Current drug discovery technologies最新文献

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Introduction: Antibiotic Resistance is a growing concern in the current world. Regarding this, Helicobacter pylori is known to be present in the digestive tracts of human beings. In some people, the infection leads to stomach cancer. With the increasing problem of Antibiotic resistance, reports show that drugs are no longer working with the same efficacy rate as they used to. The present work is a study of the two-component Acid-Response System (ArsRS) protein, one of the key pro-teins involved in biofilm formation by H. pylori.

Methods: In this study, an overall bioinformatics analysis was conducted of the bioactive compound, along with some FDA-approved drugs, to identify potential novel treatments for diseases associated with H. pylori. The molecular docking studies have been done with common drugs that are used for the treatment of the infection caused by H. pylori as Amoxicillin, Clarithromycin, Tetracycline, Levofloxacin, Metronidazole, Omeprazole, and Rabeprazole. Another aspect of the current study was to investigate the potential for national compounds such as Quercetin, α-mangostin, Phytol, Liquiri-tin, and D-mannitol as an alternative therapeutic agent. ADMET Analysis and toxicity assessment were done to check the pharmacokinetics of the bioactive compounds. An in silico investigation of the H. pylori protein revealed its stability and compactness.

Results: A Higher number of intra-protein interactions increases the stability of H. pylori protein. Liquiritin emerged as an active molecule that can be used for inhibiting H. pylori biofilms. The FDA-approved drug Clarithromycin showed the highest binding energy among the synthetic group.

Discussions: The target protein's structural and sequential analysis demonstrated how the correct number of amino acids boosts the protein's stability. The ability of bioactive chemicals to function as medications is indicated by their drug-likeness characteristics. According to toxicity evaluation, they do not have any serious effects when they come into contact with people through the environment. Liquiritin and Clarithromycin were the two top compounds that appeared as the best inhibitors.

Conclusions: Bioactive compounds that can be used as drugs. This work will also be beneficial for the development of synthetic drugs.

Background: Conventional surgical threads (CST) are often colonized with drug-resistant polymicrobial biofilms.However, such bioactive agent-incorporated CST are needed to solve this problem.The aim of this study was to develop a coating for CST consisting of the antibacterial Etha-nolic Extract of Sahara Propolis (EESP) as a release topical delivery system for treating wounds, characterize the EESP and study the release profiles and antibacterial activity of EESP-CST against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa.

Methods: The chemical profiles of the samples were assessed by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The release profiles were measured in Mueller-Hinton broth (MHB) with different time 0, 30, 45, 60, 90min and 24h. Antibacterial activity was carried out through the agar diffusion method in Mueller-Hinton Agar (MHA).

Results: According to the FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR analysis, the EESP through its various peaks and the various functional groups were detected. Besides, the propolis powder showed a very low degree of crystalline material (amorphous structure) as observed by X-ray powder diffraction. Exposure to EESP-CST short-term resulted in a significant reduction in absorbance at 90 min of exposure for S. aureus in MHB. In addition, the EESP-CST has not shown any significant reduction in absorbance after on for P. aeruginosa in absorbance at 90 min. However, its antibacterial ability gradually de-creases after 90 min for the two bacteria tested. In MHA the zone of inhibition assay documented a efficacy of EESP-CST against S. aureus over 24 hours. But, adherence of the colony to the surface of EESP-CST was observed for P. aeruginosa.

Conclusion: These results supported that the EESP-CST was successful in inhibiting the growth of S. aureus. on short-term in a liquid culture assay. Therefore, EESP-CST as a prevention of wound infections and can be an appropriate candidate for more clinical investigations.

Introduction: Drug development costs for orphan and non-orphan drugs range greatly because of variations in market size, legal constraints, and financial incentives. In order to overcome tiny patient populations and high per-patient costs, orphan drugs that target rare diseases frequently need customized techniques. Since non-orphan drugs are intended for larger populations, they require more thorough clinical trials and fierce rivalry in the market.

Materials and methods: Clinical trial data for orphan and non-orphan drugs authorized between 2010 and 2020 were compared in terms of cost in this study. Trial duration, overall development expenditures, and per-patient costs were important criteria. To estimate cost components, secondary data sources such as industry reports and regulatory filings were consulted. Significant cost drivers and variations were found using statistical analysis.

Results: The study show the orphan pharmaceuticals had generally lower overall clinical development costs, the cost per patient was much higher than that of non-orphan drugs. Financial incentives including tax credits and accelerated regulatory processes helped orphan drug trials save money overall. However, non-orphan drugs required more extensive safety and efficacy evaluations and larger Phase III trials, their costs were higher.

Conclusion: The study emphasizes orphan and non-orphan drugs have different clinical cost structures and economic trade-offs. The necessity for sustainable financing options is highlighted by the high costs per patient, even as regulatory incentives successfully lower barriers for orphan drug research. The economic impact of drug research costs on various stakeholders, including drug companies, physicians, and lawmakers, enables them to make sound choices regarding resource allocation and investments in drug development. Policymakers and industry stakeholders can use these data to help create fair and effective frameworks for drug development.

Edible vaccines represent a revolutionary approach to immunization, leveraging genet-ically modified plants to produce antigens that elicit immune responses when consumed. This novel strategy addresses several limitations of traditional vaccines, particularly in resource-limited settings, by eliminating the need for cold-chain logistics and skilled healthcare personnel for administration. Edible vaccines can enhance patient compliance, especially among children, by providing a non-invasive method of immunization. Recent advancements have demonstrated the potential of edible vaccines to prevent various infectious diseases. However, challenges remain, including the risk of immune tolerance, variability in antigen dosage, and regulatory hurdles. This review highlights the mechanisms of antigen expression in edible vaccine platforms, engineering strategies to enhance sta-bility and efficacy, and recent clinical trials that underscore their potential impact on global health initiatives.

Cancer has emerged as one of the most pressing public health issues in the world and has led to extensive research in novel treatment techniques. Among them, cancer treatment strategies targeting disease-specific pathways have become a focus area. Targeted therapy, based on the premise that tumor cells rely on specific biological pathways, which drugs can block, has dramatically im-proved therapeutic outcomes with reduced systemic toxicity. Molecule targeted treatment that in-cludes interference with signaling pathway through the small molecule medication, or therapeutic monoclonal antibody, has exceptional anti-cancer effect on most different cancer types that it is pri-marily prescribed as front-line treatment at this time; and, instead of chemotherapy and conventional therapy treatment, it entails less side-effect risk and the benefit of delivering the killing to cancer cells as it should: namely, far better anti-cancer efficacy. The main problems in conducting molecular targeted therapies include rapid induction of drug-resistant states. For addressing this issue, research-ers have taken up many approaches, which include combination therapy, next-generation targeted agents, and adaptive therapy. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in targeted therapeutic medications, classifies them, and provides a short description of the target kinases along with mechanisms of action. Clinical examples of targeted therapies are provided and discussed along with potential future research areas. This article also brings to the discussion the need to further investigate mechanisms that would aid in making anti-cancer treatment more efficient, which includes emerging technologies such as nanomedicine, precision oncology, and personalized therapies, making the future bright for cancer care.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that features chronic inflammation of the joints, destruction of the synovial tissue, and progressive disability. Traditional treatments with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and glucocorticoids are usually linked to systemic side effects and low therapeutic effi-cacy. Drug delivery systems based on nanotechnology have been presented as a valuable strategy for the improvement of drug bioavailability, toxicity decrease, and targeted treatment of RA. This review discusses the latest developments in nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems, such as liposomes, niosomes, nanoemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles, ethosomes, and transferosomes, focusing specif-ically on transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS). These nanocarriers provide long-term release of the drug, enhanced permeability, and enhanced therapeutic activity by more targeted delivery to inflamed areas. In addition, the combination of combination therapy, co-delivery approaches, and phototherapy has also exhibited synergistic effects to evade drug resistance and improve anti-inflam-matory activity. Despite these developments, formulation stability, industrial manufacturing, and clinical translation remain critical challenges. Additional studies and clinical evidence are required to maximize nanotechnology-based therapies and integrate them into RA therapy.

A game-changing strategy in precision medicine is theranostics, which is the combination of diagnostics and treatments on one platform. Microrobots have drawn a lot of interest as promising agents in theranostic applications because of their small size, agility, and multifunctionality. This anal-ysis highlights the potential of microrobots to transform illness management by examining how they can integrate precise medicine delivery and diagnostic capabilities. Advanced features like imaging for focused diagnostics, payload delivery for precision therapies, and biosensing for real-time disease monitoring can be built into microrobots. These microrobots can navigate intricate biological environ-ments and provide localized intervention at the cellular and subcellular levels. They are propelled by external pressures such as magnetic fields or biological mechanisms. Recent advancements in micro-robots, including biocompatible polymers and stimuli-responsive systems, offer potential for early dis-ease identification and targeted drug release in neurological, cardiovascular, and malignant diseases. Along with solutions, issues like scalability, regulatory approval, and biocompatibility are also cov-ered. With an emphasis on their role in influencing the development of integrated healthcare solutions, this paper offers a thorough summary of technological developments and potential applications of mi-crorobots in theranostics. The study authors examined databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science for peer-reviewed articles published within the last 10 years on theranostic microrobots, diagnostic tools, drug delivery systems, and precision medicine. It comprised empirical research on microrobot design, functioning, therapeutic applications, diagnostic capabilities, treatment results, and safety profiles. This methodical methodology found patterns, gaps, and advances in the discipline.

Nowadays, a wide range of aromatic heterocyclic compounds are employed as therapeutics. Among these, pyrimidine is a well-known nucleus with two nitrogen atoms at the first and third positions of six-membered rings, with the chemical formula C4H4N2. In 1885, a physicist named Pinner coined the term "pyrimidine," which originates from "pyridine" and "amidine." Pyrimidine and its substituents have a variety of pharmacological and biological features. Research, drug discovery, and screening utilise the potential of this chemical substance. Significant therapeutic features such as antihypertensive, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antihistaminic, sedatives and hypnotics, anticancer, and anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can be seen in the pyrimidine- containing compounds, as demonstrated by the literature. Search engines like Google, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, and ScienceDirect were used to obtain the information. In the future, in addition to helping with drug design and the development of pyrimidine derivatives as therapeutic drugs, this review paper offers insight into the different biological responses of compounds generated from pyrimidine.