Pub Date : 2024-10-01Epub Date: 2024-10-07DOI: 10.1017/S0007485324000427
Rina Zhao, Xiaomeng Guo, Ling Meng, Baoping Li
Gene expression studies in organisms are often conducted using reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and the accuracy of RT-qPCR results relies on the stability of reference genes. We examined ten candidate reference genes in Sclerodermus guani, a parasitoid wasp that is a natural enemy of long-horned beetle pests in forestry, including ACT, EF1α, Hsc70, Hsp70, SRSF7, α-tubulin, RPL7A, 18S, 28S, and SOD1, regarding variable biotic and abiotic factors such as body part, life stage, hormone, diet, and temperature. Data were analysed using four dedicated algorithms (ΔCt, BestKeeper, NormFinder, and geNorm) and one comparative tool (RefFinder). Our results showed that the most stable reference genes were RPL7A and EF1α regarding the body part, SRSF7 and Hsc70 regarding the diet, RPL7A and α-tubulin regarding the hormone, SRSF7 and RPL7A regarding the life stage, and SRSF7 and α-tubulin regarding temperature. To ascertain the applicability of specific reference genes, the expression level of the target gene (ACPase) was estimated regarding the body part using the most stable reference genes, RPL7A and EF1α, and the least stable one, SOD1. The highest expression level of ACPase was observed in the abdomen, and the validity of RPL7A and EF1α was confirmed. This study provides, for the first time, an extensive list of reliable reference genes for molecular biology studies in S. guani.
{"title":"Identification and validation of reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis in <i>Sclerodermus guani</i> (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae).","authors":"Rina Zhao, Xiaomeng Guo, Ling Meng, Baoping Li","doi":"10.1017/S0007485324000427","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0007485324000427","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gene expression studies in organisms are often conducted using reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and the accuracy of RT-qPCR results relies on the stability of reference genes. We examined ten candidate reference genes in <i>Sclerodermus guani</i>, a parasitoid wasp that is a natural enemy of long-horned beetle pests in forestry, including <i>ACT, EF1α, Hsc70, Hsp70, SRSF7, α-tubulin, RPL7A, 18S, 28S,</i> and <i>SOD1</i>, regarding variable biotic and abiotic factors such as body part, life stage, hormone, diet, and temperature. Data were analysed using four dedicated algorithms (ΔCt, BestKeeper, NormFinder, and geNorm) and one comparative tool (RefFinder). Our results showed that the most stable reference genes were <i>RPL7A</i> and <i>EF1α</i> regarding the body part, <i>SRSF7</i> and <i>Hsc70</i> regarding the diet, <i>RPL7A</i> and <i>α-tubulin</i> regarding the hormone, <i>SRSF7</i> and <i>RPL7A</i> regarding the life stage, and <i>SRSF7</i> and <i>α-tubulin</i> regarding temperature. To ascertain the applicability of specific reference genes, the expression level of the target gene (<i>ACPase</i>) was estimated regarding the body part using the most stable reference genes, <i>RPL7A</i> and <i>EF1α</i>, and the least stable one, <i>SOD1</i>. The highest expression level of <i>ACPase</i> was observed in the abdomen, and the validity of <i>RPL7A</i> and <i>EF1α</i> was confirmed. This study provides, for the first time, an extensive list of reliable reference genes for molecular biology studies in <i>S. guani</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":9370,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Entomological Research","volume":" ","pages":"613-621"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142380082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01Epub Date: 2024-09-27DOI: 10.1017/S0007485324000543
A Garriga, D Toubarro, A Morton, N Simões, F García-Del-Pino
Drosophila suzukii is a pest of global concern due to its great impact on several crops. The entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae was highly virulent to the larvae of the fly although some immune mechanisms were triggered along the infection course. Thus, to understand the gene activation profile we performed a comparative transcriptome of D. suzukii larvae infected with S. carpocapsae and Xenorhabdus nematophila to map the differentially expressed genes involved in the defence response. The analysis exposed the induction of genes involved in the humoral response such as the antimicrobial peptides and pattern-recognition receptors while there was a suppression of the cellular defence. Besides, genes involved in melanisation, and clot formation were downregulated hindering the encapsulation response and wound healing. After the infection, larvae were in a stress condition with an enrichment of metabolic and transport functionalities. Concerning the stress response, we observed variations of the heat-shock proteins, detoxification, and peroxidase enzymes. These findings set a genetical comprehensive knowledge of the host-pathogen relation of D. suzukii challenged with S. carpocapsae which could support further comparative studies with entomopathogenic nematodes.
{"title":"Analysis of the immune transcriptome of the invasive pest spotted wing drosophila infected by <i>Steinernema carpocapsae</i>.","authors":"A Garriga, D Toubarro, A Morton, N Simões, F García-Del-Pino","doi":"10.1017/S0007485324000543","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0007485324000543","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Drosophila suzukii</i> is a pest of global concern due to its great impact on several crops. The entomopathogenic nematode <i>Steinernema carpocapsae</i> was highly virulent to the larvae of the fly although some immune mechanisms were triggered along the infection course. Thus, to understand the gene activation profile we performed a comparative transcriptome of <i>D. suzukii</i> larvae infected with <i>S. carpocapsae</i> and <i>Xenorhabdus nematophila</i> to map the differentially expressed genes involved in the defence response. The analysis exposed the induction of genes involved in the humoral response such as the antimicrobial peptides and pattern-recognition receptors while there was a suppression of the cellular defence. Besides, genes involved in melanisation, and clot formation were downregulated hindering the encapsulation response and wound healing. After the infection, larvae were in a stress condition with an enrichment of metabolic and transport functionalities. Concerning the stress response, we observed variations of the heat-shock proteins, detoxification, and peroxidase enzymes. These findings set a genetical comprehensive knowledge of the host-pathogen relation of <i>D. suzukii</i> challenged with <i>S. carpocapsae</i> which could support further comparative studies with entomopathogenic nematodes.</p>","PeriodicalId":9370,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Entomological Research","volume":" ","pages":"622-630"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142342123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01Epub Date: 2024-10-16DOI: 10.1017/S0007485324000087
Hongyan Wang, Haifeng Wang, Kexin Wen, Tao Xie, Shigan Luo, Jiawei Wu, Bin Xia
Panonychus citri is one of the most destructive pests in citrus orchards, exhibiting varying degrees of tolerance to numerous insecticides, such as spirodiclofen. To effectively manage pests, this study explores the response of P. citri to spirodiclofen stress from the perspectives of life history, enzymatic parameters, and reproduction. The effects of two concentrations (LC30 and LC50) of spirodiclofen on the biological parameters of P. citri were evaluated by the life table method. The results showed that the development duration, fecundity, oviposition days, and lifespan were shortened, though the pre-oviposition period of two treatments was prolonged in comparison with the control. A significant decrease was recorded in the net reproductive rate (R0) and the mean generation time (T) for the two treatments. Nevertheless, the intrinsic rate of increase (r) and the rate of increase (λ) were not significantly affected in the LC30 treatment, whereas they declined in the LC50 treatment. The enzyme activity assay resulted in higher activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and carboxylesterase (CarE), among the treatments than the control. In contrast, the treatments recorded lower cytochromeP450 (CYP450) and Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities than the control. Furthermore, the study detected that relative mRNA expression of Vitellogenin (Vg) and Vitellogenin receptor (VgR) for two treatments were lower than the control. In summary, two concentrations of spirodiclofen inhibited progeny growth and fecundity of P. citri. Additionally, the results of this study may support further research on tolerance of P. citri in response to spirodiclofen stress.
{"title":"Lethal and sublethal concentrations spirodiclofen stress may increase the adaptation of <i>Panonychus citri</i> (Acari: Tetranychidae).","authors":"Hongyan Wang, Haifeng Wang, Kexin Wen, Tao Xie, Shigan Luo, Jiawei Wu, Bin Xia","doi":"10.1017/S0007485324000087","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0007485324000087","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Panonychus citri</i> is one of the most destructive pests in citrus orchards, exhibiting varying degrees of tolerance to numerous insecticides, such as spirodiclofen. To effectively manage pests, this study explores the response of <i>P. citri</i> to spirodiclofen stress from the perspectives of life history, enzymatic parameters, and reproduction. The effects of two concentrations (LC<sub>30</sub> and LC<sub>50</sub>) of spirodiclofen on the biological parameters of <i>P. citri</i> were evaluated by the life table method. The results showed that the development duration, fecundity, oviposition days, and lifespan were shortened, though the pre-oviposition period of two treatments was prolonged in comparison with the control. A significant decrease was recorded in the net reproductive rate (<i>R</i><sub>0</sub>) and the mean generation time (<i>T</i>) for the two treatments. Nevertheless, the intrinsic rate of increase (<i>r</i>) and the rate of increase (<i>λ</i>) were not significantly affected in the LC<sub>30</sub> treatment, whereas they declined in the LC<sub>50</sub> treatment. The enzyme activity assay resulted in higher activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and carboxylesterase (CarE), among the treatments than the control. In contrast, the treatments recorded lower cytochromeP450 (CYP450) and Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities than the control. Furthermore, the study detected that relative mRNA expression of Vitellogenin (Vg) and Vitellogenin receptor (VgR) for two treatments were lower than the control. In summary, two concentrations of spirodiclofen inhibited progeny growth and fecundity of <i>P. citri</i>. Additionally, the results of this study may support further research on tolerance of <i>P. citri</i> in response to spirodiclofen stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":9370,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Entomological Research","volume":" ","pages":"591-597"},"PeriodicalIF":16.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142458591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01Epub Date: 2024-10-07DOI: 10.1017/S0007485324000415
Xiaoming Wang, Wei Li, Li Song, Zuojun Xie, Jie Liu, Yao Zhao, Yu Peng
Dietary restriction-influenced biological performance is found in many animal species. Pardosa pseudoannulata is a dominant spider species in agricultural fields and is important for controlling pests. In this study, three groups - a control group (CK group), a re-feeding group (RF group), and a dietary restriction group (RT group) - were used to explore development, mating, reproduction, and the expression levels of Vg (vitellogenin) and VgR (vitellogenin receptor) genes in the spider. The findings indicated that when subjected to dietary restriction, the carapace size, weight of the spiderlings, and weight of the adults exhibited a decrease. Furthermore, the preoviposition period and egg stage were observed to be prolonged, while the number of spiderlings decreased. It was also observed that re-feeding reduced cannibalism rates and extended the preoviposition period. Dietary restriction also affected the expression of the Vg-3 gene in the spider. These results will contribute to the understanding of the impact of dietary restriction in predators of pest control, as well as provide a theoretical foundation for the artificial rearing and utilisation of the dominant spider in the field.
{"title":"Impact of dietary restriction on development, mating, and reproduction in the natural predator <i>Pardosa pseudoannulata</i>.","authors":"Xiaoming Wang, Wei Li, Li Song, Zuojun Xie, Jie Liu, Yao Zhao, Yu Peng","doi":"10.1017/S0007485324000415","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0007485324000415","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dietary restriction-influenced biological performance is found in many animal species. <i>Pardosa pseudoannulata</i> is a dominant spider species in agricultural fields and is important for controlling pests. In this study, three groups - a control group (CK group), a re-feeding group (RF group), and a dietary restriction group (RT group) - were used to explore development, mating, reproduction, and the expression levels of <i>Vg</i> (vitellogenin) and <i>VgR</i> (vitellogenin receptor) genes in the spider. The findings indicated that when subjected to dietary restriction, the carapace size, weight of the spiderlings, and weight of the adults exhibited a decrease. Furthermore, the preoviposition period and egg stage were observed to be prolonged, while the number of spiderlings decreased. It was also observed that re-feeding reduced cannibalism rates and extended the preoviposition period. Dietary restriction also affected the expression of the <i>Vg</i>-<i>3</i> gene in the spider. These results will contribute to the understanding of the impact of dietary restriction in predators of pest control, as well as provide a theoretical foundation for the artificial rearing and utilisation of the dominant spider in the field.</p>","PeriodicalId":9370,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Entomological Research","volume":" ","pages":"674-681"},"PeriodicalIF":16.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142380083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Prostigmata), is one of the most economically important mite species, mainly controlled by chemical acaricides. Natural enemies have been assessed as reliable alternatives for management of this phytophagous mite. In the current project, demographic characteristics of Neoseiulus californicus McGregor (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to sublethal concentrations (LC10 = 6.76 × 102, LC20 = 8.74 × 103 and LC30 = 55.38 × 103 conidia ml-1) of entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. TV strain were investigated under laboratory conditions at 25 ± 2°C, 70 ± 5% RH and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. Our results indicated that when adult predators were exposed to LC20 and LC30 of B. bassiana, the oviposition period was significantly reduced compared with other treatments. Neoseiulus californicus fecundity was significantly greater in the control (37 eggs) than in LC30 (24 eggs). Life table analysis revealed that the net reproductive rate (R0) declined as the sublethal concentrations of B. bassiana increased. The most striking result to emerge from the data is that not only intrinsic (r); but also, finite rate of increase (λ) was not significantly affected by different concentrations of B. bassiana. Our findings revealed some potential interactions of B. bassiana and N. californicus during their combinations for managing T. urticae that may be helpful for optimising control of this important pest.
{"title":"How does <i>Neoseiulus californicus</i> McGregor respond to sublethal doses of entomopathogenic fungus <i>Beauveria bassiana</i> (Hyp.: Cordycipitaceae)?","authors":"Katayoon Kheradmand, Mahmoud Heidari, Amin Sedaratian-Jahromi, Reza Talaei-Hassanloui, Mohammadreza Havasi","doi":"10.1017/S0007485324000397","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0007485324000397","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Two-spotted spider mite, <i>Tetranychus urticae</i> Koch (Acari: Prostigmata), is one of the most economically important mite species, mainly controlled by chemical acaricides. Natural enemies have been assessed as reliable alternatives for management of this phytophagous mite. In the current project, demographic characteristics of <i>Neoseiulus californicus</i> McGregor (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to sublethal concentrations (LC<sub>10</sub> = 6.76 × 10<sup>2</sup>, LC<sub>20</sub> = 8.74 × 10<sup>3</sup> and LC<sub>30</sub> = 55.38 × 10<sup>3</sup> conidia ml<sup>-1</sup>) of entomopathogenic fungus, <i>Beauveria bassiana</i> (Bals.) Vuill. TV strain were investigated under laboratory conditions at 25 ± 2°C, 70 ± 5% RH and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. Our results indicated that when adult predators were exposed to LC<sub>20</sub> and LC<sub>30</sub> of <i>B. bassiana</i>, the oviposition period was significantly reduced compared with other treatments. <i>Neoseiulus californicus</i> fecundity was significantly greater in the control (37 eggs) than in LC<sub>30</sub> (24 eggs). Life table analysis revealed that the net reproductive rate (<i>R</i><sub>0</sub>) declined as the sublethal concentrations of <i>B. bassiana</i> increased. The most striking result to emerge from the data is that not only intrinsic (<i>r</i>); but also, finite rate of increase (λ) was not significantly affected by different concentrations of <i>B. bassiana</i>. Our findings revealed some potential interactions of <i>B. bassiana</i> and <i>N. californicus</i> during their combinations for managing <i>T. urticae</i> that may be helpful for optimising control of this important pest.</p>","PeriodicalId":9370,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Entomological Research","volume":" ","pages":"598-605"},"PeriodicalIF":16.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142342126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01Epub Date: 2024-10-18DOI: 10.1017/S0007485324000476
Enggel Beatriz S Carmo, Christian S A Silva-Torres, Jorge Braz Torres
Global warming has driven changes in the biology and fitness of organisms that need to adapt to temperatures outside of their optimal range to survive. This study investigated aspects of reproduction and survival of the lady beetle Tenuisvalvae notata (Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) subjected to temperatures that varied from its optimal (28°C) to a gradual decrease (12, 14, 16, and 18°C) and increase (32, 34, 35, and 36°C) over time at a rate of 1°C/day. Fertility, fecundity, oviposition period, and survival were determined. There was a significant reduction in fertility and fecundity at temperatures below 18°C and above 34°C, whereas survival was reduced only above 34°C. Additionally, we evaluated that fecundity was the lowest when females were kept at low temperature, and when males were kept under high temperature. Therefore, if the T. notata remained for a long period under exposure to temperatures outside the ideal range, then the species could present different reproductive responses for each sex to high and low temperatures. This factor must be considered when releasing natural enemies into an area to understand the effect of temperature on the decline of a local population a few generations after release.
{"title":"Reproductive response of the predator <i>Tenuisvalvae notata</i> (Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to temperatures outside their ideal thermal range.","authors":"Enggel Beatriz S Carmo, Christian S A Silva-Torres, Jorge Braz Torres","doi":"10.1017/S0007485324000476","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0007485324000476","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Global warming has driven changes in the biology and fitness of organisms that need to adapt to temperatures outside of their optimal range to survive. This study investigated aspects of reproduction and survival of the lady beetle <i>Tenuisvalvae notata</i> (Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) subjected to temperatures that varied from its optimal (28°C) to a gradual decrease (12, 14, 16, and 18°C) and increase (32, 34, 35, and 36°C) over time at a rate of 1°C/day. Fertility, fecundity, oviposition period, and survival were determined. There was a significant reduction in fertility and fecundity at temperatures below 18°C and above 34°C, whereas survival was reduced only above 34°C. Additionally, we evaluated that fecundity was the lowest when females were kept at low temperature, and when males were kept under high temperature. Therefore, if the <i>T. notata</i> remained for a long period under exposure to temperatures outside the ideal range, then the species could present different reproductive responses for each sex to high and low temperatures. This factor must be considered when releasing natural enemies into an area to understand the effect of temperature on the decline of a local population a few generations after release.</p>","PeriodicalId":9370,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Entomological Research","volume":" ","pages":"691-698"},"PeriodicalIF":16.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142458592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01Epub Date: 2024-10-23DOI: 10.1017/S0007485324000579
Pablo C Colombo
The touchstone of the 'New Synthesis' was population cytogenetics -rather than genetics - due to the abundant polymorphic inversions in the genus Drosophila. Grasshoppers were not a material of choice because of their conservative karyotypes. However, nowadays seven species of Acrididae were described for polymorphic centric fusions, five of them in South-America. Leptysma argentina and the likely biocontrol of water-hyacinth Cornops aquaticum are semiaquatic Leptysminae (Acrididae: Orthoptera), polymorphic for centric fusions, supernumerary segments and a B-chromosome. We sought to demonstrate the operation of natural selection on them, by detecting: (I) latitudinal clines; (II) regression on environmental variables; (III) deviation from null models, such as linkage equilibrium; (IV) seasonal variation; (V) comparison between age classes and (VI) selection component analyses. All of them were confirmed in L. argentina, just (I) and (II) in C. aquaticum. Furthermore, the relationship between karyotype, phenotype and recombination was confirmed in both species. Karyotype-phenotype relationship may be due to the body enlargement the fusions are associated with, along with a latitudinal transition in voltinism. Karyotype-related recombination reduction in both species may help explain all fusion clines, although there is probably more than one factor at work. No effects were noticed for a supernumerary segment in L. argentina, but it is ubiquitous and certainly non-neutral. C. aquaticum is poised for introduction in South-Africa as a biocontrol of water-hyacinths; the recent discovery of four more segment polymorphisms may imply more chromosomal markers to make sense of its genetic system.
新综合 "的试金石是群体细胞遗传学,而不是遗传学,因为果蝇属有大量的多态倒位。蚱蜢因其保守的核型而不是首选材料。然而,如今有 7 个蚱蜢科物种被描述为多态中心融合,其中 5 个物种位于南美洲。Leptysma argentina 和可能对水葫芦有生物防治作用的 Cornops aquaticum 是半水栖 Leptysminae(吖啶科:直翅目),具有中心融合、超数节段和 B 染色体的多态性。我们试图通过检测以下几个方面来证明自然选择对它们的作用:(I) 纬度支系;(II) 对环境变量的回归;(III) 偏离空模型,如连锁平衡;(IV) 季节性变化;(V) 年龄段之间的比较;(VI) 选择成分分析。所有这些方法都在 L. argentina 中得到了证实,只有(I)和(II)在 C. aquaticum 中得到了证实。此外,两个物种的核型、表型和重组之间的关系也得到了证实。核型与表型之间的关系可能与体型增大有关,也可能与伏氏体的纬向转变有关。这两个物种中与核型相关的重组减少可能有助于解释所有的融合支系,尽管可能有不止一个因素在起作用。在 L. argentina 中,没有发现超数片段的影响,但它无处不在,而且肯定是非中性的。C. aquaticum 准备引入南非,作为水葫芦的生物防治手段;最近又发现了四个片段多态性,这可能意味着需要更多的染色体标记来了解其遗传系统。
{"title":"Making sense of chromosome polymorphisms in two leptysmine grasshoppers.","authors":"Pablo C Colombo","doi":"10.1017/S0007485324000579","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0007485324000579","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The touchstone of the 'New Synthesis' was population cytogenetics -rather than genetics - due to the abundant polymorphic inversions in the genus Drosophila. Grasshoppers were not a material of choice because of their conservative karyotypes. However, nowadays seven species of Acrididae were described for polymorphic centric fusions, five of them in South-America. <i>Leptysma argentina</i> and the likely biocontrol of water-hyacinth <i>Cornops aquaticum</i> are semiaquatic Leptysminae (Acrididae: Orthoptera), polymorphic for centric fusions, supernumerary segments and a B-chromosome. We sought to demonstrate the operation of natural selection on them, by detecting: (I) latitudinal clines; (II) regression on environmental variables; (III) deviation from null models, such as linkage equilibrium; (IV) seasonal variation; (V) comparison between age classes and (VI) selection component analyses. All of them were confirmed in <i>L. argentina</i>, just (I) and (II) in <i>C</i>. <i>aquaticum.</i> Furthermore, the relationship between karyotype, phenotype and recombination was confirmed in both species. Karyotype-phenotype relationship may be due to the body enlargement the fusions are associated with, along with a latitudinal transition in voltinism. Karyotype-related recombination reduction in both species may help explain all fusion clines, although there is probably more than one factor at work. No effects were noticed for a supernumerary segment in <i>L. argentina</i>, but it is ubiquitous and certainly non-neutral. <i>C. aquaticum</i> is poised for introduction in South-Africa as a biocontrol of water-hyacinths; the recent discovery of four more segment polymorphisms may imply more chromosomal markers to make sense of its genetic system.</p>","PeriodicalId":9370,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Entomological Research","volume":" ","pages":"717-727"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142495574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The egg parasitoid Anastatus japonicus is a key natural enemy in the biological control of various agricultural and forestry pests. It is particularly used against the brown marmorated stink bug Halyomorpha halys and the emerging defoliator pest Caligula japonica in East Asia. It has been proved that the eggs of Antheraea pernyi can be used as a factitious host for the mass production of A. japonicus. This study systematically documented the parasitic behaviour and developmental morphology exhibited by A. japonicus on the eggs of A. pernyi. The parasitic behaviour of A. japonicus encompassed ten steps including searching, antennation, locating, digging, probing, detecting, oviposition, host-feeding, grooming, and resting. Oviposition, in particular, was observed to occur in three stages, with the parasitoids releasing eggs during the second stage when the body remained relatively static. Among all the steps of parasitic behaviour, probing accounted for the longest time, constituting 33.1% of the whole time. It was followed by digging (19.3%), oviposition (18.5%), antennation (9.6%), detecting (7.4%), and the remaining steps, each occupying less than 5.0% of the total event time. The pre-emergence of adult A. japonicus involves four stages: egg (0 to 2nd day), larva (3rd to 9th day), pre-pupa (10th to 13th day), pupa (14th to 22nd day), and subsequent development into an adult. Typically, it takes 25.60 ± 0.30 days to develop from an egg to an adult at 25℃. This information increases the understanding of the biology of A. japonicus and may provide a reference for optimising reproductive devices.
{"title":"Parasitic behaviour and developmental morphology of <i>Anastatus japonicus</i> reared on the factitious host <i>Antheraea pernyi</i>.","authors":"Run-Zhi Wang, Xu Chen, Talha Tariq, Rui-E Lv, Yong-Ming Chen, Lian-Sheng Zang","doi":"10.1017/S0007485324000518","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0007485324000518","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The egg parasitoid <i>Anastatus japonicus</i> is a key natural enemy in the biological control of various agricultural and forestry pests. It is particularly used against the brown marmorated stink bug <i>Halyomorpha halys</i> and the emerging defoliator pest <i>Caligula japonica</i> in East Asia. It has been proved that the eggs of <i>Antheraea pernyi</i> can be used as a factitious host for the mass production of <i>A. japonicus</i>. This study systematically documented the parasitic behaviour and developmental morphology exhibited by <i>A. japonicus</i> on the eggs of <i>A. pernyi</i>. The parasitic behaviour of <i>A. japonicus</i> encompassed ten steps including searching, antennation, locating, digging, probing, detecting, oviposition, host-feeding, grooming, and resting. Oviposition, in particular, was observed to occur in three stages, with the parasitoids releasing eggs during the second stage when the body remained relatively static. Among all the steps of parasitic behaviour, probing accounted for the longest time, constituting 33.1% of the whole time. It was followed by digging (19.3%), oviposition (18.5%), antennation (9.6%), detecting (7.4%), and the remaining steps, each occupying less than 5.0% of the total event time. The pre-emergence of adult <i>A. japonicus</i> involves four stages: egg (0 to 2nd day), larva (3rd to 9th day), pre-pupa (10th to 13th day), pupa (14th to 22nd day), and subsequent development into an adult. Typically, it takes 25.60 ± 0.30 days to develop from an egg to an adult at 25℃. This information increases the understanding of the biology of <i>A. japonicus</i> and may provide a reference for optimising reproductive devices.</p>","PeriodicalId":9370,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Entomological Research","volume":" ","pages":"663-673"},"PeriodicalIF":16.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142342127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01Epub Date: 2024-10-02DOI: 10.1017/S0007485324000464
Zhiling Wang, Zhihang Zhuo, Yaqin Peng, Danping Xu
As global warming increases with the frequency of extreme weather, the distribution of species is inevitably affected. Among them, highly damaging invasive species are of particular concern. Being able to effectively predict the geographic distribution of invasive species and future distribution trends is a key entry point for their control. Opisina arenosella Walker is an invasive species, and its ability to live on the backs of foliage and generate canals to hide adds to the difficulty of control. In this paper, the current and future distributions of O. arenosella under three typical emission scenarios in 2050 and 2090 are projected based on the MaxEnt model combining 19 bioclimatic variables. Filter through the variables to find the four key environment variables: BIO 1, BIO 6, BIO 11 and BIO 4. The results show that O. arenosella is distributed only in the eight provinces of Tibet, Yunnan, Fujian, Guangxi, Taiwan, Guangdong, Hong Kong and Hainan in the southeastern region. Its high suitability area is concentrated in Taiwan and Hainan. In the long run, highly suitable areas will continue to increase in size, while moderately suitable areas and poorly suitable areas will decrease to varying degrees. This paper aims to provide theoretical references for the control of O. arenosella.
{"title":"Predicting the geographical potential distribution of species <i>Opisina arenosella</i> Walker in China under different climate scenarios based on the MaxEnt model.","authors":"Zhiling Wang, Zhihang Zhuo, Yaqin Peng, Danping Xu","doi":"10.1017/S0007485324000464","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0007485324000464","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As global warming increases with the frequency of extreme weather, the distribution of species is inevitably affected. Among them, highly damaging invasive species are of particular concern. Being able to effectively predict the geographic distribution of invasive species and future distribution trends is a key entry point for their control. <i>Opisina arenosella</i> Walker is an invasive species, and its ability to live on the backs of foliage and generate canals to hide adds to the difficulty of control. In this paper, the current and future distributions of <i>O. arenosella</i> under three typical emission scenarios in 2050 and 2090 are projected based on the MaxEnt model combining 19 bioclimatic variables. Filter through the variables to find the four key environment variables: BIO 1, BIO 6, BIO 11 and BIO 4. The results show that <i>O. arenosella</i> is distributed only in the eight provinces of Tibet, Yunnan, Fujian, Guangxi, Taiwan, Guangdong, Hong Kong and Hainan in the southeastern region. Its high suitability area is concentrated in Taiwan and Hainan. In the long run, highly suitable areas will continue to increase in size, while moderately suitable areas and poorly suitable areas will decrease to varying degrees. This paper aims to provide theoretical references for the control of <i>O. arenosella</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":9370,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Entomological Research","volume":" ","pages":"682-690"},"PeriodicalIF":16.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142361124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01Epub Date: 2024-09-30DOI: 10.1017/S000748532400035X
Rameswor Maharjan, Seoyeon Hong, Youngnam Yoon, Yunwoo Jang, Kido Park
Anthropogenic-mediated climate change is expected to negatively affect pest management in agriculture. Hence, we investigated the oviposition, immature mortality, and developmental processes of Spodoptera species (Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) and Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)) under different temperatures (20, 25, and 30°C) and relative humidity (RH) (30-35, 50-55, 70-75, and 90-95%) conditions. For fecundity, mouths of each Spodoptera species were released into a rectangular box whose inner walls were covered with a sheet of white paper for each combination of temperature and RH. The mouths were kept inside the box to deposit eggs for 72 h. Temperature and RH significantly affected the fecundity, with the maximum number of eggs laid in 70-75% at 30°C. The highest egg and larval mortalities were recorded in 30-35 and 90-95% RH, respectively. Temperature and RH greatly affected the developmental period (egg-adult) and adult emergence rate. The rapid development was recorded in 70-75% RH at 30°C. Higher number of adults was found with an increase in temperature and RH. Adult longevity was significantly higher in 70-75% RH at 20°C. Based on the present study's findings, temperature and RH had an individual apparent effect on the developmental processes of Spodoptera species instead of an interactive effect. Therefore, there is need for an in-depth study of the influence of several climatic factors, including CO2, on the developmental modality and demographic changes of Spodoptera species to assess the impacts of climatic components and the sustainable development of management strategies.
{"title":"Temperature and relative humidity mediated life processes of <i>Spodoptera</i> species (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).","authors":"Rameswor Maharjan, Seoyeon Hong, Youngnam Yoon, Yunwoo Jang, Kido Park","doi":"10.1017/S000748532400035X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S000748532400035X","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anthropogenic-mediated climate change is expected to negatively affect pest management in agriculture. Hence, we investigated the oviposition, immature mortality, and developmental processes of <i>Spodoptera</i> species (<i>Spodoptera exigua</i> (Hübner) and <i>Spodoptera litura</i> (Fabricius)) under different temperatures (20, 25, and 30°C) and relative humidity (RH) (30-35, 50-55, 70-75, and 90-95%) conditions. For fecundity, mouths of each <i>Spodoptera</i> species were released into a rectangular box whose inner walls were covered with a sheet of white paper for each combination of temperature and RH. The mouths were kept inside the box to deposit eggs for 72 h. Temperature and RH significantly affected the fecundity, with the maximum number of eggs laid in 70-75% at 30°C. The highest egg and larval mortalities were recorded in 30-35 and 90-95% RH, respectively. Temperature and RH greatly affected the developmental period (egg-adult) and adult emergence rate. The rapid development was recorded in 70-75% RH at 30°C. Higher number of adults was found with an increase in temperature and RH. Adult longevity was significantly higher in 70-75% RH at 20°C. Based on the present study's findings, temperature and RH had an individual apparent effect on the developmental processes of <i>Spodoptera</i> species instead of an interactive effect. Therefore, there is need for an in-depth study of the influence of several climatic factors, including CO<sub>2</sub>, on the developmental modality and demographic changes of <i>Spodoptera</i> species to assess the impacts of climatic components and the sustainable development of management strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":9370,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Entomological Research","volume":"114 5","pages":"606-612"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142646839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}