Numerical methods of physics analysis require specialized forms of programming as well as attention to issues of implementation. PhysiCL is a Python package that aims to provide general-purpose tools for performing OpenCL-accelerated physics simulations with ease. PhysiCL contains a Numpy-based code units system, a set of generic simulation tools, built-in tools for photon scattering, tools for measuring light behavior, and tools for writing new OpenCL-based simulation features. This package can be installed via PyPI using pip install physicl , and found on GitHub with source code and examples at https://github.com/bcwarner/physicl.
{"title":"PhysiCL: An OpenCL-Accelerated Python Physics Simulator","authors":"Benjamin C. Warner","doi":"10.1063/10.0006351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/10.0006351","url":null,"abstract":"Numerical methods of physics analysis require specialized forms of programming as well as attention to issues of implementation. PhysiCL is a Python package that aims to provide general-purpose tools for performing OpenCL-accelerated physics simulations with ease. PhysiCL contains a Numpy-based code units system, a set of generic simulation tools, built-in tools for photon scattering, tools for measuring light behavior, and tools for writing new OpenCL-based simulation features. This package can be installed via PyPI using pip install physicl , and found on GitHub with source code and examples at https://github.com/bcwarner/physicl.","PeriodicalId":93662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of undergraduate reports in physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46919057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Ramanathan, Luke Conover, Oberon Wackwitz, R. Ramos
{"title":"Probing the Energy Gaps of a Multi-Gap Superconductor: Ba(1-x)KxFe2As2","authors":"K. Ramanathan, Luke Conover, Oberon Wackwitz, R. Ramos","doi":"10.1063/10.0006347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/10.0006347","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of undergraduate reports in physics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41452946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A Sagnac interferometer splits an incident beam of light into two components which travel in opposite directions of the same path. Consequently, each beam travels an equivalent distance. However, by rotating the entire apparatus at a sufficient speed, a noticeable change in the beams’ interference pattern is observed. This pattern results from one beam travelling against rotation and the other travelling with rotation, resulting in an increase or decrease in apparent path length, respectively. This is known as the Sagnac Effect. By using a traditional mirror-and-laser interferometer setup and a large turntable, we demonstrate the Sagnac Effect by showing that a given angular velocity results in a phase shift which matches what is predicted.
{"title":"Demonstrating the Sagnac Effect Using Tabletop Optics on a Rotary Platform","authors":"J. Mock, Jared Medlin, M. Richards, E. Hamilton","doi":"10.1063/10.0006346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/10.0006346","url":null,"abstract":"A Sagnac interferometer splits an incident beam of light into two components which travel in opposite directions of the same path. Consequently, each beam travels an equivalent distance. However, by rotating the entire apparatus at a sufficient speed, a noticeable change in the beams’ interference pattern is observed. This pattern results from one beam travelling against rotation and the other travelling with rotation, resulting in an increase or decrease in apparent path length, respectively. This is known as the Sagnac Effect. By using a traditional mirror-and-laser interferometer setup and a large turntable, we demonstrate the Sagnac Effect by showing that a given angular velocity results in a phase shift which matches what is predicted.","PeriodicalId":93662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of undergraduate reports in physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44498934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. A large flux of neutrinos is expected in the forward direction of the pp collisions [1, 3] at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. Several experiments have recently been proposed at CERN to detect these neutrinos and discussion has started on the possibility of building a Forward Physics Facility grouping many of them. Among the others, the FASER-nu [2] proposal consists of a lead+emulsion neutrino detector at a distance of 480 m from the ATLAS interaction region along the tangent to the LHC beamline. Old calculations of neutrinos rates in the forward direction were done to leading order in the QCD perturbative series. We have included next-to-leading order (NLO) terms in our calculation. We have also studied the effect of incorporating a non-perturbative Gaussian intrinsic kT . This kT effect mimics the contribution from missing higher-order terms in QCD calculations. We present the study of uncertainties due to scale variations and Parton Distribution Function (PDF) variations in the production rate of D and tau neutrinos in the far-forward Production at the Large Hadron Collider. We compare our predictions with the LHCb data with D production in the rapidity range of [2 −4.5] at the LHC. In our studies, for which we consider various modern PDF sets, we also include the comparison of predictions obtained by different dynamical central scale assumptions.
{"title":"Preliminary Examination of Uncertainties due to Parton Distribution Functions in Far-Forward Neutrino Production at the Large Hadron Collider","authors":"Fnu Karan Kumar","doi":"10.1063/10.0006343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/10.0006343","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. A large flux of neutrinos is expected in the forward direction of the pp collisions [1, 3] at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. Several experiments have recently been proposed at CERN to detect these neutrinos and discussion has started on the possibility of building a Forward Physics Facility grouping many of them. Among the others, the FASER-nu [2] proposal consists of a lead+emulsion neutrino detector at a distance of 480 m from the ATLAS interaction region along the tangent to the LHC beamline. Old calculations of neutrinos rates in the forward direction were done to leading order in the QCD perturbative series. We have included next-to-leading order (NLO) terms in our calculation. We have also studied the effect of incorporating a non-perturbative Gaussian intrinsic kT . This kT effect mimics the contribution from missing higher-order terms in QCD calculations. We present the study of uncertainties due to scale variations and Parton Distribution Function (PDF) variations in the production rate of D and tau neutrinos in the far-forward Production at the Large Hadron Collider. We compare our predictions with the LHCb data with D production in the rapidity range of [2 −4.5] at the LHC. In our studies, for which we consider various modern PDF sets, we also include the comparison of predictions obtained by different dynamical central scale assumptions.","PeriodicalId":93662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of undergraduate reports in physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42041312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this research, we are reporting the light curve of RR Lyrae type variable star TV Lyn. This star is observed in the northern hemisphere and its coordinates are 07:33:31.7 +47:48:09.8. We have used data from Las Cumbres Observatory (LCO) which consists of a worldwide network of robotic telescopes. Photometric measurements were conducted using the SBIG 6303 0.4-meter telescope with a field of view of 29’x19’. Depending on what the color of a star is when different filters are applied to it, the luminosity will change accordingly. Our data consists of four filters, Bessell B (Blue), Bessell V (visual), SDSS-I (Infrared), and PAN-STARRS-Z (Near Infrared). Results show that this star has a variability period of 0.2407±0.002 days, metallicity -1.49, and located at a distance of 1362±118 pc. We have used an estimate of the reddening E(B-V) as 0.08. This research is a part of an Our Solar Sibling Project by an undergraduate student with the help of a faculty advisor and an Our Solar Sibling Project Investigator.
{"title":"Photometric Study of RR Lyrae Star TV Lyn","authors":"She’Kayla Love, Hazra Susmita, M. Fitzgerald","doi":"10.1063/10.0006345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/10.0006345","url":null,"abstract":"In this research, we are reporting the light curve of RR Lyrae type variable star TV Lyn. This star is observed in the northern hemisphere and its coordinates are 07:33:31.7 +47:48:09.8. We have used data from Las Cumbres Observatory (LCO) which consists of a worldwide network of robotic telescopes. Photometric measurements were conducted using the SBIG 6303 0.4-meter telescope with a field of view of 29’x19’. Depending on what the color of a star is when different filters are applied to it, the luminosity will change accordingly. Our data consists of four filters, Bessell B (Blue), Bessell V (visual), SDSS-I (Infrared), and PAN-STARRS-Z (Near Infrared). Results show that this star has a variability period of 0.2407±0.002 days, metallicity -1.49, and located at a distance of 1362±118 pc. We have used an estimate of the reddening E(B-V) as 0.08. This research is a part of an Our Solar Sibling Project by an undergraduate student with the help of a faculty advisor and an Our Solar Sibling Project Investigator.","PeriodicalId":93662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of undergraduate reports in physics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59871785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A methodology for imaging the dynamics of individual microgel particles using high resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is presented. To enable this, the microgels are dispersed in an ionic liquid, which due to its low vapor pressure allows them to remain in suspension even under the high vacuum conditions present in a typical electron gun. Thus, compared with conventional electron microscopy studies of microgels, no sample drying or freezing is necessary which preserves their morphology while also allowing to probe microgel dynamics in solution. The results based on the individually tracked particles are compared with results from dynamic light scattering (DLS) which measures the mean size and diffusion properties of large collectives of particles. For the size measurements, the SEM and DLS data are in general agreement. For the particle dynamics, monitoring individual microgel motion reveals complex dynamics in which, aside from the expected thermal motion, one observes effects such as clustering, rotation and drift. This is in contrast with a control sample of hard sphere-like silica particles where the motion is primarily diffusional in good agreement with DLS studies.
{"title":"Microgel Dynamics Characterization Using SEM","authors":"S. Tietjen, Richard Sent, P. Fodor, K. Streletzky","doi":"10.1063/10.0006350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/10.0006350","url":null,"abstract":"A methodology for imaging the dynamics of individual microgel particles using high resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is presented. To enable this, the microgels are dispersed in an ionic liquid, which due to its low vapor pressure allows them to remain in suspension even under the high vacuum conditions present in a typical electron gun. Thus, compared with conventional electron microscopy studies of microgels, no sample drying or freezing is necessary which preserves their morphology while also allowing to probe microgel dynamics in solution. The results based on the individually tracked particles are compared with results from dynamic light scattering (DLS) which measures the mean size and diffusion properties of large collectives of particles. For the size measurements, the SEM and DLS data are in general agreement. For the particle dynamics, monitoring individual microgel motion reveals complex dynamics in which, aside from the expected thermal motion, one observes effects such as clustering, rotation and drift. This is in contrast with a control sample of hard sphere-like silica particles where the motion is primarily diffusional in good agreement with DLS studies.","PeriodicalId":93662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of undergraduate reports in physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46704312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ahmed Halawani, R. Ayad, M. Albalawi, Mansour Alatawi, Abdulaziz Alatawi, Hans-Günter Moser
In this paper, we describe the design, construction, testing, and installation of the cosmic ray trigger system used to commission the VerteX Detector (VXD) of the Belle II experiment at the High-Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) in Japan. The system consists of two rows of scintillators; with six scintillators being on top of the VXD, and six at the bottom of it. The scintillators were characterized (plateaus, threshold values, coincidences rate), and when compared with the simulation values a concordant match was found for all cosmic coincidence measurements. In Phase 3 of SuperKEKB accelerator, the VXD was the last sub-detector to be integrated into the heart of Belle II detector, after it was absent from being integrated within Belle II in Phase 1 and Phase 2 of SuperKEKB machine studies. A system consisting of VXD prototype parts had been installed, into Belle II detectors, at the VXD location during Phase 2 to study background and it was found that the VXD can cope with the level of measured background: allowing the VXD to be present during Phase 3 Belle II data taking. The VXD was tested with cosmic rays outside of Belle II before it was integrated within Belle II just before Phase 3 data taking, which commenced in March 2019.
{"title":"Installation of a Cosmic-Ray Trigger System to Commission the Belle II Experiment VerteX Detector with Cosmic Rays","authors":"Ahmed Halawani, R. Ayad, M. Albalawi, Mansour Alatawi, Abdulaziz Alatawi, Hans-Günter Moser","doi":"10.1063/10.0006341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/10.0006341","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we describe the design, construction, testing, and installation of the cosmic ray trigger system used to commission the VerteX Detector (VXD) of the Belle II experiment at the High-Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) in Japan. The system consists of two rows of scintillators; with six scintillators being on top of the VXD, and six at the bottom of it. The scintillators were characterized (plateaus, threshold values, coincidences rate), and when compared with the simulation values a concordant match was found for all cosmic coincidence measurements. In Phase 3 of SuperKEKB accelerator, the VXD was the last sub-detector to be integrated into the heart of Belle II detector, after it was absent from being integrated within Belle II in Phase 1 and Phase 2 of SuperKEKB machine studies. A system consisting of VXD prototype parts had been installed, into Belle II detectors, at the VXD location during Phase 2 to study background and it was found that the VXD can cope with the level of measured background: allowing the VXD to be present during Phase 3 Belle II data taking. The VXD was tested with cosmic rays outside of Belle II before it was integrated within Belle II just before Phase 3 data taking, which commenced in March 2019.","PeriodicalId":93662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of undergraduate reports in physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45155238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We present a numerical technique for self-consistently calculating plasma equilibria with prescribed sources and sinks on the boundaries, i.e. a scattering system. The method is applied to the earth’s magnetotail. The method follows individual particles through a prescribed magnetic field, while calculating the density, current and pressure that the particle contributes on a uniformly spaced grid. The individual particles are weighted to model a given source distribution and the total equilibrium properties, including the resulting magnetic field, are evaluated. The calculated and prescribed magnetic fields are then compared. If the fields differ significantly, the two fields are mixed and the process repeated. Convergence to the self-consistent field typically takes between 100 and 150 iterations.
{"title":"Test Particle Calculation of Plasma Equilibria","authors":"Jonathan Sullivan-Wood, D. Holland","doi":"10.1063/10.0006349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/10.0006349","url":null,"abstract":"We present a numerical technique for self-consistently calculating plasma equilibria with prescribed sources and sinks on the boundaries, i.e. a scattering system. The method is applied to the earth’s magnetotail. The method follows individual particles through a prescribed magnetic field, while calculating the density, current and pressure that the particle contributes on a uniformly spaced grid. The individual particles are weighted to model a given source distribution and the total equilibrium properties, including the resulting magnetic field, are evaluated. The calculated and prescribed magnetic fields are then compared. If the fields differ significantly, the two fields are mixed and the process repeated. Convergence to the self-consistent field typically takes between 100 and 150 iterations.","PeriodicalId":93662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of undergraduate reports in physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48392819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Efficient and versatile photon-number resolving detectors are critical to the development of future communication systems. The quantum-dot, optically-gated, field-effect transistor (QDOGFET) is one such detector. Utilizing quantum dots (QDs), tiny islands of semiconductor, imbedded in a transistor, QDOGFETs have been shown to exhibit single-photon sensitivity and photon-number-resolving (PNR) capabilities. A photon is detected when it photocharges a QD, which alters the amount of current flowing through the transistor by screening the gate field. Crucial to the resolving power is that each charged QD produce the same response, regardless of its location within the active area of the device. Here, we investigate the extent spatial nonuniformities in the QDOGFET’s response to light limit its ability to distinguish different numbers of photons. By using an optical-scanning microscope (OSM), contour plots of a QDOGFET’s response are acquired that show that the device exhibits localized “hotspots” where it is particularly sensitive to photons. The spatial resolution of the microscope is enhanced by capping the QDOGFET with a solid-immersion lens (SIL). We present experimental results that show how the hotspots depend on bias conditions and help decipher the root cause of the nonuniformities.
{"title":"Mapping the Photoresponse of the Quantum-Dot Based Photon-Number-Resolving Detector","authors":"Trevor Geerdts, Connor Govin, E. Gansen","doi":"10.1063/10.0006339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/10.0006339","url":null,"abstract":"Efficient and versatile photon-number resolving detectors are critical to the development of future communication systems. The quantum-dot, optically-gated, field-effect transistor (QDOGFET) is one such detector. Utilizing quantum dots (QDs), tiny islands of semiconductor, imbedded in a transistor, QDOGFETs have been shown to exhibit single-photon sensitivity and photon-number-resolving (PNR) capabilities. A photon is detected when it photocharges a QD, which alters the amount of current flowing through the transistor by screening the gate field. Crucial to the resolving power is that each charged QD produce the same response, regardless of its location within the active area of the device. Here, we investigate the extent spatial nonuniformities in the QDOGFET’s response to light limit its ability to distinguish different numbers of photons. By using an optical-scanning microscope (OSM), contour plots of a QDOGFET’s response are acquired that show that the device exhibits localized “hotspots” where it is particularly sensitive to photons. The spatial resolution of the microscope is enhanced by capping the QDOGFET with a solid-immersion lens (SIL). We present experimental results that show how the hotspots depend on bias conditions and help decipher the root cause of the nonuniformities.","PeriodicalId":93662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of undergraduate reports in physics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59872125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01Epub Date: 2021-09-14DOI: 10.1063/10.0006352
Parsa Zareiesfandabadi, Mary Williard Elting
A large molecular machine called the mitotic spindle is responsible for accurate chromosome segregation in eukaryotic cells. The spindle consists of protein filaments known as microtubules and microtubule-associated proteins such as motors and crosslinkers, which help impart its organization. In the case of the fission yeast S. pombe, these form a single bundle inside the nucleus. During spindle elongation, sliding by motor proteins provides an internal source of extensile forces, which are resisted by the compressive forces of the nuclear envelope. To probe the sources of this force balance, we cut the spindle using focused laser light at various stages of spindle elongation. We find that the spindle pole bodies collapse toward each other post-ablation. While this basic behavior has been previously observed, many questions remain about the timing, mechanics, and molecular requirements of this phenomenon. Here, we quantify the time scale of the relaxation and probe its underlying mechanism. We demonstrate that viscoelastic relaxation of the nuclear envelope cannot explain this phenomenon and provide evidence of active forces as the underlying mechanism.
{"title":"Viscoelastic Relaxation of the Nuclear Envelope Does Not Cause the Collapse of the Spindle After Ablation in <i>S. pombe</i>.","authors":"Parsa Zareiesfandabadi, Mary Williard Elting","doi":"10.1063/10.0006352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/10.0006352","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A large molecular machine called the mitotic spindle is responsible for accurate chromosome segregation in eukaryotic cells. The spindle consists of protein filaments known as microtubules and microtubule-associated proteins such as motors and crosslinkers, which help impart its organization. In the case of the fission yeast <i>S. pombe</i>, these form a single bundle inside the nucleus. During spindle elongation, sliding by motor proteins provides an internal source of extensile forces, which are resisted by the compressive forces of the nuclear envelope. To probe the sources of this force balance, we cut the spindle using focused laser light at various stages of spindle elongation. We find that the spindle pole bodies collapse toward each other post-ablation. While this basic behavior has been previously observed, many questions remain about the timing, mechanics, and molecular requirements of this phenomenon. Here, we quantify the time scale of the relaxation and probe its underlying mechanism. We demonstrate that viscoelastic relaxation of the nuclear envelope cannot explain this phenomenon and provide evidence of active forces as the underlying mechanism.</p>","PeriodicalId":93662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of undergraduate reports in physics","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9472288/pdf/nihms-1823537.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40362201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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