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Hydro-scaling of direct-drive cylindrical implosions at the OMEGA and the National Ignition Facility 欧米茄和国家点火装置直接驱动圆柱内爆的水力结垢
Pub Date : 2019-10-24 DOI: 10.1063/1.5144608
S. Palaniyappan, J. Sauppe, B. Tobias, C. F. Kawaguchi, K. Flippo, A. Zylstra, O. Landen, D. Shvarts, E. Malka, S. Batha, P. Bradley, E. Loomis, N. Vazirani, L. Kot, D. Schmidt, T. H. Day, R. Gonzales, J. Kline
Deceleration-phase Rayleigh–Taylor instability (RTI) growth during inertial confinement fusion capsule implosions significantly affects the performance as it mixes cold ablator material into the fuel. Precise measurements of such instability growth are essential for both validating the existing simulation codes and improving our predictive capability. RTI measurements on the inner surface of a spherical shell are limited and are often inferred indirectly at limited convergence. In contrast, cylindrical implosions allow for direct diagnostic access to the converging interface by imaging down the cylinder axis while retaining the effects of convergence. We have performed direct-drive cylindrical implosion experiments at both the OMEGA and the NIF laser facilities using scaled targets. RTI growth is demonstrated to be scale-invariant between the cylindrical targets at OMEGA and similar targets at the NIF, which are scaled up by a factor of three in the radial dimension. Single-mode (m = 20) instability growth factors of ∼14 are measured at a convergence ratio (CR) ∼ 2.5 with nearly identical mode growth at both scales. The measurements are in agreement with xRAGE radiation-hydrodynamics simulations. In addition, we have developed the Bayesian-inference-engine method to account for the variations in the target alignment, magnification, and the parallax effect in the measurement, allowing a more precise comparison between the experimental data and the simulations.
减速相瑞利-泰勒不稳定性(RTI)的增长在惯性约束聚变胶囊内爆过程中显著影响着冷烧蚀材料与燃料的混合性能。这种不稳定性增长的精确测量对于验证现有的模拟代码和提高我们的预测能力都是必不可少的。球壳内表面的RTI测量是有限的,通常是在有限收敛时间接推断出来的。相比之下,圆柱形内爆可以在保留会聚效果的情况下,通过沿圆柱形轴成像,直接诊断会聚界面。我们在OMEGA和NIF激光设备上进行了直接驱动圆柱形内爆实验。在OMEGA的圆柱形目标和NIF的类似目标之间,RTI的增长被证明是尺度不变的,它们在径向尺寸上被放大了三倍。单模(m = 20)不稳定生长因子在收敛比(CR) ~ 2.5下测量到~ 14,在两个尺度上几乎相同的模式生长。测量结果与xRAGE辐射-流体动力学模拟结果一致。此外,我们还开发了贝叶斯推理引擎方法来解释目标对准、放大和视差效应在测量中的变化,从而使实验数据和模拟数据之间的比较更加精确。
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引用次数: 16
Advances in physics understanding of high poloidal beta regime toward steady-state operation of CFETR 对CFETR稳态运行的高极向β状态的物理认识进展
Pub Date : 2019-10-23 DOI: 10.1063/5.0032490
J. Qian, A. Garofalo, X. Gong, J. Huang, S. Ding, C. Holcomb, A. Hyatt, J. Ferron, J. Mcclenaghan, G. McKee, M. Kotschenreuther, M. Q. Wu, S. Shi, M. Li, X. Zhu, Y. Sun, G. Xu, L. Wang, J. Chen, Q. Zang, B. Zhang, L. Zhang, H. Liu, B. Lyu, W. Guo, C. Pan, Q. Ren, G. Li, H. Wang, X. Zhang, R. Pinsker, G. Staebler, L. Lao
Experimental and modeling investigations of high βp scenarios on DIII-D and EAST tokamaks show advantages in high energy confinement, avoidance of n = 1 MHD, and core-edge integration with reduced heat flux, making this scenario an attractive option for China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor steady-state operation. Experiments show that plasmas with high confinement and high density can be achieved with neutral beam injection on DIII-D (βp ∼ 2.2, βN ∼ 3.5, fBS ∼ 50%, fGw ∼ 1.0, and H98y2 ∼ 1.5) and pure RF power on EAST (βP ∼ 2.0, βN ∼ 1.6, fBS ∼ 50%, fGw ∼ 0.8, and H98y2 > 1.3). By tailoring the current density profile, a q-profile with local (off-axis) negative shear is achieved, which yields improved confinement and MHD stability. Transport analysis and simulation suggest that the combination of a high density gradient and high Shafranov shift allows turbulence stabilization and higher confinement. Using on-axis Electron Cyclotron Heating injection, tungsten accumulation is avoided on EAST, and this is reproduced in modeling. Reduced heat flux (by > 40%) and maintenance of high core confinement is achieved with active feedback control of the radiated divertor, an important result for long pulse operation in tokamaks. The improved physics understanding and validated modeling tools are used to design a 1 GW steady-state scenario for CFETR.
在DIII-D和EAST托卡马克上进行的高βp情景的实验和建模研究表明,高βp情景具有高能量约束、避免n = 1 MHD和减少热流的核心边缘集成等优势,使其成为中国聚变工程试验堆稳态运行的一个有吸引力的选择。实验表明,在DIII-D上注入中性束(βp ~ 2.2, βN ~ 3.5, fBS ~ 50%, fGw ~ 1.0, H98y2 ~ 1.5),在EAST上注入纯射频功率(βp ~ 2.0, βN ~ 1.6, fBS ~ 50%, fGw ~ 0.8, H98y2 > 1.3),可以获得高约束和高密度的等离子体。通过调整电流密度分布图,可以实现具有局部(离轴)负剪切的q分布图,从而提高约束和MHD的稳定性。输运分析和模拟表明,高密度梯度和高沙弗拉诺夫位移的结合可以实现湍流稳定和更高的约束。采用轴向电子回旋加速器加热注入,避免了EAST上的钨积累,并在建模中得到了再现。通过对辐射导流器的主动反馈控制,可以降低热流密度(> 40%)并保持高堆芯约束,这是托卡马克长脉冲运行的重要结果。利用改进的物理理解和经过验证的建模工具,设计了1gw的CFETR稳态方案。
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引用次数: 8
Complex-Hamiltonian paraxial description of damped geodesic acoustic modes 阻尼测地线声模的复哈密顿傍轴描述
Pub Date : 2019-10-23 DOI: 10.1063/5.0009636
E. Poli, F. Palermo, A. Bottino, O. Maj, H. Weber
Geodesic acoustic modes (GAMs) are a fundamental part of turbulence and zonal-flow dynamics in tokamaks. They exhibit simple yet non-trivial dispersive and dissipative properties. In linear numerical simulations, they are often initialized in the form of (e.g., Gaussian) packets that evolve in time. Depending on the parameters, dispersion and damping can act on comparable time scales during the GAM evolution. Wigner-function methods developed in the frame of non-Hermitian quantum mechanics are shown to be applicable to damped geodesic oscillations. In this approach, the standard approximation of “weak damping,” often introduced for the treatment of plasma waves, is not needed. The method requires that the properties of the plasma do not vary significantly across the width of the packet (i.e., in the radial direction), so that a paraxial expansion of the underlying equations around the center of the packet can be applied. For a quadratic Hamiltonian, the equations for the Wigner function governing the packet in the paraxial limit are shown to be equivalent to the equations of paraxial WKB theory (usually applied to the description of high-frequency wave beams in plasmas), with the real Hamiltonian replaced by the corresponding complex one. Analytic solutions are derived in particular cases and shown to agree with the results of global gyrokinetic simulations.
测地线声模态(GAMs)是托卡马克湍流和纬向流动动力学的基本组成部分。它们表现出简单而非平凡的色散和耗散性质。在线性数值模拟中,它们通常以随时间演变的(例如,高斯)数据包的形式初始化。根据参数的不同,在GAM演化过程中,色散和阻尼可以在可比的时间尺度上起作用。在非厄米量子力学框架下发展起来的维格纳函数方法被证明适用于阻尼测地线振荡。在这种方法中,不需要通常用于处理等离子体波的“弱阻尼”的标准近似。该方法要求等离子体的性质在包的宽度上(即在径向上)没有显著变化,以便可以应用围绕包中心的基础方程的近轴扩展。对于二次哈密顿量,表明控制包在近轴极限的Wigner函数方程等价于近轴WKB理论(通常用于描述等离子体中的高频波束)的方程,实哈密顿量被相应的复哈密顿量所取代。在特殊情况下得到了解析解,并与全局陀螺动力学模拟的结果相一致。
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引用次数: 3
First implementation of gyrokinetic exact linearized Landau collision operator and comparison with models 首次实现了陀螺动力学精确线性化朗道碰撞算子,并与模型进行了比较
Pub Date : 2019-10-22 DOI: 10.1063/1.5143374
Q. Pan
Gyrokinetic simulations are fundamental to understanding and predicting turbulent transport in magnetically confined fusion plasmas. Previous simulations have used model collision operators with approximate field-particle terms of unknown accuracy and/or have neglected collisional finite Larmor radius (FLR) effects. We have implemented the linearized Fokker–Planck collision operator with exact field-particle terms and full FLR effects in a gyrokinetic code (GENE). The new operator, referred to as “exact” in this paper, allows the accuracy of model collision operators to be assessed. The conservative Landau form is implemented because its symmetry underlies the conservation laws and the H-theorem, and enables numerical methods to preserve this conservation, independent of resolution. The implementation utilizes the finite-volume method recently employed to discretize the Sugama collision model in GENE, allowing direct comparison between the two operators. Results show that the Sugama model appears accurate for the growth rates of trapped electron modes (TEMs) driven only by density gradients, but appreciably underestimates the growth rates as the collisionality and electron temperature gradient increase. The TEM turbulent fluxes near the nonlinear threshold using the exact operator are similar to the Sugama model for the η e = d ln T e / d ln n e = 0 case, but substantially larger than the Sugama model for the η e = 1 case. The FLR effects reduce the growth rates increasingly with wavenumber, deepening a “valley” at the intermediate binormal wavenumber as the unstable mode extends from the TEM regime to the electron temperature gradient instability regime. Application to the Hinton–Rosenbluth problem shows that zonal flows decay faster as the radial wavenumber increases and the exact operator yields weaker decay rates.
陀螺动力学模拟是理解和预测磁约束聚变等离子体湍流输运的基础。以前的模拟使用了精度未知的近似场-粒子项的模型碰撞算子和/或忽略了碰撞有限拉莫尔半径(FLR)效应。我们在一个陀螺动力学代码(GENE)中实现了具有精确场-粒子项和全FLR效应的线性化Fokker-Planck碰撞算子。新的算子,在本文中称为“精确”,允许评估模型碰撞算子的准确性。保守朗道形式之所以得以实现,是因为它的对称性是守恒定律和h定理的基础,并使数值方法能够保持这种守恒,而不受分辨率的影响。该实现利用了最近在GENE中用于离散Sugama碰撞模型的有限体积方法,允许在两个算子之间进行直接比较。结果表明,Sugama模型对密度梯度驱动下捕获电子模式(tem)的生长速率是准确的,但明显低估了碰撞和电子温度梯度增加时的生长速率。当η e = 1时,TEM在非线性阈值附近的湍流通量与η e = d ln T / d ln ne = 0时的Sugama模型相似,但明显大于η e = 1时的Sugama模型。随着波数的增加,FLR效应逐渐降低了增长率,当不稳定模式从TEM区扩展到电子温度梯度不稳定区时,在中间双正态波数处加深了一个“谷”。对Hinton-Rosenbluth问题的应用表明,随着径向波数的增加,纬向流衰减更快,而精确算子产生的衰减率较弱。
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引用次数: 14
Modeling the 3-D structure of ignition experiments at the NIF 模拟NIF点火实验的三维结构
Pub Date : 2019-10-21 DOI: 10.1063/1.5142509
R. Nora, J. Field, B. Spears, D. Casey, M. Kruse, D. Mariscal, P. Patel
This work details a model used to infer the 3-D structure of the stagnated hot-spot and shell of inertial confinement fusion implosion experiments at the National Ignition Facility. The model assumes that 3-D low-mode drive perturbations can account for the majority of stagnation asymmetries experimentally observed. It uses an adaptive sampling algorithm to navigate the 24-D input parameter space to find a 3-D x-ray flux asymmetry whose application to an otherwise symmetric implosion results in a consistent match between synthetic and experimental diagnostic observables. The model is applied to a series of experiments and is able to achieve a consistent match for over 41 different observables, providing a high-fidelity reconstruction of the stagnation hot-spot and shell profile.
本文详细介绍了一个用于推断国家点火装置惯性约束聚变内爆实验中停滞热点和壳层三维结构的模型。该模型假设三维低模驱动扰动可以解释实验观察到的大多数停滞不对称。它使用自适应采样算法来导航24-D输入参数空间,以找到三维x射线通量不对称,将其应用于其他对称的内爆,结果在合成和实验诊断观测结果之间一致匹配。该模型应用于一系列实验,能够实现超过41种不同观测值的一致匹配,提供了停滞热点和壳剖面的高保真度重建。
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引用次数: 4
A simple hydride model for cerium ejecta particles 铈喷射粒子的简单氢化物模型
Pub Date : 2019-09-26 DOI: 10.2172/1569587
J. Regele
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引用次数: 0
Ex Luna, Scientia: The Lunar Occultation eXplorer (LOX) 前月球,科学:月球掩星探测器(LOX)
Pub Date : 2019-07-16 DOI: 10.2172/1544647
Richard S. Miller, M. Ajello, J. Beacom, P. Bloser, A. Burrows, C. Fryer, J. Goldsten, D. Hartmann, P. Hoeflich, A. Hungerford, D. Lawrence, M. Leising, P. Milne, P. Peplowski, Farzane Shirazi, T. Sukhbold, L. The, Z. Yokley, C. A. Young
LOX is a lunar-orbiting astrophysics mission that will probe the cosmos at MeV energies. It is guided by open questions regarding thermonuclear, or Type-Ia, supernovae (SNeIa) and will characterize these inherently radioactive objects by enabling a systematic survey of SNeIa at gamma-ray energies for the first time. Astronomical investigations from lunar orbit afford new opportunities to advance our understanding of the cosmos. The foundation of LOX is an observational approach well suited to the all-sky monitoring demands of supernova investigations and time-domain astronomy. Its inherently wide field-of-view and continuous all-sky monitoring provides an innovative way of addressing decadal survey questions at MeV energies (0.1-10 MeV). The LOX approach achieves high sensitivity with a simple, high-heritage instrument design that eliminates the need for complex, position-sensitive detectors, kinematic event reconstruction, masks, or other insensitive detector mass, while also mitigating technology development, implementation complexity, and their associated costs. LOX can be realized within existing programs, like Explorer.
LOX是一项绕月天体物理任务,将以MeV能量探测宇宙。它是由关于热核或ia型超新星(SNeIa)的开放问题指导的,并将通过首次在伽马射线能量上对SNeIa进行系统的调查来表征这些固有的放射性物体。月球轨道上的天文调查为我们进一步了解宇宙提供了新的机会。LOX的基础是一种非常适合超新星调查和时域天文学全天监测需求的观测方法。其固有的宽视场和连续的全天监测为解决MeV能量(0.1-10 MeV)的年代际调查问题提供了一种创新方法。LOX方法通过简单、高传承的仪器设计实现了高灵敏度,消除了对复杂的位置敏感探测器、运动学事件重建、掩模或其他不敏感探测器质量的需求,同时还降低了技术开发、实现复杂性及其相关成本。LOX可以在现有的程序中实现,比如Explorer。
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引用次数: 1
A reactive molecular dynamics study of phenol and phenolic polymers in extreme environments 极端环境下苯酚和酚醛聚合物的反应分子动力学研究
Pub Date : 2019-06-21 DOI: 10.1063/12.0001031
Keith Jones, J. Lane, N. W. Moore
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引用次数: 2
Single crystal plasticity model with deformation twinning for the high rate deformation of β-HMX 高速率变形β-HMX的变形孪晶单晶塑性模型
Pub Date : 2019-06-21 DOI: 10.1063/12.0001018
Milovan Zecevic, D. Luscher, M. Cawkwell, F. Addessio, K. Ramos
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引用次数: 3
Overdriven-detonation states produced by spherically diverging waves 由球形发散波产生的超驱动爆轰状态
Pub Date : 2019-06-20 DOI: 10.1063/12.0000923
Matthew M. Biss, M. Lieber, Michael R. Martinez
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引用次数: 1
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Bulletin of the American Physical Society
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