生特征表明,尽管清晰度经常被认为是一个主要缺点,而且许多人工智能提供商倾向于在做出反应之前等待最终确定的法规,但拟议的人工智能治理机制的概述已经涵盖了许多具有约束力和非约束性的要求,这些要求围绕着类似的活动来解决基本风险。此外,虽然程序可靠性的许多因素已经实现,但由于目前提出的措施的模糊性,特别是看到了局限性,要求根据用例和系统背景详细说明措施。
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引用次数: 0
Algorithms for All: Can AI in the Mortgage Market Expand Access to Homeownership? 面向所有人的算法:人工智能在抵押贷款市场能否扩大住房所有权?
Q2 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Pub Date : 2023-10-11 DOI: 10.3390/ai4040045
Vanessa G. Perry, Kirsten Martin, Ann Schnare
Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming the mortgage market at every stage of the value chain. In this paper, we examine the potential for the mortgage industry to leverage AI to overcome the historical and systemic barriers to homeownership for members of Black, Brown, and lower-income communities. We begin by proposing societal, ethical, legal, and practical criteria that should be considered in the development and implementation of AI models. Based on this framework, we discuss the applications of AI that are transforming the mortgage market, including digital marketing, the inclusion of non-traditional “big data” in credit scoring algorithms, AI property valuation, and loan underwriting models. We conclude that although the current AI models may reflect the same biases that have existed historically in the mortgage market, opportunities exist for proactive, responsible AI model development designed to remove the systemic barriers to mortgage credit access.
人工智能(AI)正在改变抵押贷款市场价值链的每一个阶段。在本文中,我们研究了抵押贷款行业利用人工智能克服黑人、棕色人种和低收入社区成员拥有住房的历史和系统性障碍的潜力。我们首先提出在开发和实施人工智能模型时应该考虑的社会、伦理、法律和实践标准。基于这一框架,我们讨论了正在改变抵押贷款市场的人工智能应用,包括数字营销、在信用评分算法中纳入非传统“大数据”、人工智能房地产估值和贷款承销模型。我们得出的结论是,尽管目前的人工智能模型可能反映了抵押贷款市场历史上存在的相同偏见,但存在积极、负责任的人工智能模型开发机会,旨在消除抵押贷款信贷准入的系统性障碍。
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引用次数: 0
Anthropocentrism and Environmental Wellbeing in AI Ethics Standards: A Scoping Review and Discussion 人工智能伦理标准中的人类中心主义与环境福祉:范围审查与讨论
Q2 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Pub Date : 2023-10-08 DOI: 10.3390/ai4040043
Eryn Rigley, Adriane Chapman, Christine Evers, Will McNeill
As AI deployment has broadened, so too has an awareness for the ethical implications and problems that may ensue from this deployment. In response, groups across multiple domains have issued AI ethics standards that rely on vague, high-level principles to find consensus. One such high-level principle that is common across the AI landscape is ‘human-centredness’, though oftentimes it is applied without due investigation into its merits and limitations and without a clear, common definition. This paper undertakes a scoping review of AI ethics standards to examine the commitment to ‘human-centredness’ and how this commitment interacts with other ethical concerns, namely, concerns for nonhumans animals and environmental wellbeing. We found that human-centred AI ethics standards tend to prioritise humans over nonhumans more so than nonhuman-centred standards. A critical analysis of our findings suggests that a commitment to human-centredness within AI ethics standards accords with the definition of anthropocentrism in moral philosophy: that humans have, at least, more intrinsic moral value than nonhumans. We consider some of the limitations of anthropocentric AI ethics, which include permitting harm to the environment and animals and undermining the stability of ecosystems.
随着人工智能部署的扩大,人们也意识到这种部署可能带来的伦理影响和问题。作为回应,多个领域的团体发布了人工智能伦理标准,这些标准依赖于模糊的高级原则来寻求共识。“以人为本”是人工智能领域中常见的一个高级原则,尽管它的应用通常没有对其优点和局限性进行适当的调查,也没有明确的通用定义。本文对人工智能伦理标准进行了范围审查,以检查对“以人为本”的承诺,以及这种承诺如何与其他伦理问题(即对非人类动物和环境福祉的关注)相互作用。我们发现,以人为中心的人工智能伦理标准往往比以人为中心的标准更优先考虑人类而不是非人类。对我们研究结果的批判性分析表明,在人工智能伦理标准中对以人为中心的承诺符合道德哲学中人类中心主义的定义:人类至少比非人类具有更多的内在道德价值。我们考虑了以人类为中心的人工智能伦理的一些局限性,包括允许对环境和动物造成伤害,破坏生态系统的稳定性。
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引用次数: 0
Ethics and Transparency Issues in Digital Platforms: An Overview 数字平台中的道德和透明度问题:综述
Q2 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Pub Date : 2023-09-28 DOI: 10.3390/ai4040042
Leilasadat Mirghaderi, Monika Sziron, Elisabeth Hildt
There is an ever-increasing application of digital platforms that utilize artificial intelligence (AI) in our daily lives. In this context, the matters of transparency and accountability remain major concerns that are yet to be effectively addressed. The aim of this paper is to identify the zones of non-transparency in the context of digital platforms and provide recommendations for improving transparency issues on digital platforms. First, by surveying the literature and reflecting on the concept of platformization, choosing an AI definition that can be adopted by different stakeholders, and utilizing AI ethics, we will identify zones of non-transparency in the context of digital platforms. Second, after identifying the zones of non-transparency, we go beyond a mere summary of existing literature and provide our perspective on how to address the raised concerns. Based on our survey of the literature, we find that three major zones of non-transparency exist in digital platforms. These include a lack of transparency with regard to who contributes to platforms; lack of transparency with regard to who is working behind platforms, the contributions of those workers, and the working conditions of digital workers; and lack of transparency with regard to how algorithms are developed and governed. Considering the abundance of high-level principles in the literature that cannot be easily operationalized, this is an attempt to bridge the gap between principles and operationalization.
利用人工智能(AI)的数字平台在我们的日常生活中的应用越来越多。在这方面,透明度和责任制问题仍然是有待有效处理的主要关切问题。本文的目的是确定数字平台背景下的不透明区域,并为改善数字平台上的透明度问题提供建议。首先,通过调查文献和反思平台化的概念,选择一个可以被不同利益相关者采用的人工智能定义,并利用人工智能伦理,我们将确定数字平台背景下的不透明区域。其次,在确定了不透明的区域之后,我们超越了对现有文献的简单总结,并就如何解决提出的问题提供了我们的观点。通过文献调查,我们发现数字平台存在三个主要的不透明区域。这些问题包括:谁在为平台做出贡献方面缺乏透明度;在平台背后工作的人、这些工人的贡献以及数字工人的工作条件方面缺乏透明度;在算法的开发和管理方面缺乏透明度。考虑到文献中大量不能轻易操作的高级原则,这是一种弥合原则和操作化之间差距的尝试。
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引用次数: 0
A General Machine Learning Model for Assessing Fruit Quality Using Deep Image Features 基于深度图像特征评估水果质量的通用机器学习模型
Q2 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Pub Date : 2023-09-27 DOI: 10.3390/ai4040041
Ioannis D. Apostolopoulos, Mpesi Tzani, Sokratis I. Aznaouridis
Fruit quality is a critical factor in the produce industry, affecting producers, distributors, consumers, and the economy. High-quality fruits are more appealing, nutritious, and safe, boosting consumer satisfaction and revenue for producers. Artificial intelligence can aid in assessing the quality of fruit using images. This paper presents a general machine learning model for assessing fruit quality using deep image features. This model leverages the learning capabilities of the recent successful networks for image classification called vision transformers (ViT). The ViT model is built and trained with a combination of various fruit datasets and taught to distinguish between good and rotten fruit images based on their visual appearance and not predefined quality attributes. The general model demonstrated impressive results in accurately identifying the quality of various fruits, such as apples (with a 99.50% accuracy), cucumbers (99%), grapes (100%), kakis (99.50%), oranges (99.50%), papayas (98%), peaches (98%), tomatoes (99.50%), and watermelons (98%). However, it showed slightly lower performance in identifying guavas (97%), lemons (97%), limes (97.50%), mangoes (97.50%), pears (97%), and pomegranates (97%).
水果质量是农产品行业的关键因素,影响着生产者、分销商、消费者和经济。高品质的水果更有吸引力,营养更丰富,更安全,可以提高消费者的满意度和生产者的收入。人工智能可以通过图像来帮助评估水果的质量。本文提出了一种利用深度图像特征评估水果质量的通用机器学习模型。该模型利用了最近成功的图像分类网络的学习能力,称为视觉变压器(ViT)。结合各种水果数据集构建和训练ViT模型,并根据其视觉外观而不是预定义的质量属性来区分好水果和坏水果图像。通用模型在准确识别各种水果的质量方面表现出了令人印象深刻的结果,例如苹果(准确率为99.50%)、黄瓜(99%)、葡萄(100%)、kakis(99.50%)、橙子(99.50%)、木瓜(98%)、桃子(98%)、西红柿(99.50%)和西瓜(98%)。然而,它在识别番石榴(97%)、柠檬(97%)、酸橙(97.50%)、芒果(97.50%)、梨(97%)和石榴(97%)方面的表现稍低。
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引用次数: 0
Unveiling the Transparency of Prediction Models for Spatial PM2.5 over Singapore: Comparison of Different Machine Learning Approaches with eXplainable Artificial Intelligence 揭示新加坡空间PM2.5预测模型的透明度:不同机器学习方法与可解释人工智能的比较
Q2 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Pub Date : 2023-09-27 DOI: 10.3390/ai4040040
M. S. Shyam Sunder, Vinay Anand Tikkiwal, Arun Kumar, Bhishma Tyagi
Aerosols play a crucial role in the climate system due to direct and indirect effects, such as scattering and absorbing radiant energy. They also have adverse effects on visibility and human health. Humans are exposed to fine PM2.5, which has adverse health impacts related to cardiovascular and respiratory-related diseases. Long-term trends in PM concentrations are influenced by emissions and meteorological variations, while meteorological factors primarily drive short-term variations. Factors such as vegetation cover, relative humidity, temperature, and wind speed impact the divergence in the PM2.5 concentrations on the surface. Machine learning proved to be a good predictor of air quality. This study focuses on predicting PM2.5 with these parameters as input for spatial and temporal information. The work analyzes the in situ observations for PM2.5 over Singapore for seven years (2014–2021) at five locations, and these datasets are used for spatial prediction of PM2.5. The study aims to provide a novel framework based on temporal-based prediction using Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosting (GB) regression, and Tree-based Pipeline Optimization Tool (TP) Auto ML works based on meta-heuristic via genetic algorithm. TP produced reasonable Global Performance Index values; 7.4 was the highest GPI value in August 2016, and the lowest was −0.6 in June 2019. This indicates the positive performance of the TP model; even the negative values are less than other models, denoting less pessimistic predictions. The outcomes are explained with the eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) techniques which help to investigate the fidelity of feature importance of the machine learning models to extract information regarding the rhythmic shift of the PM2.5 pattern.
由于气溶胶的直接和间接影响,如散射和吸收辐射能,它们在气候系统中起着至关重要的作用。它们还对能见度和人类健康产生不利影响。人类暴露在细PM2.5中,这对心血管和呼吸系统相关疾病有不利的健康影响。PM浓度的长期趋势受排放和气象变化的影响,而气象因素主要驱动短期变化。植被覆盖度、相对湿度、温度、风速等因素影响着地表PM2.5浓度的发散。事实证明,机器学习可以很好地预测空气质量。本研究的重点是将这些参数作为时空信息的输入来预测PM2.5。本文分析了新加坡7年(2014-2021年)5个地点的PM2.5现场观测数据,并将这些数据集用于PM2.5的空间预测。该研究旨在提供一个基于随机森林(RF)、梯度增强(GB)回归和基于树的管道优化工具(TP)的基于时间的预测的新框架。TP产生合理的全局绩效指标值;2016年8月GPI值最高为7.4,2019年6月最低为- 0.6。这表明TP模型的积极性能;甚至负值也小于其他模型,表示预测不那么悲观。使用可解释人工智能(XAI)技术解释了这些结果,这些技术有助于研究机器学习模型的特征重要性的保真度,以提取有关PM2.5模式节奏变化的信息。
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引用次数: 0
A Comprehensive Review and a Taxonomy of Edge Machine Learning: Requirements, Paradigms, and Techniques 边缘机器学习的综合综述和分类:需求、范式和技术
Q2 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Pub Date : 2023-09-13 DOI: 10.3390/ai4030039
Wenbin Li, Hakim Hacid, Ebtesam Almazrouei, Merouane Debbah
The union of Edge Computing (EC) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) has brought forward the Edge AI concept to provide intelligent solutions close to the end-user environment, for privacy preservation, low latency to real-time performance, and resource optimization. Machine Learning (ML), as the most advanced branch of AI in the past few years, has shown encouraging results and applications in the edge environment. Nevertheless, edge-powered ML solutions are more complex to realize due to the joint constraints from both edge computing and AI domains, and the corresponding solutions are expected to be efficient and adapted in technologies such as data processing, model compression, distributed inference, and advanced learning paradigms for Edge ML requirements. Despite the fact that a great deal of the attention garnered by Edge ML is gained in both the academic and industrial communities, we noticed the lack of a complete survey on existing Edge ML technologies to provide a common understanding of this concept. To tackle this, this paper aims at providing a comprehensive taxonomy and a systematic review of Edge ML techniques, focusing on the soft computing aspects of existing paradigms and techniques. We start by identifying the Edge ML requirements driven by the joint constraints. We then extensively survey more than twenty paradigms and techniques along with their representative work, covering two main parts: edge inference, and edge learning. In particular, we analyze how each technique fits into Edge ML by meeting a subset of the identified requirements. We also summarize Edge ML frameworks and open issues to shed light on future directions for Edge ML.
边缘计算(EC)和人工智能(AI)的结合,提出了Edge AI概念,提供接近最终用户环境的智能解决方案,实现隐私保护、低延迟到实时性能和资源优化。机器学习(ML)作为近年来人工智能最先进的分支,在边缘环境中取得了令人鼓舞的成果和应用。然而,由于边缘计算和人工智能领域的联合约束,边缘驱动的机器学习解决方案更加复杂,并且相应的解决方案预计将在数据处理、模型压缩、分布式推理和边缘机器学习需求的高级学习范例等技术中高效和适应。尽管Edge ML在学术界和工业界都获得了大量关注,但我们注意到缺乏对现有Edge ML技术的完整调查,以提供对这一概念的共同理解。为了解决这个问题,本文旨在提供一个全面的分类和边缘机器学习技术的系统回顾,重点关注现有范例和技术的软计算方面。我们首先确定由联合约束驱动的边缘机器学习需求。然后,我们广泛地调查了20多个范例和技术及其代表工作,涵盖了两个主要部分:边缘推理和边缘学习。特别是,我们通过满足已确定需求的子集来分析每种技术如何适合Edge ML。我们还总结了边缘机器学习框架和开放问题,以阐明边缘机器学习的未来方向。
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