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Identifying and modeling the impact of neonicotinoid exposure on honey bee colony profit. 识别和模拟新烟碱暴露对蜂群利润的影响。
Pub Date : 2024-12-28 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toae227
Miriam Bixby, Sarah K French, Sydney B Wizenberg, Aidan Jamieson, Mateus Pepinelli, Morgan M Cunningham, Ida M Conflitti, Leonard J Foster, Amro Zayed, Maria Marta Guarna

Pollination by the European honey bee, Apis mellifera, is essential for the production of many crops, including highbush blueberries (Vaccinum corymbosum). To understand the impact of agrochemicals (specifically, neonicotinoids, a class of synthetic, neurotoxic insecticides) on these pollinators, we conducted a field study during the blueberry blooms of 2020 and 2021 in British Columbia (B.C.). Forty experimental honey bee colonies were placed in the Fraser Valley: half of the colonies were located within 1.5 km of highbush blueberry fields ("near" colonies) and half were located more than 1.5 km away ("far" colonies). We calculated risk quotients for these compounds using their chronic lethal dietary dose (LDD50) and median lethal concentration (LC50). Pesticide risk was similar between colonies located near and far from blueberry forage, suggesting that toxicity risks are regionally ubiquitous. Two systemic neonicotinoid insecticides, clothianidin and thiamethoxam, were found at quantities that exceeded chronic international levels of concern. We developed a profit model for a pollinating beekeeper in B.C. that was parameterized by: detected pesticide levels; lethal and sublethal bee health; and economic data. For colonies exposed to neonicotinoid pesticides in and out of the blueberry forage radii, there were economic consequences from colony mortality and sublethal effects such as a loss of honey production and compromised colony health. Further, replacing dead colonies with local bees was more profitable than replacing them with imported packages, illustrating that beekeeping management selection of local options can have a positive effect on overall profit.

欧洲蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)的授粉对包括高丛蓝莓(Vaccinum corymbosum)在内的许多作物的生产至关重要。为了了解农用化学品(特别是新烟碱类,一类合成的神经毒性杀虫剂)对这些授粉者的影响,我们在不列颠哥伦比亚省(B.C.)2020 年和 2021 年蓝莓开花期间进行了一项实地研究。我们在菲沙河谷放置了 40 个实验蜂群:一半蜂群位于高丛蓝莓田 1.5 千米范围内("近 "蜂群),一半蜂群位于 1.5 千米以外("远 "蜂群)。我们使用这些化合物的慢性致死膳食剂量(LDD50)和中位数致死浓度(LC50)计算了它们的风险商数。距离蓝莓觅食地较近和较远的群落之间的农药风险相似,这表明毒性风险在区域内普遍存在。发现两种系统性新烟碱类杀虫剂--氯虫苯甲酰胺和噻虫嗪--的含量超过了国际慢性关注水平。我们为不列颠哥伦比亚省的一位授粉养蜂人建立了一个利润模型,该模型的参数包括:检测到的杀虫剂水平;致死和亚致死蜜蜂健康状况;以及经济数据。对于暴露于蓝莓饲料半径内外的新烟碱类杀虫剂的蜂群而言,蜂群死亡和亚致死效应(如蜂蜜产量损失和蜂群健康受损)会带来经济后果。此外,用本地蜜蜂取代死亡蜂群比用进口蜂群取代死亡蜂群更有利可图,这说明养蜂管理选择本地方案对总体利润有积极影响。
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引用次数: 0
Compatibility of Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) with nanoformulations of natural active substances. Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) 与天然活性物质纳米制剂的兼容性。
Pub Date : 2024-12-28 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toae201
Beatriz Dáder, Antonio Jesús Magaña, María Jesús Pascual-Villalobos, Aránzazu Moreno, Alberto Fereres, Elisa Viñuela

Nanoformulations of essential oils (EOs) improve stability of the active ingredient, and thereby its biological activity and persistence. Because compatibility of EOs with natural enemies is not explored sufficiently, we evaluated the impact of nanoformulations of EOs (aniseed, lemon) or pure products (farnesol) on different activities of the generalist predator Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). In dual choice bioassay, chrysopid larvae were significantly attracted to aniseed-treated pepper disks and deterred by farnesol. Larval activities (resting, walking, and preying) on treated leaves infested with Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) were compared. There were no differences among nanoemulsions, nor aphid consumption varied. We studied the toxicity of nanoformulations to larvae and evaluated their development after contact with treated leaf disks, ingestion of treated artificial diet, and both routes of exposure (application of biopesticides on aphid-infested plants). This is the first evidence of the compatibility of EO nanoformulations with C. carnea by single route of exposure. Whether any effect appeared, it was sublethal. Compounds significantly reduced aphid consumption after 6 h on double route exposure, but this negative short-term effect disappeared as time progressed. Our results showed the optimal biopesticide to apply depends on which biological feature of the natural enemy we targeted. The key element to introduce these nanoemulsions is to match their persistence period on the crop with the release of the appropriate biological stage of C. carnea. This reinforces the fact that the main activities of C. carnea can be substantially maintained in joint application with nanoemulsions of EOs.

精油(EO)的纳米制剂可提高活性成分的稳定性,从而提高其生物活性和持久性。由于尚未充分探讨 EO 与天敌的兼容性,我们评估了 EO 纳米制剂(茴香、柠檬)或纯产品(法呢醇)对通食性天敌 Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) 不同活动的影响。在双重选择生物测定中,蛹幼虫对茴香处理过的胡椒盘有明显的吸引作用,而对法尼醇则有明显的阻吓作用。比较了幼虫在被Myzus persicae (Sulzer)(半翅目:蚜科)侵染的处理过的叶子上的活动(休息、行走和捕食)。各纳米乳剂之间没有差异,蚜虫的消耗量也没有变化。我们研究了纳米制剂对幼虫的毒性,并评估了幼虫接触处理过的叶盘、摄入处理过的人工食物以及两种接触途径(在蚜虫肆虐的植物上施用生物杀虫剂)后的发育情况。这是首次通过单一接触途径证明环氧乙烷纳米制剂与 C. carnea 的兼容性。无论是否出现影响,都是亚致死性的。双途径接触 6 小时后,化合物明显减少了蚜虫的消耗量,但随着时间的推移,这种短期负面影响逐渐消失。我们的研究结果表明,最佳生物农药的应用取决于我们所针对的天敌的生物特征。引入这些纳米乳剂的关键因素是使其在作物上的持续时间与 C. carnea 的适当生物阶段的释放时间相匹配。这进一步说明,在与环氧乙烷纳米乳剂联合使用时,荠菜天敌的主要活性可以得到很大程度的保持。
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引用次数: 0
Chlorantraniliprole resistance associated with diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) outbreaks in Arizona Brassica crops. 与亚利桑那州芸苔属作物中爆发的钻心夜蛾(鳞翅目: Plutellidae)有关的氯虫苯甲酰胺抗性。
Pub Date : 2024-12-28 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toae212
Wilfrid Calvin, John C Palumbo

The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus), is one of the most important insect pests of Brassica crops worldwide. In October 2016, outbreaks of an invasive P. xylostella population and unexpected control failures occurred on broccoli and cauliflower crops throughout all vegetable-growing regions in Arizona. Nineteen populations of Plutella xylostella were collected from 2016 to 2021 from various commercial cauliflower fields in Yuma and Scottsdale, Arizona, and from experimental broccoli plots at the University of Arizona, Yuma Agricultural Center (UAYAC), Yuma, Arizona. Populations collected from the commercial cauliflower fields had been transplanted with seedlings produced in a local Yuma nursery in 2016 and Salinas, CA in 2017 to 2018, whereas experimental broccoli plots were direct seeded. These populations were evaluated for their susceptibility to chlorantraniliprole, spinetoram, emamectin benzoate, and cyantraniliprole. In this study, field rate laboratory bioassays, serial dilution laboratory bioassays, and field efficacy spray experiments were performed. The field rate laboratory bioassay results showed that spinetoram, emamectin benzoate, and cyantraniliprole remained effective at controlling P. xylostella, but chlorantraniliprole did not control P. xylostella at the field rate. Additionally, serial dilution bioassays confirmed significant levels of cyantraniliprole and chlorantraniliprole resistance in the P. xylostella populations collected from transplanted cauliflower fields. However, the results of the multiyear/growing-seasons study monitoring the susceptibility of P. xylostella populations collected from direct-seeded broccoli and field efficacy trials conducted at the UAYAC indicated that the resistance to diamide insecticides was neither uniform nor persistent following the 2016 outbreak. Nevertheless, the risk for P. xylostella resistance in Arizona vegetable-growing regions exists, particularly in Brassica transplants. Therefore, we recommend that Arizona Brassica growers remain vigilant and practice rigorous insecticide resistance management to offset the development of resistance.

菱纹夜蛾(Plutella xylostella,林尼厄斯)是全球芸苔属作物最重要的害虫之一。2016 年 10 月,亚利桑那州所有蔬菜种植区的西兰花和花椰菜作物上爆发了入侵的木蠹蛾种群,并出现了意想不到的防治失败。从 2016 年到 2021 年,我们从亚利桑那州尤马和斯科特斯代尔的各种商业花椰菜田以及亚利桑那州尤马亚利桑那大学农业中心(UAYAC)的实验西兰花地里采集了 19 个木虱种群。从商业花椰菜田中采集的种群是用 2016 年在尤马当地苗圃培育的幼苗和 2017 年至 2018 年在加利福尼亚州萨利纳斯培育的幼苗移植的,而实验西兰花地块则是直接播种的。对这些种群对氯氰菊酯、辛硫磷、苯甲酸戊酯和氰戊菊酯的敏感性进行了评估。在这项研究中,进行了田间剂量实验室生物测定、系列稀释实验室生物测定和田间药效喷雾实验。田间施药量实验室生物测定结果表明,辛硫磷、苯甲酸阿维菌素和氰烯虫酰胺仍能有效防治木虱,但氯氰烯虫酰胺在田间施药量下不能防治木虱。此外,连续稀释生物测定证实,从移栽花椰菜田中收集到的木虱种群对氰虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺具有明显的抗性。然而,对从直接播种的西兰花中收集的木虱种群的敏感性进行的多年/生长季节监测研究以及在 UAYAC 进行的田间药效试验的结果表明,2016 年疫情爆发后,对二酰胺类杀虫剂的抗性既不一致,也不持久。尽管如此,亚利桑那州蔬菜种植区仍存在对 P. xylostella 产生抗性的风险,特别是在芸苔属植物移栽中。因此,我们建议亚利桑那州的芸苔属植物种植者保持警惕,实行严格的杀虫剂抗药性管理,以抵消抗药性的发展。
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引用次数: 0
Regional changes of maximum dose insecticide responses in diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) populations from Georgia and Florida, USA. 美国佐治亚州和佛罗里达州钻石背蛾(鳞翅目:犁蛾科)种群对最大剂量杀虫剂反应的区域变化。
Pub Date : 2024-12-28 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toae218
Thomas P Dunn, Paulo S G Cremonez, Amanda Furuya, Will S Brown, Mirela M Nagaoka, Chase B Powell, Alton N Sparks, Hugh Smith, David G Riley, Donald E Champagne

Maximum dose bioassays were conducted to assess the efficacy of multiple registered active ingredients for diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.), control in Georgia and Florida from 2021 to 2023 as a follow-up to an earlier study. Low efficacy (<40% mortality) was recorded for the highest labeled rate of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki strain ATBS-351 in Georgia, as well as chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole, and cyclaniliprole in Georgia and Florida. The active ingredients with the highest efficacy (>80% mortality) in both states were naled, emamectin benzoate, and spinetoram. Independent analysis of data by state indicated that the efficacy of bifenthrin, chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole, tolfenpyrad, and methomyl was higher in Florida populations than in Georgia populations. In addition, a comparison of these data to a recent DBM maximum dose survey in the same region suggested that these DBM populations have rapidly developed high levels of resistance to cyantraniliprole and cyclaniliprole. This work provides growers in the region with a recent ranking of insecticide efficacy that documents the loss of control for certain active ingredients, which assists pest managers in the planning of ongoing insecticide rotations for DBM resistance management.

2021 年至 2023 年期间,在佐治亚州和佛罗里达州进行了最大剂量生物测定,以评估多种注册活性成分对钻心虫(DBM)(Plutella xylostella (L.))的防治效果,作为早期研究的后续行动。这两个州的低效杀虫剂(80% 死亡率)为纳乐灵、苯甲酸阿维菌素和斯派诺林。对各州数据的独立分析表明,联苯菊酯、氯氰虫酰胺、氰虫酰胺、托虫酰胺和灭多威在佛罗里达州的药效高于在佐治亚州的药效。此外,将这些数据与最近在同一地区进行的 DBM 最大剂量调查进行比较后发现,这些 DBM 种群对氰虫腈和环酰虫腈的抗性水平很高。这项工作为该地区的种植者提供了最新的杀虫剂药效排名,记录了某些活性成分失去控制的情况,有助于害虫管理者规划正在进行的杀虫剂轮换,以管理 DBM 的抗药性。
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引用次数: 0
Correction to: Life history parameters of Ectropis grisescens (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in different Wolbachia infection states. Correction to:鳞翅目:尺蠖科)在不同沃尔巴克氏体感染状态下的生活史参数。
Pub Date : 2024-12-28 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toae238
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引用次数: 0
Don't touch me! Mating not always preceded by courtship behavior in predatory coccinellids. 别碰我捕食性茧翅目昆虫交配前并不总是有求偶行为
Pub Date : 2024-12-28 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toae195
Valeria Zeni, Renato Ricciardi, Marta Valicenti, Rachele Nieri, Valerio Mazzoni, Angelo Canale, Nicolas Desneux, Andrea Lucchi, Giovanni Benelli

Knowledge of the ecology and behavior of biological control agents is essential for their effective use in biocontrol and Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs. There is a lack of information regarding the courtship and mating traits that are crucial for successful mating in biocontrol population of coccinellids. To expand our current understanding in this area, 2 coccinellid species commonly used for the biocontrol of soft-bodied insects, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Mulsant) and Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), were studied. A quantitative analysis was performed to compare their courtship and mating displays. Key behavioral traits of the precopulatory, copulatory, and postcopulatory phases were investigated. The courtship and mating sequences of C. montrouzieri and P. quatuordecimpunctata were similar to each other. During the mating phase, the key displays were the opening of the elytrae and wings followed by body shaking in C. montrouzieri and leg tapping followed by body shaking in P. quatuordecimpunctata. The mating success of both species was not correlated with any courtship display, such as antennal tapping. Only in C. montrouzieri mounting attempt showed a higher frequency from the backside without affecting male mating success. This research adds baseline knowledge about the courtship and mating behavior of the biocontrol population of coccinellids, contributing to the identification of potentially useful benchmarks (e.g., body shaking, leg tapping) for monitoring prolonged mass-rearing processes, thus reducing mating failures.

要在生物防治和害虫综合治理(IPM)计划中有效使用生物防治制剂,就必须了解其生态学和行为学。目前还缺乏有关求偶和交配特征的信息,而这些特征对于茧丝虫生物防治种群的成功交配至关重要。为了扩大我们目前对这一领域的了解,我们研究了两种常用于软体昆虫生物防治的茧丝虫,Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Mulsant) 和 Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (Linnaeus) (鞘翅目:茧丝虫科)。对它们的求偶和交配行为进行了定量分析比较。研究了求偶前、交配和交配后阶段的主要行为特征。C. montrouzieri和P. quatuordecimpunctata的求偶和交配顺序相似。在交配阶段,C. montrouzieri和P. quatuordecimpunctata的主要表现是先张开背甲和翅膀,然后摇动身体;P. quatuordecimpunctata则先拍打腿部,然后摇动身体。这两个物种的交配成功率与任何求偶表现(如拍打触角)都不相关。只有在 C. montrouzieri 中,从背部尝试安装的频率较高,但不会影响雄性的交配成功率。这项研究增加了对茧丝虫生物控制种群求偶和交配行为的基本了解,有助于确定潜在的有用基准(如摇动身体、拍打腿部),以监测长期的大量繁殖过程,从而减少交配失败。
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引用次数: 0
Nearctic female Agriotes pubescens and Palearctic female A. lineatus (Coleoptera: Elateridae) produce the same sex pheromone. 近地雌性 Agriotes pubescens 和古北区雌性 A. lineatus(鞘翅目:食蚁兽科)产生相同的性信息素。
Pub Date : 2024-12-28 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toae229
Willem G van Herk, Julien Saguez, Alora Caelen Watson, Regine Gries, Gerhard Gries

In central Canada, surveys for the three invasive (Palearctic) Agriotes species-A. obscurus, A. lineatus, and A. sputator-commonly collect A. pubescens, a North American native (Nearctic) click beetle (Coleoptera: Elateridae) that generally co-occurs with Nearctic A. mancus. Despite the abundance of A. pubescens on farmland, its life history and potential economic impact remain largely unknown. Here, we report the identification and field testing of the A. pubescens sex pheromone. We collected headspace volatiles from a single female beetle on Porapak Q, then extracted the female's pheromone gland, and analyzed aliquots of both Porapak extract and pheromone gland extract by gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and by GC-mass spectrometry. In GC-EAD recordings of gland extract, two esters-geranyl butanoate and geranyl octanoate-elicited antennal responses from A. pubescens males. In a field experiment in Quebec, traps baited with a 1:1 blend of these esters captured approximately 100× more A. pubescens males than traps baited with a single ester. This is the same trap lure used for capturing A. lineatus. In this experiment, and in a similar one run in British Columbia, heterospecific pheromone components added to conspecific pheromone lures reduced captures of A. mancus, A. sputator, A. lineatus, and A. obscurus by 29%, 96%, 44%, and 71%, respectively. These data indicate that, in North America, lures containing pheromone components of multiple Agriotes congeners may not be optimally attractive to all target species.

在加拿大中部,对三种入侵(古北区)的 Agriotes--A. obscurus、A. lineatus 和 A. sputator--的调查通常会收集到 A. pubescens,这是一种北美本地(近北区)的点击甲虫(鞘翅目:Elateridae),通常与近北区的 A. mancus 共同出现。尽管 A. pubescens 在农田中大量存在,但其生活史和潜在的经济影响在很大程度上仍不为人所知。在此,我们报告了 A. pubescens 性信息素的鉴定和现场测试。我们收集了 Porapak Q 上一只雌甲虫的顶空挥发物,然后提取了雌甲虫的信息素腺,并通过气相色谱-电喷雾检测(GC-EAD)和气相色谱-质谱分析了 Porapak 提取物和信息素腺提取物的等分样品。在腺体提取物的气相色谱-电喷雾检测(GC-EAD)记录中,两种酯类--丁酸香叶酯和辛酸香叶酯--引起了雄性 A. pubescens 的触角反应。在魁北克进行的一项野外实验中,与使用单一酯类作为诱饵的诱捕器相比,使用这两种酯类 1:1 混合作为诱饵的诱捕器捕获的雄性毛冠菊约多 100 倍。这与用于捕捉 A. lineatus 的诱捕器诱饵相同。在这项实验中,以及在不列颠哥伦比亚省进行的一项类似实验中,在同种信息素诱饵中添加异种信息素成分可使捕获的 A. mancus、A. sputator、A. lineatus 和 A. obscurus 的数量分别减少 29%、96%、44% 和 71%。这些数据表明,在北美洲,含有多种 Agriotes 同源物信息素成分的诱饵可能无法对所有目标物种产生最佳吸引力。
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引用次数: 0
Multi-year evaluation of an attract-and-kill strategy for apple maggot fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in New England commercial apple orchards. 对新英格兰商业苹果园中苹果蛆蝇(双翅目:Tephritidae)的诱杀策略进行多年评估。
Pub Date : 2024-12-28 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toae253
Jaime C Piñero, Heriberto Godoy-Hernandez, Tracy C Leskey

Previously developed behavioral approaches for controlling the apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae), include attract-and-kill (AK) systems such as perimeter trapping using either, odor-baited red sticky spheres or odor-baited, sticky-free attracticidal spheres with contoured tops that ensure the sustained release of both insecticide and feeding stimulant. Here, over a 3-year span in 26 commercial apple orchards across Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Maine, we evaluated the effectiveness of a novel AK strategy for R. pomonella management. Synthetic apple blend lures were deployed on perimeter-row trees to attract the pest, while perimeter-row insecticide sprays blended with 2% sugar, a known phagostimulant, served as the lethal component. Comparatively, grower standard (GS) blocks received full-block insecticide sprays devoid of sugar and lures. Monitoring revealed that red sticky spheres in AK blocks captured significantly more R. pomonella adults than unbaited monitoring spheres in GS blocks. Penetration of R. pomonella into block interiors remained consistently low and statistically similar for both AK and GS blocks. Whole-block infestation levels showed no significant difference between the 2 management approaches. Notably, insecticide application in AK blocks was reduced by 75%, 64.7%, and 64.2% in 2019, 2020, and 2021, respectively, compared with GS blocks. This grower-friendly AK approach could be integral to a reduced insecticide spray-based strategy for apple cultivation in the northeastern United States.

以前开发的控制苹果蛆蝇 Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (双翅目:Tephritidae)的行为方法包括引诱-杀灭(AK)系统,例如使用气味诱饵的红色粘性球体或气味诱饵的无粘性引诱球体进行周边诱捕,这些引诱球体顶部有轮廓,可确保杀虫剂和取食刺激剂的持续释放。在这里,我们在马萨诸塞州、新罕布什尔州和缅因州的 26 个商业苹果园进行了为期 3 年的研究,评估了一种新型 AK 策略在防治 R. pomonella 方面的效果。在周边行道树上施放合成苹果混合诱饵来吸引害虫,而周边行道的杀虫剂喷雾则混合了 2% 的糖(一种已知的吞噬刺激剂)作为致死成分。相比之下,种植者标准(GS)区块则喷洒了不含糖和引诱剂的全区块杀虫剂。监测结果表明,AK区块中的红色粘性球体捕获的鼠螨成虫明显多于GS区块中的无诱饵监测球体捕获的鼠螨成虫。在 AK 和 GS 区块中,小白鼠对区块内部的渗透率一直很低,在统计上也很相似。整个区块的虫害水平在两种管理方法之间没有显著差异。值得注意的是,与 GS 区块相比,2019 年、2020 年和 2021 年 AK 区块的杀虫剂施用量分别减少了 75%、64.7% 和 64.2%。这种对种植者友好的 AK 方法可以成为美国东北部苹果种植中减少杀虫剂喷洒策略的组成部分。
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引用次数: 0
The influence of crop and leaf position on thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) oviposition in cotton, soybean, and peanut seedlings. 作物和叶片位置对蓟马(Thysanoptera: Thripidae)在棉花、大豆和花生上产卵的影响。
Pub Date : 2024-12-26 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toae294
Giovani Rossi, Jessica B Mahas, Anitha Chitturi, Scott H Graham, Alana L Jacobson

Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) can injure seedling cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), and peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) crops in the southern United States. The planting window and timing of thrips infestations into these crops overlap in the region, but thrips preference for oviposition has not been investigated. We evaluated thrips preference for cotton, soybean, and peanut by counting eggs, immatures, and adults at the cotyledon to 4 true leaf stages. Peanut was significantly more attractive for oviposition than cotton and soybean. Oviposition in cotton was significantly higher in the cotyledons than the other leaves. The highest oviposition in soybeans also occurred in the cotyledons but differed only significantly from the fourth true leaf. In all crops, there was no significant difference among oviposition in the true leaves. The highest number of immatures were found on cotton, followed by peanut and then soybean, while adults were evenly distributed among crops. Our results suggest that while peanut is preferred for oviposition, this crop may not facilitate immature development and survival as effectively when compared with cotton. This study presents an initial examination of crop selection by thrips under field conditions and suggests peanut may be the preferred oviposition host.

蓟马(Thysanoptera: Thripidae)可危害棉花(Gossypium hirsutum L.)、大豆(Glycine max (L.))幼苗。)和花生(arachhis hypogaea L.)作物在美国南部。该地区蓟马侵染这些作物的种植窗口和时间重叠,但尚未调查蓟马对产卵的偏好。我们通过计算子叶至4个真叶期的卵、未成熟体和成虫来评估蓟马对棉花、大豆和花生的偏好。花生的产卵吸引力显著高于棉花和大豆。棉花子叶的产卵率显著高于其他叶片。在大豆中,子叶的产卵率也最高,但与第四真叶的产卵率差异显著。在所有作物中,真叶的产卵量没有显著差异。棉花的未成熟虫数最多,花生次之,大豆次之,成虫在各作物间分布均匀。我们的研究结果表明,虽然花生是首选的产卵作物,但与棉花相比,这种作物可能不像棉花那样有效地促进未成熟的发育和存活。本研究提出了蓟马在田间条件下选择作物的初步研究,并提出花生可能是首选的产卵寄主。
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引用次数: 0
A novel tank-mix formulation increases the efficacy of alphabaculoviruses on different phylloplanes. 一种新型罐式混合制剂提高了甲型杆状病毒在不同叶面上的效力。
Pub Date : 2024-12-26 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toae282
Ali Mehrvar, Solmaz Ghanbari, Gökhan Söylemezoğlu, Umut Toprak

Spodoptera littoralis Boisduval (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Spodoptera exigua Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) pose substantial threats to many crops, necessitating the exploration of biopesticides as potential chemical alternatives. One alternative is baculoviruses; however, their instability in the field has hindered their widespread use. Host plant phylloplane affects baculovirus activity at varying levels in different host plants. Formulation contributes significantly to optimizing the baculoviral stability on different phylloplanes against environmental conditions; however, it is expensive and difficult to make in developing or nondeveloped countries. In the current study, we developed a simple tank-mix application (MBF-Tm5) for immediate use, resembling the characteristics of a suspension concentrate formulation for Spodoptera littoralis nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpliNPV) and Spodoptera exigua multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (SeMNPV). We examined their biological activity against 2nd instar larvae first on an artificial diet under laboratory conditions and on eggplant and pepper phylloplane in greenhouse conditions compared to plain viruses. This formulation exhibited no significant improvement in the biological activity of both viruses on an artificial diet under laboratory conditions but significantly improved the biological activity of both viruses on both plants under greenhouse conditions. The original activity remaining (OAR%) of both unformulated and formulated viruses decreased over time under greenhouse conditions; however, the OAR value of both viruses on eggplants was significantly higher than on pepper plants. Overall, the tank-mix simple formulation of baculoviruses might be a great alternative for improved stability in nature, providing better control.

沿海夜蛾(Spodoptera littoralis Boisduval)和夜蛾(Spodoptera exigua h bner)对许多作物构成严重威胁,因此有必要探索生物农药作为潜在的化学替代品。一种选择是杆状病毒;然而,它们在野外的不稳定性阻碍了它们的广泛应用。寄主植物叶面对杆状病毒在不同寄主植物中的活性有不同程度的影响。配方对优化杆状病毒在不同叶面上对环境条件的稳定性有显著作用;然而,在发展中国家或不发达国家,生产成本昂贵且困难。在目前的研究中,我们开发了一种简单的罐混合应用程序(MBF-Tm5),用于即时使用,类似于沿海夜蛾多核多角体病毒(SpliNPV)和夜蛾多核多角体病毒(SeMNPV)的悬浮液浓缩配方。与普通病毒相比,我们首先在实验室条件下对人工饲料和温室条件下对茄子和辣椒叶面的2龄幼虫进行了生物活性研究。该配方在实验室条件下对两种病毒在人工饲料中的生物活性没有显著改善,但在温室条件下对两种植物的两种病毒的生物活性有显著改善。在温室条件下,未配制和配制病毒的原始剩余活性(OAR%)都随着时间的推移而下降;但两种病毒在茄子上的OAR值均显著高于辣椒。总的来说,杆状病毒的罐混合简单配方可能是提高自然界稳定性的一个很好的选择,提供更好的控制。
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Journal of economic entomology
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