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Taking an embodied avatar's perspective modulates the temporal dynamics of vicarious pain and pleasure: a virtual reality and EEG study. 以化身的视角调节替代痛苦和快乐的时间动态:一项虚拟现实和脑电图研究。
Pub Date : 2025-05-12 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaf035
V Nicolardi, M P Lisi, M Mello, M Fusaro, G Tieri, S M Aglioti

Observing negative and positive valence virtual stimuli can influence the onlookers' subjective and brain reactivity. However, the relationship between vicarious experiences, observer's perspective-taking, and cerebral activity remains underexplored. To address this gap, we asked 24 healthy participants to passively observe pleasant, painful, and neutral stimuli delivered to a virtual hand seen from a first-person (1PP) or third-person perspective (3PP) while undergoing time and time-frequency EEG recording. Participants reported a stronger sense of ownership over the virtual hand seen from a 1PP, rated pain and touch valence appropriately, and more intense than the neutral ones. Distinct EEG patterns emerged across early (N2, early posterior negativity, EPN), late (late positive potential, LPP) event-related potentials, and EEG power. The N2 and EPN components showed greater amplitudes for pain and pleasure than neutral stimuli, particularly in 1PP. The LPP component exhibited lower amplitudes for pleasure than pain and neutral stimuli. Furthermore, theta-band power increased, and alpha power decreased for pain and pleasure stimuli viewed from a 1PP vs. 3PP perspective. In the ultra-late time window, we observed decreased theta, alpha, and beta-band power specifically associated with pleasure stimuli. Our study provides novel evidence that perspective-taking modulates the temporal dynamics of vicarious pain and pleasure.

观察负效价和正效价虚拟刺激会影响旁观者的主观反应和大脑反应。然而,替代体验、观察者的视角和大脑活动之间的关系仍未得到充分探讨。为了解决这一差距,我们要求24名健康的参与者被动地观察从第一人称(1PP)或第三人称(3PP)视角传递给虚拟手的愉快、痛苦和中性刺激,同时进行时间和时间频率脑电图记录。参与者报告说,与从1PP看到的虚拟手相比,他们有更强的所有权感,适当地评估了疼痛和触摸价,并且比中性手更强烈。在早期(N2、早期后验负电位、EPN)、晚期(晚期正电位、LPP)事件相关电位和EEG功率中出现了明显的EEG模式。N2和EPN成分对疼痛和快乐的振幅大于中性刺激,特别是在1PP。LPP成分在愉悦刺激下的振幅低于疼痛和中性刺激。此外,从1PP和3PP的角度来看,疼痛和快乐刺激的θ波段功率增加,α波段功率降低。在超晚的时间窗口中,我们观察到与愉悦刺激相关的θ、α和β波段功率下降。我们的研究为换位思考调节替代性痛苦和快乐的时间动态提供了新的证据。
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引用次数: 0
Taking an embodied avatar's perspective modulates the temporal dynamics of vicarious pain and pleasure: a virtual reality and EEG study. 以化身的视角调节替代痛苦和快乐的时间动态:一项虚拟现实和脑电图研究。
Pub Date : 2025-05-12 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaf035
V Nicolardi, M P Lisi, M Mello, M Fusaro, G Tieri, S M Aglioti

Observing negative and positive valence virtual stimuli can influence the onlookers' subjective and brain reactivity. However, the relationship between vicarious experiences, observer's perspective-taking, and cerebral activity remains underexplored. To address this gap, we asked 24 healthy participants to passively observe pleasant, painful, and neutral stimuli delivered to a virtual hand seen from a first-person (1PP) or third-person perspective (3PP) while undergoing time and time-frequency EEG recording. Participants reported a stronger sense of ownership over the virtual hand seen from a 1PP, rated pain and touch valence appropriately, and more intense than the neutral ones. Distinct EEG patterns emerged across early (N2, early posterior negativity, EPN), late (late positive potential, LPP) event-related potentials, and EEG power. The N2 and EPN components showed greater amplitudes for pain and pleasure than neutral stimuli, particularly in 1PP. The LPP component exhibited lower amplitudes for pleasure than pain and neutral stimuli. Furthermore, theta-band power increased, and alpha power decreased for pain and pleasure stimuli viewed from a 1PP vs. 3PP perspective. In the ultra-late time window, we observed decreased theta, alpha, and beta-band power specifically associated with pleasure stimuli. Our study provides novel evidence that perspective-taking modulates the temporal dynamics of vicarious pain and pleasure.

观察负效价和正效价虚拟刺激会影响旁观者的主观反应和大脑反应。然而,替代体验、观察者的视角和大脑活动之间的关系仍未得到充分探讨。为了解决这一差距,我们要求24名健康的参与者被动地观察从第一人称(1PP)或第三人称(3PP)视角传递给虚拟手的愉快、痛苦和中性刺激,同时进行时间和时间频率脑电图记录。参与者报告说,与从1PP看到的虚拟手相比,他们有更强的所有权感,适当地评估了疼痛和触摸价,并且比中性手更强烈。在早期(N2、早期后验负电位、EPN)、晚期(晚期正电位、LPP)事件相关电位和EEG功率中出现了明显的EEG模式。N2和EPN成分对疼痛和快乐的振幅大于中性刺激,特别是在1PP。LPP成分在愉悦刺激下的振幅低于疼痛和中性刺激。此外,从1PP和3PP的角度来看,疼痛和快乐刺激的θ波段功率增加,α波段功率降低。在超晚的时间窗口中,我们观察到与愉悦刺激相关的θ、α和β波段功率下降。我们的研究为换位思考调节替代性痛苦和快乐的时间动态提供了新的证据。
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引用次数: 0
The influence of gender stereotypical primes on the neural processing of words and faces. 性别刻板印象启动对词汇和面孔神经加工的影响。
Pub Date : 2025-05-12 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaf031
Luana Serafini, Francesca Pesciarelli

Implicit and automatic gender stereotyping and its neural correlates have been extensively investigated in language. This study aimed to extend this investigation to human face processing. We recorded response times (RTs) and Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) to a target third-person singular pronoun (lui 'he' or lei 'she') or face (male, female), preceded by grammatically marked or stereotypically associated words (e.g. laureata 'graduated', badante 'caregiver'). Participants gender-categorized the target pronoun or face. The RTs showed a priming effect for the grammatical condition for pronouns and both grammatical and stereotypical conditions for faces. At the ERP level, feminine pronouns elicited a larger P300 and LPP (limited to men) when preceded by grammatically masculine than feminine primes. Faces elicited a larger N400, P300, and LPP (limited to women for female faces) when preceded by grammatically gender-incongruent than -congruent primes. Critically, faces showed an ERP gender stereotype asymmetry: larger N400 to male faces, and larger P300 to female faces, when preceded by stereotypically gender-incongruent than -congruent primes. This study shows that faces are influenced by gender stereotypes similarly and more strongly than linguistic stimuli. Given the multidimensionality of faces, this study is a gate-opener for future studies on the interplay between different stereotypes.

语言中的内隐和自动性别刻板印象及其神经关联已被广泛研究。本研究旨在将这一研究扩展到人脸处理。我们记录了对目标第三人称单数代词(“他”或“她”)或面孔(男性、女性)的反应时间(RTs)和事件相关电位(erp),前面有语法标记或刻板印象相关的单词(例如laureata“毕业”,badante“看护者”)。参与者对目标代词或脸进行性别分类。实验结果显示,代词的语法条件和面孔的语法条件和刻板印象条件都有启动效应。在ERP水平上,以语法上阳性的启动词为前的女性代词比以语法上阴性的启动词引起的P300和LPP更大(仅限于男性)。当面孔前面出现语法上性别不一致的启动词时,会引起更大的N400、P300和LPP(仅限于女性)。重要的是,面孔表现出ERP性别刻板印象的不对称:当出现刻板印象性别不一致启动时,男性面孔的N400大于女性面孔的P300。这项研究表明,面孔受到性别刻板印象的影响类似,而且比语言刺激更强烈。鉴于面孔的多维性,本研究为今后研究不同刻板印象之间的相互作用打开了一扇大门。
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引用次数: 0
The influence of gender stereotypical primes on the neural processing of words and faces. 性别刻板印象启动对词汇和面孔神经加工的影响。
Pub Date : 2025-05-12 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaf031
Luana Serafini, Francesca Pesciarelli

Implicit and automatic gender stereotyping and its neural correlates have been extensively investigated in language. This study aimed to extend this investigation to human face processing. We recorded response times (RTs) and Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) to a target third-person singular pronoun (lui 'he' or lei 'she') or face (male, female), preceded by grammatically marked or stereotypically associated words (e.g. laureata 'graduated', badante 'caregiver'). Participants gender-categorized the target pronoun or face. The RTs showed a priming effect for the grammatical condition for pronouns and both grammatical and stereotypical conditions for faces. At the ERP level, feminine pronouns elicited a larger P300 and LPP (limited to men) when preceded by grammatically masculine than feminine primes. Faces elicited a larger N400, P300, and LPP (limited to women for female faces) when preceded by grammatically gender-incongruent than -congruent primes. Critically, faces showed an ERP gender stereotype asymmetry: larger N400 to male faces, and larger P300 to female faces, when preceded by stereotypically gender-incongruent than -congruent primes. This study shows that faces are influenced by gender stereotypes similarly and more strongly than linguistic stimuli. Given the multidimensionality of faces, this study is a gate-opener for future studies on the interplay between different stereotypes.

语言中的内隐和自动性别刻板印象及其神经关联已被广泛研究。本研究旨在将这一研究扩展到人脸处理。我们记录了对目标第三人称单数代词(“他”或“她”)或面孔(男性、女性)的反应时间(RTs)和事件相关电位(erp),前面有语法标记或刻板印象相关的单词(例如laureata“毕业”,badante“看护者”)。参与者对目标代词或脸进行性别分类。实验结果显示,代词的语法条件和面孔的语法条件和刻板印象条件都有启动效应。在ERP水平上,以语法上阳性的启动词为前的女性代词比以语法上阴性的启动词引起的P300和LPP更大(仅限于男性)。当面孔前面出现语法上性别不一致的启动词时,会引起更大的N400、P300和LPP(仅限于女性)。重要的是,面孔表现出ERP性别刻板印象的不对称:当出现刻板印象性别不一致启动时,男性面孔的N400大于女性面孔的P300。这项研究表明,面孔受到性别刻板印象的影响类似,而且比语言刺激更强烈。鉴于面孔的多维性,本研究为今后研究不同刻板印象之间的相互作用打开了一扇大门。
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引用次数: 0
Age-related differences in trust decisions: when memory fails and appearances prevail. 信任决策中与年龄相关的差异:当记忆失效,外表占上风时。
Pub Date : 2025-05-09 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaf032
Camilla van Geen, Michael S Cohen, Karolina M Lempert, Kameron A MacNear, Frances M Reckers, Laura Zaneski, David A Wolk, Joseph W Kable

Older adults are frequent victims of scams, possibly due to biases in how they decide whom to trust. Indeed, older adults' decisions are more likely to be influenced by how generous a person looks and less so by their memory for how this person behaved. Here, we leverage functional magnetic resonance imaging data to clarify the mechanism by which this age-dependent difference emerges. Eighty-six participants learned how much of a $10 endowment an individual shared in a dictator game, and then made decisions about whom to play another round with. As we hypothesized, older adults did not reliably prefer to re-engage with people who had proven themselves to be generous. This bias was driven by a combination of worse associative memory for how much each person shared, linked to decreased medial temporal lobe activity during encoding, and decreased inhibition of irrelevant facial features, linked to reduced activity in the inferior frontal gyrus. Taken together, our findings highlight 'age-related differences' in the ability to both encode relevant information and adaptively deploy it in service of social decisions.

老年人经常是骗局的受害者,这可能是由于他们在决定信任谁方面存在偏见。事实上,老年人的决定更有可能受到一个人看起来有多慷慨的影响,而对这个人的行为记忆影响较小。在这里,我们利用功能性磁共振成像数据来阐明这种年龄依赖性差异出现的机制。86名参与者了解了在独裁者游戏中每个人能分享多少10美元的捐赠,然后决定下一轮和谁一起玩。正如我们假设的那样,老年人并不一定喜欢与那些已经证明自己慷慨的人重新交往。这种偏见是由两种因素共同造成的,一种是对每个人分享多少信息的联想记忆变差,与编码过程中内侧颞叶活动减少有关,另一种是对不相关面部特征的抑制减弱,与额下回活动减少有关。综上所述,我们的研究结果强调了“年龄相关差异”在编码相关信息和适应性地将其应用于社会决策的能力上。
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引用次数: 0
Age-related differences in trust decisions: when memory fails and appearances prevail. 信任决策中的年龄相关差异:当记忆失效和外表占上风时。
Pub Date : 2025-05-09 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaf032
Camilla van Geen, Michael S Cohen, Karolina M Lempert, Kameron A MacNear, Frances M Reckers, Laura Zaneski, David A Wolk, Joseph W Kable

Older adults are frequent victims of scams, possibly due to biases in how they decide whom to trust. Indeed, older adults' decisions are more likely to be influenced by how generous a person looks and less so by their memory for how this person behaved. Here, we leverage functional magnetic resonance imaging data to clarify the mechanism by which this age-dependent difference emerges. Eighty-six participants learned how much of a $10 endowment an individual shared in a dictator game, and then made decisions about whom to play another round with. As we hypothesized, older adults did not reliably prefer to re-engage with people who had proven themselves to be generous. This bias was driven by a combination of worse associative memory for how much each person shared, linked to decreased medial temporal lobe activity during encoding, and decreased inhibition of irrelevant facial features, linked to reduced activity in the inferior frontal gyrus. Taken together, our findings highlight 'age-related differences' in the ability to both encode relevant information and adaptively deploy it in service of social decisions.

老年人经常是骗局的受害者,这可能是由于他们在决定信任谁方面存在偏见。事实上,老年人的决定更有可能受到一个人看起来有多慷慨的影响,而不太可能受到他们对这个人的行为的记忆的影响(Lempert et al., 2022)。在这里,我们利用功能磁共振成像数据来阐明这种年龄依赖性差异出现的机制。86名参与者了解了在独裁者游戏中每个人能分享多少10美元的捐赠,然后决定下一轮和谁一起玩。正如我们假设的那样,老年人并不一定喜欢与那些已经证明自己慷慨的人重新交往。这种偏见是由两种因素共同造成的,一种是对每个人分享多少信息的联想记忆变差,与编码过程中内侧颞叶活动减少有关,另一种是对不相关面部特征的抑制减弱,与额下回活动减少有关。综上所述,我们的研究结果强调了在编码相关信息的能力和在社会决策中适应性地运用这些信息的能力方面与年龄相关的差异。
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引用次数: 0
Loneliness modulates the neural dynamics of language processing in healthy older adults: evidence from event-related potentials. 孤独调节健康老年人语言加工的神经动力学:来自事件相关电位的证据。
Pub Date : 2025-05-07 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaf030
Bing Li, Chih-Mao Huang, Ya-Yi Wang, Qiduo Lin, Hsu-Wen Huang

Loneliness, a distressing emotional response to perceived deficiencies in social interactions, has seen a marked increase in prevalence since the COVID-19 pandemic. While previous research has linked loneliness in older adults to affective disorders and cognitive decline, its impact on language comprehension-a crucial aspect of social interaction-remains underexplored. This study addresses this gap by examining the effects of loneliness on semantic retrieval in healthy older adults. Using event-related potentials, we measured participants' neural responses as they verified category membership across three conditions: high typicality, low typicality, and category violations. We found that loneliness was negatively correlated with an N400 amplitude reduction for low-typicality items compared to category violations. Moreover, individuals who reported a high level of loneliness exhibited attenuated and delayed N400 effects within more restricted time windows compared to their less lonely counterparts. These results indicate that loneliness impairs semantic memory retrieval in older adults, potentially compromising language comprehension and further exacerbating social isolation. This research highlights the detrimental impact of loneliness on linguistic abilities, which may contribute to a vicious cycle of increasing social isolation and deepening loneliness.

自2019冠状病毒病大流行以来,孤独感的流行率显著上升,孤独感是对社交互动中感知不足的一种痛苦的情绪反应。虽然之前的研究将老年人的孤独感与情感障碍和认知能力下降联系起来,但它对语言理解的影响——社会互动的一个关键方面——仍未得到充分探讨。本研究通过研究孤独对健康老年人语义检索的影响来解决这一空白。使用事件相关电位,我们测量了参与者在三种情况下验证类别隶属性时的神经反应:高典型性、低典型性和类别违反。我们发现,与类别违规相比,孤独感与低典型性项目的N400振幅降低呈负相关。此外,与不那么孤独的个体相比,报告高水平孤独的个体在更有限的时间窗口内表现出减弱和延迟的N400效应。这些结果表明,孤独会损害老年人的语义记忆检索,潜在地损害语言理解并进一步加剧社会孤立。这项研究强调了孤独对语言能力的有害影响,这可能会导致社会孤立和孤独感加深的恶性循环。
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引用次数: 0
Loneliness modulates the neural dynamics of language processing in healthy older adults: evidence from event-related potentials. 孤独调节健康老年人语言加工的神经动力学:来自事件相关电位的证据。
Pub Date : 2025-05-07 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaf030
Bing Li, Chih-Mao Huang, Ya-Yi Wang, Qiduo Lin, Hsu-Wen Huang

Loneliness, a distressing emotional response to perceived deficiencies in social interactions, has seen a marked increase in prevalence since the COVID-19 pandemic. While previous research has linked loneliness in older adults to affective disorders and cognitive decline, its impact on language comprehension-a crucial aspect of social interaction-remains underexplored. This study addresses this gap by examining the effects of loneliness on semantic retrieval in healthy older adults. Using event-related potentials, we measured participants' neural responses as they verified category membership across three conditions: high typicality, low typicality, and category violations. We found that loneliness was negatively correlated with an N400 amplitude reduction for low-typicality items compared to category violations. Moreover, individuals who reported a high level of loneliness exhibited attenuated and delayed N400 effects within more restricted time windows compared to their less lonely counterparts. These results indicate that loneliness impairs semantic memory retrieval in older adults, potentially compromising language comprehension and further exacerbating social isolation. This research highlights the detrimental impact of loneliness on linguistic abilities, which may contribute to a vicious cycle of increasing social isolation and deepening loneliness.

自2019冠状病毒病大流行以来,孤独感的流行率显著上升,孤独感是对社交互动中感知不足的一种痛苦的情绪反应。虽然之前的研究将老年人的孤独感与情感障碍和认知能力下降联系起来,但它对语言理解的影响——社会互动的一个关键方面——仍未得到充分探讨。本研究通过研究孤独对健康老年人语义检索的影响来解决这一空白。使用事件相关电位,我们测量了参与者在三种情况下验证类别隶属性时的神经反应:高典型性、低典型性和类别违反。我们发现,与类别违规相比,孤独感与低典型性项目的N400振幅降低呈负相关。此外,与不那么孤独的个体相比,报告高水平孤独的个体在更有限的时间窗口内表现出减弱和延迟的N400效应。这些结果表明,孤独会损害老年人的语义记忆检索,潜在地损害语言理解并进一步加剧社会孤立。这项研究强调了孤独对语言能力的有害影响,这可能会导致社会孤立和孤独感加深的恶性循环。
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引用次数: 0
A beautiful face is good when we're judged by others, a moral character is better. 别人评价我们时,漂亮的脸蛋是好的,但品德更好。
Pub Date : 2025-04-23 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsae071
Julia Baum, Rasha Abdel Rahman

Moral beauty, reflected in one's actions, and facial beauty both affect how we are judged. Here, we investigated how moral and facial beauty interact to affect social judgments and emotional responses, employing event-related brain potentials (ERPs). All participants (female) associated positive, neutral, or negative verbal information with faces scoring high or low on attractiveness and performed ratings of the faces as manipulation checks. In a separate test phase, the faces were presented again, and participants made valenced social judgments of the persons. Results show a dominance of moral beauty in valenced social judgments as well as ERPs related to reflexive and evaluative emotional responses (early posterior negativity and late positive potential), whereas facial attractiveness mattered little. In contrast, facial attractiveness affected visual processing (N170). Similarly, relatively shallow impressions of attractiveness and likability that require no knowledge about the person were influenced by both facial attractiveness and social-emotional information. This pattern of dominant effects of social-emotional information regardless of attractiveness shows that when it comes to our emotional responses and social judgments, moral beauty is what matters most, even in the face of physical beauty.

道德美(反映在一个人的行为中)和面部美都会影响人们对我们的评价。在这里,我们利用事件相关脑电位研究了道德美和面部美如何交互影响社会判断和情绪反应。参与者(均为女性)将正面、中性或负面的语言信息与吸引力高或低的面孔联系起来,并对这些面孔进行评分作为操纵检查。在另一个测试阶段,这些面孔再次出现,参与者对这些人进行社会价值判断。结果显示,道德美在有价值的社会判断以及与反射性和评价性情绪反应相关的ERPs(早期后负性,EPN,晚期正电位,LPP)中占主导地位,而面部吸引力则影响甚微。相反,面部吸引力会影响视觉处理(N170)。同样,对吸引力和好感度的相对肤浅的印象也同时受到面部吸引力和社会情感信息的影响。这种无论吸引力如何,社会情感信息都起主导作用的模式表明,当涉及到我们的情感反应和社会判断时,道德美才是最重要的,即使面对的是外表美。
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引用次数: 0
A beautiful face is good when we're judged by others, a moral character is better. 当我们被别人评价时,漂亮的脸蛋是好的,道德品质更好。
Pub Date : 2025-04-23 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsae071
Julia Baum, Rasha Abdel Rahman

Moral beauty, reflected in one's actions, and facial beauty both affect how we are judged. Here, we investigated how moral and facial beauty interact to affect social judgments and emotional responses, employing event-related brain potentials (ERPs). All participants (female) associated positive, neutral, or negative verbal information with faces scoring high or low on attractiveness and performed ratings of the faces as manipulation checks. In a separate test phase, the faces were presented again, and participants made valenced social judgments of the persons. Results show a dominance of moral beauty in valenced social judgments as well as ERPs related to reflexive and evaluative emotional responses (early posterior negativity and late positive potential), whereas facial attractiveness mattered little. In contrast, facial attractiveness affected visual processing (N170). Similarly, relatively shallow impressions of attractiveness and likability that require no knowledge about the person were influenced by both facial attractiveness and social-emotional information. This pattern of dominant effects of social-emotional information regardless of attractiveness shows that when it comes to our emotional responses and social judgments, moral beauty is what matters most, even in the face of physical beauty.

道德美,反映在一个人的行为上,以及面部美,都会影响人们对我们的评价。在此,我们利用事件相关脑电位(ERPs)研究了道德和面部美如何相互作用影响社会判断和情绪反应。所有参与者(女性)都将正面、中性或负面的语言信息与吸引力得分高或低的面孔联系起来,并对这些面孔进行评级,作为操纵检查。在另一个单独的测试阶段,这些面孔再次出现,参与者对这些人做出有价值的社会判断。结果显示,道德美在有价值的社会判断以及与反身性和评价性情绪反应(早期后验负性和晚期正性电位)相关的erp中占主导地位,而面部吸引力则不太重要。相反,面部吸引力影响视觉加工(N170)。同样,不需要了解这个人的吸引力和可爱性的相对肤浅的印象受到面部吸引力和社会情感信息的影响。这种不考虑吸引力的社会情感信息的主导效应模式表明,当涉及到我们的情绪反应和社会判断时,道德美是最重要的,即使面对外表美。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Social cognitive and affective neuroscience
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