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The influence of crop and leaf position on thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) oviposition in cotton, soybean, and peanut seedlings. 作物和叶片位置对蓟马(Thysanoptera: Thripidae)在棉花、大豆和花生上产卵的影响。
Pub Date : 2025-02-11 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toae294
Giovani Rossi, Jessica B Mahas, Anitha Chitturi, Scott H Graham, Alana L Jacobson

Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) can injure seedling cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), and peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) crops in the southern United States. The planting window and timing of thrips infestations into these crops overlap in the region, but thrips preference for oviposition has not been investigated. We evaluated thrips preference for cotton, soybean, and peanut by counting eggs, immatures, and adults at the cotyledon to 4 true leaf stages. Peanut was significantly more attractive for oviposition than cotton and soybean. Oviposition in cotton was significantly higher in the cotyledons than the other leaves. The highest oviposition in soybeans also occurred in the cotyledons but differed only significantly from the fourth true leaf. In all crops, there was no significant difference among oviposition in the true leaves. The highest number of immatures were found on cotton, followed by peanut and then soybean, while adults were evenly distributed among crops. Our results suggest that while peanut is preferred for oviposition, this crop may not facilitate immature development and survival as effectively when compared with cotton. This study presents an initial examination of crop selection by thrips under field conditions and suggests peanut may be the preferred oviposition host.

蓟马(Thysanoptera: Thripidae)可危害棉花(Gossypium hirsutum L.)、大豆(Glycine max (L.))幼苗。)和花生(arachhis hypogaea L.)作物在美国南部。该地区蓟马侵染这些作物的种植窗口和时间重叠,但尚未调查蓟马对产卵的偏好。我们通过计算子叶至4个真叶期的卵、未成熟体和成虫来评估蓟马对棉花、大豆和花生的偏好。花生的产卵吸引力显著高于棉花和大豆。棉花子叶的产卵率显著高于其他叶片。在大豆中,子叶的产卵率也最高,但与第四真叶的产卵率差异显著。在所有作物中,真叶的产卵量没有显著差异。棉花的未成熟虫数最多,花生次之,大豆次之,成虫在各作物间分布均匀。我们的研究结果表明,虽然花生是首选的产卵作物,但与棉花相比,这种作物可能不像棉花那样有效地促进未成熟的发育和存活。本研究提出了蓟马在田间条件下选择作物的初步研究,并提出花生可能是首选的产卵寄主。
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引用次数: 0
Characterization of insecticide resistance and their mechanisms in field populations of the German cockroach (Blattodea: Ectobiidae) in Taiwan under different treatment regimes. 台湾德国小蠊(Blattodea: Ectobiidae)田间种群在不同处理制度下的杀虫剂抗药性特征及其机制。
Pub Date : 2025-02-11 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toae252
Panida Kruaysawat, Mei-Er Chen, Shao-Hung Lee, Chow-Yang Lee, Kok-Boon Neoh

This study investigated how management strategies influence resistance profiles in German cockroach (Blattella germanica (L.)) populations and their impact on the performance of commercial gel baits containing fipronil, imidacloprid, and indoxacarb. Field populations from premises managed under 3 different strategies: Baiting, random insecticide (RI) used, and insecticide rotation (IR) were tested. Almost all populations under RI and IR were resistant to deltamethrin, but low to moderate resistance was observed under the Baiting approach. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450) were involved in deltamethrin resistance in these resistant populations. All individuals under Baiting and RI were homozygous for the L993F mutation, but the populations under IR lacked homozygous-resistant individuals. Eighty-three percent of field populations with complete homozygosity for the Rdl mutation displayed low mortality upon exposure to 3× LD95 fipronil. The effect of P450 and the Rdl mutation conferred high fipronil resistance in populations under the Baiting approach, recording moderate performance indices (PI) of 44-67 in fipronil bait. By contrast, those populations under RI and IR, in which involve glutathione S-transferases in fipronil resistance, had high PIs of 78-93. Almost 80% of populations exhibited over 90% mortality at 3× LD95 indoxacarb treatment, accompanied by high PIs of 90-100 in indoxacarb bait. Partial mortality from 1× LD95 imidacloprid occurred across all field populations due to the involvement of P450. PIs of imidacloprid bait ranged 5-57 and 20-94 in populations under RI and IR, respectively. Field populations demonstrate different resistance profiles depending on the treatment regimes, and the resistance mechanisms involved influenced gel bait's effectiveness.

本研究调查了管理策略如何影响德国蟑螂(Blattella germanica (L.))种群的抗药性特征,以及它们对含有氟虫腈、吡虫啉和茚虫威的商用凝胶毒饵性能的影响。田间种群来自采用 3 种不同策略管理的场所:对诱饵、随机使用杀虫剂(RI)和杀虫剂轮换(IR)三种不同策略下的田间种群进行了测试。几乎所有使用随机杀虫剂和轮换杀虫剂的种群都对溴氰菊酯产生了抗药性,但在诱杀法下观察到了低到中等程度的抗药性。在这些抗性种群中,细胞色素 P450 单氧化酶(P450)参与了溴氰菊酯抗性的产生。投饵法和 RI 法下的所有个体都是 L993F 突变的同源个体,但 IR 法下的种群缺乏同源抗性个体。在具有 Rdl 基因完全同源突变的田间种群中,83%的种群在接触 3× LD95 氟虫腈后死亡率很低。P450 和 Rdl 基因突变的作用使采用诱饵法的种群具有较高的氟虫腈抗性,在氟虫腈诱饵中的表现指数(PI)为 44-67,处于中等水平。相比之下,RI 和 IR 方法(谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶参与氟虫腈抗性)下的种群具有 78-93 的高 PI。在 3× LD95 的茚虫威处理下,几乎 80% 的种群死亡率超过 90%,茚虫威诱饵的 PI 值高达 90-100。由于 P450 的参与,所有田间种群在 1× LD95 吡虫啉处理下均出现部分死亡。在 RI 和 IR 条件下,吡虫啉饵料的 PI 分别为 5-57 和 20-94。田间种群表现出不同的抗性特征,这取决于处理制度,其中涉及的抗性机制影响了凝胶诱饵的效果。
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引用次数: 0
Assessing the potential spread of Zaprionus tuberculatus (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in the Americas: insights for proactive management and agricultural protection. 评估 Zaprionus tuberculatus(双翅目:嗜果蝇科)在美洲的潜在传播:对积极管理和农业保护的启示。
Pub Date : 2025-02-11 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toae274
José Pedro Cavalcante Viana, Matheus Cavalcante Viana, Fábio André Gomes Silva Cavalcanti, Rogério Pincela Mateus, Blanche Christine Bitner-Mathé, Flávio Roberto Mello Garcia, Karina Jobim, Lilian Madi-Ravazzi, Claudia Rohde, Marlucia Bonifácio Martins, Rosana Tidon

Invasive species pose significant ecological and economic threats globally. Zaprionus tuberculatus Malloch, a drosophilid fruit fly native to the Afrotropical region and Indian Ocean islands, is included in the pest list of the Center for Agriculture and Bioscience (CABI) because it uses fruit as breeding sites and can damage cultivated areas. This fly species extended its range across Europe in the late 20th century; in 2020, it was recorded in South America, and currently, it is widely distributed in Brazil. Here, we assess the potential spreading of Zaprionus tuberculatus in Central and North America based on 2 distinct origins of propagules: from South America and from Europe. To this end, we developed species distribution models using bioclimatic variables and elevation data to project potentially suitable habitats and infer invasion routes. In any case, our results indicate suitability for Z. tuberculatus colonization in Central and North America, including major fruit-producing areas in Central American countries and the United States (Florida and California). The rapid dispersal ability of Z. tuberculatus, coupled with its adaptability to diverse environments, underscores the urgency for proactive monitoring and control measures. Therefore, this study provides valuable insights for developing proactive measures to mitigate the spread of Z. tuberculatus and protect agricultural productivity in the Americas.

入侵物种对全球生态和经济构成重大威胁。Zaprionus tuberculatus Malloch是一种原产于非洲热带地区和印度洋岛屿的嗜螨果蝇,被列入农业与生物科学中心(CABI)的有害生物名单,因为它以水果为繁殖地,会破坏种植区。20 世纪末,该蝇种的分布范围扩展到整个欧洲;2020 年,它在南美洲被记录下来,目前广泛分布于巴西。在此,我们根据两种不同的传播源(来自南美洲和欧洲)来评估 Zaprionus tuberculatus 在中美洲和北美洲的潜在传播情况。为此,我们利用生物气候变量和海拔数据建立了物种分布模型,以预测潜在的适宜栖息地并推断入侵路线。无论如何,我们的研究结果表明,Z. tuberculatus 适合在中美洲和北美洲定居,包括中美洲国家和美国(佛罗里达州和加利福尼亚州)的主要水果产区。Z. tuberculatus 的快速传播能力及其对不同环境的适应性突出表明,迫切需要采取积极主动的监测和控制措施。因此,这项研究提供了宝贵的见解,有助于制定积极的措施来减缓结核茨菰的传播,保护美洲的农业生产力。
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引用次数: 0
Spatial distribution and sequential sampling plan for Oligonychus punicae (Acari: Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae) on grapevine. 葡萄藤上斑点少爪螨(蜱螨亚纲:恙螨亚纲:叶螨科)的空间分布及序贯取样方案。
Pub Date : 2025-02-11 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toae300
André S Melo, José Eudes M Oliveira, José Wagner S Melo, Manoel G C Gondim-Junior

Sequential sampling plans are employed for the rapid characterization of infestations to facilitate decision-making. This study aimed to (i) investigate the spatial distribution of Oligonychus punicae (Hirst) in grapevine crops, (ii) determine the most representative branch, leaf, and leaf region for monitoring, and (iii) develop a sequential sampling plan for decision-making to control O. punicae in the table grape varieties Arra 15, BRS Vitória, Cotton Candy, Sugar Crisp, and Timpson at different phenological stages. O. punicae distribution was analyzed across all varieties and developmental stages. Notably, O. punicae distribution varied among the tested varieties, with no consistent pattern observed in branches and leaves. However, a distinct distribution pattern was evident within leaves, with larger populations concentrated in the central regions. The lower and upper economic thresholds implement control measures varied according to the phenological stage, with the lower thresholds (economic threshold) set at 36% and the upper thresholds (economic injury level) at 40%. Consequently, a minimum of 3 and maximum of 20 plants were sampled. Overall, this study provides a robust approach to optimizing resource allocation and minimizing the environmental impact of O. punicae management.

序贯抽样计划用于快速表征侵扰,以方便决策。本研究旨在(1)研究穗寡爪螨(Hirst)在葡萄作物中的空间分布,(2)确定最具代表性的枝、叶、叶区进行监测,(3)在不同物候阶段制定顺序采样方案,为控制穗寡爪螨在食葡萄品种Arra 15、BRS Vitória、Cotton Candy、Sugar Crisp和Timpson中的发生提供决策依据。分析了各品种和各发育阶段石菖蒲的分布。值得注意的是,在不同的被试品种中,水蛭的分布存在差异,在树枝和叶子中没有一致的分布模式。但叶片内部分布格局明显,种群集中在中部地区较多。不同物候阶段实施控制措施的上、下经济阈值不同,下阈值(经济阈值)为36%,上阈值(经济损害水平)为40%。因此,采样的植物最少3种,最多20种。总之,本研究为优化资源配置和减少刺槐管理对环境的影响提供了一个可靠的方法。
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引用次数: 0
Development and reproduction of Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on the 3 artificial diets in the laboratory. 实验研究了三种人工饲料对小圆蛾(鳞翅目:圆蛾科)的发育和繁殖。
Pub Date : 2025-02-11 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toae313
Xiaoting Sun, Shishuai Ge, Bo Chu, Wei He, Xianming Yang, Kongming Wu

Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a major pest of many fruit trees. The large-scale artificial propagation technology of the insect is the basis for the field application of the sterile insect technique and biological control products based on host mass reproduction. However, a low-cost diet with easily accessible materials remains lacking. In this study, we assessed the insect rearing performance feeding on 3 artificial diets: D1: an artificial diet based on wheat bran and soybean powders; D2: an artificial diet based on soybean powder, maize powders, and tomato sauce; and D3: an artificial diet based on soybean powder, maize powder, tomato sauce, and wheat bran, with apples as a control, using 2-sex life table. At 26 ± 1 °C, 70 ± 5% humidity, and 16:8 h L:D photoperiod, the biological indicators of G. molesta fed D1 were consistent with those fed apples, with a larval stage of 14.88 d, a pupal stage of 7.57 d, adult longevity of 22.69 d, egg deposition count of 223.22, intrinsic rate of increase (r) of 0.1359, finite rate of increase (λ) of 1.1456, and net reproductive rate (R0) of 94.50. D1 was used to continuously rear G. molesta population for 5 generations, all life parameters remained normal. These results indicated that the artificial diet based on wheat bran and soybean powder could be used for rearing of the insect. This study proposes an available and cost-effective artificial diet for G. molesta, facilitating the application of green prevention and control technology.

小蠹蛾(鳞翅目:扁桃科)是许多果树的主要害虫。昆虫的大规模人工繁殖技术是昆虫不育技术和基于寄主大量繁殖的生物防治产品在野外应用的基础。然而,低成本的饮食和容易获得的材料仍然缺乏。本试验对3种人工饲料的昆虫饲养性能进行了评价:D1:以麦麸和豆粉为主的人工饲料;D2:以豆粉、玉米粉、番茄酱为主要原料的人工饲料;D3:以豆粉、玉米粉、番茄酱、麦麸为主要原料,以苹果为对照,采用两性生命表的人工饲料。在26±1°C、70±5%湿度、16:8 h L:D光照条件下,采食D1的鼠夜蛾生物指标与采食苹果一致,幼虫期14.88 D,蛹期7.57 D,成虫寿命22.69 D,产卵数223.22个,内在增长率(r) 0.1359,有限增长率(λ) 1.1456,净繁殖率(R0) 94.50。D1连续饲养5代,各寿命参数均正常。上述结果表明,以麦麸和豆粉为主要原料的人工饲料是可行的。本研究提出了一种经济可行的鼠鳝人工饲料,促进了绿色防治技术的应用。
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引用次数: 0
Assessing the lethal effects of pesticide residue exposure on beneficial parasitoids and their host, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). 农药残留暴露对有益寄生蜂及其寄主Halyomorpha halys (stastal)(半翅目:蝽科)的致死效应评价。
Pub Date : 2025-02-11 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toae281
Zheng-Yu Luo, Li-Ping Gao, Wen-Jing Li, Ju-Hong Chen, Muhammad Yasir Ali, Feng Zhang, Feng-Qi Li, Xiang-Ping Wang, Jin-Ping Zhang

Chemical control is currently the main strategy for managing brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål). However, chemical pesticides can harm nontarget species, including natural enemies of H. halys. Pesticides with high toxicity to H. halys and low toxicity to its parasitoids need to be identified to support H. halys management. This is not only for natural biological control but also for preemptive classical biological control of H. halys by parasitoids. Here, we assessed the contact toxicity of residues of eight insecticides against H. halys and three of its main parasitoid species (Anastatus japonicus Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), Trissolcus japonicus Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Trissolcus cultratus Mayr (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae)). This study aims to provide valuable insights for preemptive classical biological control of H. halys using these parasitoids. Our results showed that A. japonicus exhibited higher tolerance to the tested pesticides, while T. japonicus was the most sensitive species. Among the pesticides, chlorantraniliprole had the lowest overall impact on all three parasitoid species. Additionally, acetamiprid, azadirachtin, and rotenone were found to be harmless to A. japonicus. Acetamiprid, however, was slightly harmful to T. cultratus. The remaining pesticides showed moderate to significant harmful effects on the parasitoids. For H. halys adults and fifth instars, the pesticides tested caused no mortality within the 24 h exposure. However, young nymphs were susceptible to the tested pesticides. Fenpropathrin had the highest toxicity to H. halys, killing 83.3%, 52.8%, and 19.4% of second, third, and fourth instars in a 24 h exposure. Fenpropathrin, acetamiprid, cyfluthrin, azadirachtin, and dinotefuran were all slightly harmful to the first instar nymphs. The other pesticides were harmless to H. halys in a 24 h exposure. Halyomorpha halys mortality increased with the contact time with the residue. Mortality of fourth and fifth instars of H. halys was >70% for fenpropathrin, cyfluthrin, dinotefuran, abamectin-aminomethyl, and acetamiprid if exposure continued for 7 d. Acetamiprid was effective in controlling H. halys nymphs but exhibited varying levels of toxicity towards the three tested parasitoid species, depending on the residue age and exposure time. Azadirachtin showed lower overall toxicity to beneficial insects, suggesting that these materials could be used to manage H. halys while minimizing harm to key beneficial species.

化学防治是目前防治褐纹臭虫(Halyomorpha halys)的主要策略。然而,化学农药会对非目标物种造成伤害,包括黑腹蚜的天敌。需要确定对halhalys高毒性和对其寄生蜂低毒性的农药,以支持halhalys的管理。这不仅可用于自然生物防治,也可用于拟寄生蜂的经典生物先发制人防治。本文研究了8种杀虫剂残留对大腹蚜螨及其3种主要寄生蜂(膜翅目:小蜂科)、小蜂科(膜翅目:小蜂科)、栽培小蜂(膜翅目:小蜂科)的接触毒性。本研究旨在为利用这些拟寄生蜂对大叶大蠊进行先发制人的经典生物防治提供有价值的见解。结果表明,日本刺参对农药的耐受性较高,其中日本刺参对农药最敏感。其中,氯虫腈对3种寄生蜂的综合影响最低。对乙酰米虫脒、印楝素和鱼藤酮对日本田鼠无害。啶虫脒对培养田鼠的危害较小。剩余农药对寄生蜂的有害作用为中~显著。在24小时内,对成年halys和5龄halys没有造成死亡。然而,幼小若虫对杀虫剂敏感。甲氰菊酯对大褐家蝇的毒性最高,在24 h内对二、三、四龄家蝇的杀虫率分别为83.3%、52.8%和19.4%。甲氰菊酯、啶虫脒、氟氰菊酯、印楝素和呋虫胺对一龄若虫均有轻微危害。其余农药在24 h内对halys无危害。随着与残留接触时间的延长,Halyomorpha的死亡率呈上升趋势。氟氰菊酯、氟氰菊酯、呋虫胺、阿维菌素-氨甲基和啶虫脒对4、5龄halhalys成虫的死亡率为70%左右。啶虫脒对halhalys成虫有效,但对3种被试寄生蜂的毒性程度不同,取决于残留年龄和暴露时间。印楝素对有益昆虫的总体毒性较低,表明这些材料可以用于管理halys,同时最大限度地减少对关键有益物种的伤害。
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引用次数: 0
A novel tank-mix formulation increases the efficacy of alphabaculoviruses on different phylloplanes. 一种新型罐式混合制剂提高了甲型杆状病毒在不同叶面上的效力。
Pub Date : 2025-02-11 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toae282
Ali Mehrvar, Solmaz Ghanbari, Gökhan Söylemezoğlu, Umut Toprak

Spodoptera littoralis Boisduval (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Spodoptera exigua Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) pose substantial threats to many crops, necessitating the exploration of biopesticides as potential chemical alternatives. One alternative is baculoviruses; however, their instability in the field has hindered their widespread use. Host plant phylloplane affects baculovirus activity at varying levels in different host plants. Formulation contributes significantly to optimizing the baculoviral stability on different phylloplanes against environmental conditions; however, it is expensive and difficult to make in developing or nondeveloped countries. In the current study, we developed a simple tank-mix application (MBF-Tm5) for immediate use, resembling the characteristics of a suspension concentrate formulation for Spodoptera littoralis nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpliNPV) and Spodoptera exigua multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (SeMNPV). We examined their biological activity against 2nd instar larvae first on an artificial diet under laboratory conditions and on eggplant and pepper phylloplane in greenhouse conditions compared to plain viruses. This formulation exhibited no significant improvement in the biological activity of both viruses on an artificial diet under laboratory conditions but significantly improved the biological activity of both viruses on both plants under greenhouse conditions. The original activity remaining (OAR%) of both unformulated and formulated viruses decreased over time under greenhouse conditions; however, the OAR value of both viruses on eggplants was significantly higher than on pepper plants. Overall, the tank-mix simple formulation of baculoviruses might be a great alternative for improved stability in nature, providing better control.

沿海夜蛾(Spodoptera littoralis Boisduval)和夜蛾(Spodoptera exigua h bner)对许多作物构成严重威胁,因此有必要探索生物农药作为潜在的化学替代品。一种选择是杆状病毒;然而,它们在野外的不稳定性阻碍了它们的广泛应用。寄主植物叶面对杆状病毒在不同寄主植物中的活性有不同程度的影响。配方对优化杆状病毒在不同叶面上对环境条件的稳定性有显著作用;然而,在发展中国家或不发达国家,生产成本昂贵且困难。在目前的研究中,我们开发了一种简单的罐混合应用程序(MBF-Tm5),用于即时使用,类似于沿海夜蛾多核多角体病毒(SpliNPV)和夜蛾多核多角体病毒(SeMNPV)的悬浮液浓缩配方。与普通病毒相比,我们首先在实验室条件下对人工饲料和温室条件下对茄子和辣椒叶面的2龄幼虫进行了生物活性研究。该配方在实验室条件下对两种病毒在人工饲料中的生物活性没有显著改善,但在温室条件下对两种植物的两种病毒的生物活性有显著改善。在温室条件下,未配制和配制病毒的原始剩余活性(OAR%)都随着时间的推移而下降;但两种病毒在茄子上的OAR值均显著高于辣椒。总的来说,杆状病毒的罐混合简单配方可能是提高自然界稳定性的一个很好的选择,提供更好的控制。
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引用次数: 0
Establishing best practices for insect resistance management: a new paradigm for genetically engineered toxins in cotton expressing Mpp51Aa2. 建立抗虫管理的最佳实践:表达Mpp51Aa2的棉花基因工程毒素的新范例。
Pub Date : 2025-02-11 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toae312
Dominic Reisig, Anders Huseth

Debate over resistance management tactics for genetically engineered (GE) crops expressing insecticidal toxins is not new. For several decades, researchers, regulators, and agricultural industry scientists have developed strategies to limit the evolution of resistance in populations of lepidopteran and coleopteran pests. A key attribute of many of these events was insecticide resistance management (IRM) strategies designed around a presumed high-dose expression sufficient to kill 99.5% of exposed larvae for some of the main target pests in corn, Zea mays L. and cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. In contrast, other target pests did not meet this high-dose criterion. Similarly, the recent release of ThryvOn cotton that expresses thysanopteran and hemipteran active Mpp51Aa2.834_16 toxin is not high dose, working on a combination of behavioral and sublethal effects to suppress populations. This unique mode of control has generated considerable uncertainty about what IRM strategies will be most effective to limit field-evolved resistance to this unique spectrum of pests. The goal of this manuscript is to present several knowledge gaps that exist in proposed Mpp51Aa2 IRM plans, focusing on its activity on thrips, Frankliniella spp. Addressing these gaps will be crucial to limit resistance and preserve the benefits that this technology may provide by alleviating reliance on conventional insecticides and seed treatments. Broadly, these considerations will be important for future GE events that are non-high dose but remain valuable components of a more holistic insect management programs that integrate multiple tactics to reduce conventional insecticide use for challenging pests.

关于表达杀虫毒素的转基因作物的抗性管理策略的争论并不新鲜。几十年来,研究人员、监管机构和农业科学家已经制定了限制鳞翅目和鞘翅目害虫种群抗性进化的策略。这些事件的一个关键特征是杀虫剂抗性管理(IRM)策略是围绕假定的高剂量表达而设计的,该高剂量表达足以杀死玉米(Zea mays L.)和棉花(Gossypium hirsutum L.)中一些主要目标害虫的暴露幼虫99.5%,而其他目标害虫则不符合这一高剂量标准。同样,最近释放的表达thysanopteran和半翅目活性Mpp51Aa2.834_16毒素的ThryvOn棉花也不是高剂量的,而是通过行为效应和亚致死效应的结合来抑制种群。这种独特的控制模式产生了相当大的不确定性,即什么样的IRM策略将最有效地限制田间对这种独特害虫的进化抗性。本文的目标是提出Mpp51Aa2 IRM计划中存在的几个知识空白,重点关注其对蓟马Frankliniella spp的活性。解决这些空白对于限制抗性和保留该技术可能通过减轻对传统杀虫剂和种子处理的依赖而提供的好处至关重要。总的来说,这些考虑对于未来非高剂量的转基因事件将是重要的,但仍然是一个更全面的昆虫管理计划的有价值的组成部分,该计划整合了多种策略,以减少传统杀虫剂对具有挑战性害虫的使用。
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引用次数: 0
Temperature effect on the efficacy of 3 entomopathogenic nematode isolates against larvae of the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). 温度对3种昆虫病原线虫对小粉虫(鞘翅目:拟粉虫科)幼虫杀灭效果的影响。
Pub Date : 2025-02-11 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toae292
Eirini Karanastasi, Anna Nikorezou, Maria Stamouli, Anna Skourti, Maria C Boukouvala, Nickolas G Kavallieratos

The lesser mealworm Alphitobius diaperinus Panzer (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), an important insect pest of stored-product commodities and poultry production systems, is regarded among the most difficult species to control. It has developed resistance to many chemical insecticides, and though various cultural and biological methods have been assessed and identified as possible factors for its control, none are currently implemented. Entomopathogenic nematodes are often successfully employed as alternative to chemicals biocontrol agents of various insect species, including pests of stored products; nevertheless, their evaluation as potential biocontrol factors of the lesser mealworm is not efficiently scrutinized. In the current study, single A. diaperinus larvae were exposed to six doses of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae), Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), and Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), for 4 and 8 d, and mortality was recorded at 3 different temperature regimes, i.e., 25 oC, 30 oC, and 35 oC. The study concludes that S. carpocapsae and S. feltiae are both highly virulent against A. diaperinus larvae and may be considered as promising biological control agents for reducing lesser mealworm infestations when applied at a rate of 70 IJs/cm2 at 25 oC. When assessed at 30 oC, both species were effective at the same rate though causing lower mortality of ~60% and ~50%, respectively, whereas their efficacy was low at 35 oC.

较小的粉虫(鞘翅目:拟粉虫科)是储藏商品和家禽生产系统的重要害虫,被认为是最难控制的物种之一。它已对许多化学杀虫剂产生抗药性,虽然已评估并确定了各种培养和生物方法作为其控制的可能因素,但目前尚未实施任何一种方法。昆虫病原线虫经常被成功地用作各种昆虫(包括储存产品的害虫)的化学生物防治剂的替代品;然而,它们作为小粉虫的潜在生物防治因素的评价并没有得到有效的审查。在本研究中,将单个双胞棘虫幼虫暴露于6个剂量的斑点异芽绦虫(Rhabditida: heterorhabditida: Heterorhabditidae), carpocapae (Weiser) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae)和feltiae (Filipjev) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae)中4和8 d,并在3种不同温度下(25℃,30℃和35℃)记录死亡率。研究结果表明,在25℃条件下,以70 IJs/cm2的施药速率施用,carpocapsae和S. feltiae对diaperinus幼虫均具有较强的毒力,可作为减少较小粉虫侵染的生物防治剂。当温度为30℃时,两种植物的药效相同,但死亡率分别为~60%和~50%,而在温度为35℃时,两种植物的药效较低。
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引用次数: 0
Plant versus pollinator protection: balancing pest management against floral contamination for insecticide use in Midwestern US cucurbits. 植物保护与授粉者保护:在美国中西部葫芦使用杀虫剂时平衡害虫管理与花卉污染。
Pub Date : 2025-02-11 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toae202
Keng-Lou James Hung, John J Ternest, Thomas J Wood, Laura L Ingwell, Elias H Bloom, Zsofia Szendrei, Ian Kaplan, Karen Goodell

Controlling crop pests while conserving pollinators is challenging, particularly when prophylactically applying broad-spectrum, systemic insecticides such as neonicotinoids. Systemic insecticides are often used in conventional agriculture in commercial settings, but the conditions that optimally balance pest management and pollination are poorly understood. We investigated how insecticide application strategies control pests and expose pollinators to insecticides with an observational study of cucurbit crops in the Midwestern United States. To define the window of protection and potential pollinator exposure resulting from alternative insecticide application strategies, we surveyed 62 farms cultivating cucumber, watermelon, or pumpkin across 2 yr. We evaluated insecticide regimes, abundance of striped and spotted cucumber beetles (Acalymma vittatum [Fabricius] and Diabrotica undecimpunctata Mannerheim), and insecticide residues in leaves, pollen, and nectar. We found that growers used neonicotinoids (thiamethoxam and imidacloprid) at planting in all cucumber and pumpkin and approximately half of watermelon farms. In cucumber, foliar thiamethoxam levels were orders of magnitude higher than the other crops, excluding nearly all beetles from fields. In watermelon and pumpkin, neonicotinoids applied at planting resulted in 4-8 wk of protection before beetle populations increased. Floral insecticide concentrations correlated strongly with foliar concentrations across all crops, resulting in high potential exposure to pollinators in cucumber and low-moderate exposure in pumpkin and watermelon. Thus, the highest-input insecticide regimes maintained cucumber beetles far below economic thresholds while also exposing pollinators to the highest pollen and nectar insecticide concentrations. In cucurbits, reducing pesticide inputs will likely better balance crop protection and pollination, reduce costs, and improve yields.

在控制作物害虫的同时保护授粉昆虫是一项挑战,尤其是在预防性使用新烟碱类等广谱、系统性杀虫剂时。传统农业在商业环境中经常使用系统杀虫剂,但人们对如何在害虫管理和授粉之间取得最佳平衡却知之甚少。我们通过对美国中西部葫芦科作物的观察研究,调查了杀虫剂施用策略如何控制害虫并使传粉昆虫接触杀虫剂。为了确定替代杀虫剂施用策略对传粉昆虫的保护窗口和潜在暴露,我们调查了 62 个种植黄瓜、西瓜或南瓜的农场,时间跨度为两年。我们评估了杀虫剂制度、条纹黄瓜甲虫和斑点黄瓜甲虫(Acalymma vittatum [Fabricius] 和 Diabrotica undecimpunctata Mannerheim)的数量以及叶片、花粉和花蜜中的杀虫剂残留。我们发现,在所有黄瓜和南瓜农场以及大约一半的西瓜农场,种植者在播种时都使用了新烟碱类杀虫剂(噻虫嗪和吡虫啉)。在黄瓜中,叶面噻虫胺的含量比其他作物高出几个数量级,几乎将所有甲虫都排除在田地之外。在西瓜和南瓜中,种植时施用新烟碱类杀虫剂可在甲虫数量增加之前提供 4-8 周的保护。在所有作物中,花期杀虫剂浓度与叶面浓度密切相关,因此黄瓜授粉昆虫的潜在接触率很高,而南瓜和西瓜的接触率仅为中低水平。因此,最高投入量的杀虫剂制度使黄瓜甲虫的数量远远低于经济阈值,同时也使授粉者接触到最高浓度的花粉和花蜜杀虫剂。在葫芦科植物中,减少杀虫剂投入可能会更好地平衡作物保护和授粉,降低成本,提高产量。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of economic entomology
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