Sarah Takallou, Maryam Hajikarimlou, Mustafa Al-Gafari, Jiashu Wang, Sasi Kumar Jagadeesan, Thomas David Daniel Kazmirchuk, Christina Arnoczki, Houman Moteshareie, Kamaledin B Said, Taha Azad, Martin Holcik, Bahram Samanfar, Myron Smith, Ashkan Golshani
Maintaining cellular homeostasis in the face of stress conditions is vital for the overall well-being of an organism. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are among the most potent cellular stressors and can disrupt the internal redox balance, giving rise to oxidative stress. Elevated levels of ROS can severely affect biomolecules and have been associated with a range of pathophysiological conditions. In response to oxidative stress, yeast activator protein-1 (Yap1p) undergoes post-translation modification that results in its nuclear accumulation. YAP1 has a key role in oxidative detoxification by promoting transcription of numerous antioxidant genes. In this study, we identified previously undescribed functions for NCE102, CDA2, and BCS1 in YAP1 expression in response to oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Deletion mutant strains for these candidates demonstrated increased sensitivity to H2O2. Our follow-up investigation linked the activity of these genes to YAP1 expression at the level of translation. Under oxidative stress, global cap-dependent translation is inhibited, prompting stress-responsive genes like YAP1 to employ alternative modes of translation. We provide evidence that NCE102, CDA2, and BCS1 contribute to cap-independent translation of YAP1 under oxidative stress.
{"title":"Oxidative stress-induced YAP1 expression is regulated by NCE102, CDA2, and BCS1.","authors":"Sarah Takallou, Maryam Hajikarimlou, Mustafa Al-Gafari, Jiashu Wang, Sasi Kumar Jagadeesan, Thomas David Daniel Kazmirchuk, Christina Arnoczki, Houman Moteshareie, Kamaledin B Said, Taha Azad, Martin Holcik, Bahram Samanfar, Myron Smith, Ashkan Golshani","doi":"10.1111/febs.17243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.17243","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Maintaining cellular homeostasis in the face of stress conditions is vital for the overall well-being of an organism. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are among the most potent cellular stressors and can disrupt the internal redox balance, giving rise to oxidative stress. Elevated levels of ROS can severely affect biomolecules and have been associated with a range of pathophysiological conditions. In response to oxidative stress, yeast activator protein-1 (Yap1p) undergoes post-translation modification that results in its nuclear accumulation. YAP1 has a key role in oxidative detoxification by promoting transcription of numerous antioxidant genes. In this study, we identified previously undescribed functions for NCE102, CDA2, and BCS1 in YAP1 expression in response to oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>). Deletion mutant strains for these candidates demonstrated increased sensitivity to H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Our follow-up investigation linked the activity of these genes to YAP1 expression at the level of translation. Under oxidative stress, global cap-dependent translation is inhibited, prompting stress-responsive genes like YAP1 to employ alternative modes of translation. We provide evidence that NCE102, CDA2, and BCS1 contribute to cap-independent translation of YAP1 under oxidative stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":94226,"journal":{"name":"The FEBS journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141895154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antigen-specific B and T cell responses play a critical role in vaccine-mediated protection against infectious diseases, but these responses are highly variable between individuals and vaccine immunogenicity is frequently sub-optimal in infants, the elderly and in people living in low- and middle-income countries. Although many factors such as nutrition, age, sex, genetics, environmental exposures, and infections may all contribute to variable vaccine immunogenicity, mounting evidence indicates that the gut microbiota is an important and targetable factor shaping optimal immune responses to vaccination. In this review, we discuss evidence from human, preclinical and experimental studies supporting a role for a healthy gut microbiota in mediating optimal vaccine immunogenicity, including the immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the potential mechanisms through which this could occur and discuss strategies that could be used to target the microbiota to boost vaccine immunogenicity where it is currently sub-optimal.
抗原特异性 B 细胞和 T 细胞反应在疫苗介导的传染病防护中起着至关重要的作用,但这些反应在个体之间存在很大差异,婴儿、老年人以及生活在中低收入国家的人的疫苗免疫原性往往不理想。尽管营养、年龄、性别、遗传、环境暴露和感染等许多因素都可能导致不同的疫苗免疫原性,但越来越多的证据表明,肠道微生物群是影响疫苗接种最佳免疫反应的一个重要且可瞄准的因素。在这篇综述中,我们讨论了来自人类、临床前和实验研究的证据,这些证据支持健康的肠道微生物群在介导最佳疫苗免疫原性方面的作用,包括 COVID-19 疫苗的免疫原性。此外,我们还概述了发生这种作用的潜在机制,并讨论了可用于靶向微生物群以提高疫苗免疫原性的策略。
{"title":"The role of the gut microbiota in regulating responses to vaccination: current knowledge and future directions.","authors":"Charné Rossouw, Feargal J Ryan, David J Lynn","doi":"10.1111/febs.17241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.17241","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antigen-specific B and T cell responses play a critical role in vaccine-mediated protection against infectious diseases, but these responses are highly variable between individuals and vaccine immunogenicity is frequently sub-optimal in infants, the elderly and in people living in low- and middle-income countries. Although many factors such as nutrition, age, sex, genetics, environmental exposures, and infections may all contribute to variable vaccine immunogenicity, mounting evidence indicates that the gut microbiota is an important and targetable factor shaping optimal immune responses to vaccination. In this review, we discuss evidence from human, preclinical and experimental studies supporting a role for a healthy gut microbiota in mediating optimal vaccine immunogenicity, including the immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the potential mechanisms through which this could occur and discuss strategies that could be used to target the microbiota to boost vaccine immunogenicity where it is currently sub-optimal.</p>","PeriodicalId":94226,"journal":{"name":"The FEBS journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141895155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
DABMA is a chemical molecule optimized from the parent compound ABMA and exhibits broad-spectrum antipathogenic activity by modulating the host's endolysosomal and autophagic pathways. Both DABMA and ABMA inhibit severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in a cellular assay, which further expands their anti-pathogen spectrum in vitro. However, their precise mechanism of action has not yet been resolved. TMEM175 is a newly characterized endolysosomal channel which plays an essential role in the homeostasis of endosomes and lysosomes as well as organelle fusion. Here, we show that DABMA increases the endosomal TMEM175 current through organelle patch clamping with an EC50 of 17.9 μm. Depletion of TMEM175 protein significantly decreases the antitoxin activity of DABMA and affects its action on acidic- and Rab7-positive endosomes as well as on endolysosomal trafficking. Thus, TMEM175 is necessary for DABMA's activity and may represent a druggable target for the development of anti-infective drugs. Moreover, DABMA, as an activator of the TMEM175 channel, may be useful for the in-depth characterization of the physiological and pathological roles of this endolysosomal channel.
{"title":"Endolysosomal channel TMEM175 mediates antitoxin activity of DABMA","authors":"Yu Wu, Jiamin Huang, Fei Zhang, Florence Guivel-Benhassine, Mathieu Hubert, Olivier Schwartz, Weihua Xiao, Jean-Christophe Cintrat, Lili Qu, Julien Barbier, Daniel Gillet, Chunlei Cang","doi":"10.1111/febs.17242","DOIUrl":"10.1111/febs.17242","url":null,"abstract":"<p>DABMA is a chemical molecule optimized from the parent compound ABMA and exhibits broad-spectrum antipathogenic activity by modulating the host's endolysosomal and autophagic pathways. Both DABMA and ABMA inhibit severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in a cellular assay, which further expands their anti-pathogen spectrum <i>in vitro</i>. However, their precise mechanism of action has not yet been resolved. TMEM175 is a newly characterized endolysosomal channel which plays an essential role in the homeostasis of endosomes and lysosomes as well as organelle fusion. Here, we show that DABMA increases the endosomal TMEM175 current through organelle patch clamping with an EC<sub>50</sub> of 17.9 μ<span>m</span>. Depletion of TMEM175 protein significantly decreases the antitoxin activity of DABMA and affects its action on acidic- and Rab7-positive endosomes as well as on endolysosomal trafficking. Thus, TMEM175 is necessary for DABMA's activity and may represent a druggable target for the development of anti-infective drugs. Moreover, DABMA, as an activator of the TMEM175 channel, may be useful for the in-depth characterization of the physiological and pathological roles of this endolysosomal channel.</p>","PeriodicalId":94226,"journal":{"name":"The FEBS journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141891456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sajjad Aftabi, Amir Barzegar Behrooz, Marco Cordani, Niloufar Rahiman, Mohammadamin Sadeghdoust, Farnaz Aligolighasemabadi, Stephen Pistorius, Seyedeh Hoda Alavizadeh, Nima Taefehshokr, Saeid Ghavami
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) plays a complex role in lung cancer pathophysiology, initially acting as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting early-stage tumor growth. However, its role evolves in the advanced stages of the disease, where it contributes to tumor progression not by directly promoting cell proliferation but by enhancing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and creating a conducive tumor microenvironment. While EMT is typically associated with enhanced migratory and invasive capabilities rather than proliferation per se, TGF-β's influence on this process facilitates the complex dynamics of tumor metastasis. Additionally, TGF-β impacts the tumor microenvironment by interacting with immune cells, a process influenced by genetic and epigenetic changes within tumor cells. This interaction highlights its role in immune evasion and chemoresistance, further complicating lung cancer therapy. This review provides a critical overview of recent findings on TGF-β's involvement in lung cancer, its contribution to chemoresistance, and its modulation of the immune response. Despite the considerable challenges encountered in clinical trials and the development of new treatments targeting the TGF-β pathway, this review highlights the necessity for continued, in-depth investigation into the roles of TGF-β. A deeper comprehension of these roles may lead to novel, targeted therapies for lung cancer. Despite the intricate behavior of TGF-β signaling in tumors and previous challenges, further research could yield innovative treatment strategies.
{"title":"Therapeutic targeting of TGF-β in lung cancer.","authors":"Sajjad Aftabi, Amir Barzegar Behrooz, Marco Cordani, Niloufar Rahiman, Mohammadamin Sadeghdoust, Farnaz Aligolighasemabadi, Stephen Pistorius, Seyedeh Hoda Alavizadeh, Nima Taefehshokr, Saeid Ghavami","doi":"10.1111/febs.17234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.17234","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) plays a complex role in lung cancer pathophysiology, initially acting as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting early-stage tumor growth. However, its role evolves in the advanced stages of the disease, where it contributes to tumor progression not by directly promoting cell proliferation but by enhancing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and creating a conducive tumor microenvironment. While EMT is typically associated with enhanced migratory and invasive capabilities rather than proliferation per se, TGF-β's influence on this process facilitates the complex dynamics of tumor metastasis. Additionally, TGF-β impacts the tumor microenvironment by interacting with immune cells, a process influenced by genetic and epigenetic changes within tumor cells. This interaction highlights its role in immune evasion and chemoresistance, further complicating lung cancer therapy. This review provides a critical overview of recent findings on TGF-β's involvement in lung cancer, its contribution to chemoresistance, and its modulation of the immune response. Despite the considerable challenges encountered in clinical trials and the development of new treatments targeting the TGF-β pathway, this review highlights the necessity for continued, in-depth investigation into the roles of TGF-β. A deeper comprehension of these roles may lead to novel, targeted therapies for lung cancer. Despite the intricate behavior of TGF-β signaling in tumors and previous challenges, further research could yield innovative treatment strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":94226,"journal":{"name":"The FEBS journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141861992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kait F Al, Josh Parris, Kathleen Engelbrecht, Gregor Reid, Jeremy P Burton
The paradigm that the vaginal microbiota is a protective gateway for the urinary and reproductive systems has endured for more than a century and driven decades of probiotic research. Evidence robustly supports the notion that healthy urogenital microbiomes are predominantly colonized by lactobacilli, particularly Lactobacillus crispatus, which can acidify the local environment and protect against urogynecologic pathogen colonization. However, recent studies are beginning to delve deeper into the intricate mechanistic interactions connecting the microbiome, its diverse functional potential, host immunity, pathogens, and the development of urogenital diseases. Leveraging these emerging insights alongside past successes presents promising opportunities for future therapies aimed at enhancing the management of conditions such as bacterial vaginosis, urinary tract infections, bladder pain, urinary incontinence, and beyond.
{"title":"Interconnected microbiomes-insights and innovations in female urogenital health.","authors":"Kait F Al, Josh Parris, Kathleen Engelbrecht, Gregor Reid, Jeremy P Burton","doi":"10.1111/febs.17235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.17235","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The paradigm that the vaginal microbiota is a protective gateway for the urinary and reproductive systems has endured for more than a century and driven decades of probiotic research. Evidence robustly supports the notion that healthy urogenital microbiomes are predominantly colonized by lactobacilli, particularly Lactobacillus crispatus, which can acidify the local environment and protect against urogynecologic pathogen colonization. However, recent studies are beginning to delve deeper into the intricate mechanistic interactions connecting the microbiome, its diverse functional potential, host immunity, pathogens, and the development of urogenital diseases. Leveraging these emerging insights alongside past successes presents promising opportunities for future therapies aimed at enhancing the management of conditions such as bacterial vaginosis, urinary tract infections, bladder pain, urinary incontinence, and beyond.</p>","PeriodicalId":94226,"journal":{"name":"The FEBS journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141857525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cristiano da Silva Lameira, Sini Münßinger, Lu Yang, Bernhard J Eikmanns, Marco Bellinzoni
Pyruvate:quinone oxidoreductase (PQO) is a flavin-containing peripheral membrane enzyme catalyzing the decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetate and CO2 with quinone as an electron acceptor. Here, we investigate PQO activity in Corynebacterium glutamicum, examine purified PQO, and describe the crystal structure of the native enzyme and a truncated version. The specific PQO activity was highest in stationary phase cells grown in complex medium, lower in cells grown in complex medium containing glucose or acetate, and lowest in cells grown in minimal acetate-medium. A similar pattern with about 30-fold higher specific PQO activities was observed in C. glutamicum with plasmid-bound pqo expression under the control of the tac promoter, indicating that the differences in PQO activity are likely due to post-transcriptional control. Continuous cultivation of C. glutamicum at dilution rates between 0.05 and 0.4 h-1 revealed a negative correlation between PQO activity and growth rate. Kinetic analysis of PQO enzymes purified from cells grown in complex or in minimal acetate-medium revealed substantial differences in specific activity (72.3 vs. 11.9 U·mg protein-1) and turnover number (kcat: 440 vs. 78 s-1, respectively), suggesting post-translational modifications affecting PQO activity. Structural analysis of PQO revealed a homotetrameric arrangement very similar to the Escherichia coli pyruvate oxidase PoxB except for the C-terminal membrane binding domain, which exhibited a conformation markedly different from its PoxB counterpart. A truncated PQO variant lacking 17 C-terminal amino acids showed higher affinity to pyruvate and was independent of detergent activation, highlighting the importance of the C-terminus for enzyme activation and lipid binding.
{"title":"Corynebacterium glutamicum pyruvate:quinone oxidoreductase: an enigmatic metabolic enzyme with unusual structural features.","authors":"Cristiano da Silva Lameira, Sini Münßinger, Lu Yang, Bernhard J Eikmanns, Marco Bellinzoni","doi":"10.1111/febs.17232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.17232","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pyruvate:quinone oxidoreductase (PQO) is a flavin-containing peripheral membrane enzyme catalyzing the decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetate and CO<sub>2</sub> with quinone as an electron acceptor. Here, we investigate PQO activity in Corynebacterium glutamicum, examine purified PQO, and describe the crystal structure of the native enzyme and a truncated version. The specific PQO activity was highest in stationary phase cells grown in complex medium, lower in cells grown in complex medium containing glucose or acetate, and lowest in cells grown in minimal acetate-medium. A similar pattern with about 30-fold higher specific PQO activities was observed in C. glutamicum with plasmid-bound pqo expression under the control of the tac promoter, indicating that the differences in PQO activity are likely due to post-transcriptional control. Continuous cultivation of C. glutamicum at dilution rates between 0.05 and 0.4 h<sup>-1</sup> revealed a negative correlation between PQO activity and growth rate. Kinetic analysis of PQO enzymes purified from cells grown in complex or in minimal acetate-medium revealed substantial differences in specific activity (72.3 vs. 11.9 U·mg protein<sup>-1</sup>) and turnover number (k<sub>cat</sub>: 440 vs. 78 s<sup>-1</sup>, respectively), suggesting post-translational modifications affecting PQO activity. Structural analysis of PQO revealed a homotetrameric arrangement very similar to the Escherichia coli pyruvate oxidase PoxB except for the C-terminal membrane binding domain, which exhibited a conformation markedly different from its PoxB counterpart. A truncated PQO variant lacking 17 C-terminal amino acids showed higher affinity to pyruvate and was independent of detergent activation, highlighting the importance of the C-terminus for enzyme activation and lipid binding.</p>","PeriodicalId":94226,"journal":{"name":"The FEBS journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141857524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aline Minali Nakamura, Andre Schutzer Godoy, Marco Antônio Seiki Kadowaki, Lucas N. Trentin, Sinkler E. T. Gonzalez, Munir S. Skaf, Igor Polikarpov
Carboxylesterases comprise a major class of α/β‐fold hydrolases responsible for the cleavage and formation of ester bonds. Found ubiquitously in nature, these enzymes are crucial for the metabolism of both endogenous and exogenous carboxyl esters in animals, plants and microorganisms. Beyond their essential physiological roles, carboxylesterases stand out as one of the important classes of biocatalysts for biotechnology. BlEst2, an enzyme previously classified as Bacillus licheniformis esterase, remains largely uncharacterized. In the present study, we elucidate the structural biology, molecular dynamics and biochemical features of BlEst2. Our findings reveal a canonical α/β‐hydrolase fold similar to the ESTHER block L of lipases, further augmented by two additional accessory C‐terminal domains. Notably, the catalytic domain demonstrates two insertions, which occupy conserved locations in α/β‐hydrolase proteins and commonly form the lid domain in lipase structures. Intriguingly, our in vitro cleavage of C‐terminal domains revealed the structure of the active form of BlEst2. Upon activation, BlEst2 showed a markedly elevated hydrolytic activity. This observation implies that the intramolecular C‐terminal domain serves as a regulatory intramolecular inhibitor. Interestingly, despite exhibiting esterase‐like activity, BlEst2 structural characteristics align more closely with lipases. This suggests that BlEst2 could potentially represent a previously unrecognized subgroup within the realm of carboxyl ester hydrolases.
羧基酯酶是α/β-倍水解酶的一个主要类别,负责酯键的裂解和形成。这些酶在自然界中普遍存在,对动物、植物和微生物中内源性和外源性羧基酯的新陈代谢至关重要。除了其重要的生理作用外,羧基酯酶还是生物技术中重要的生物催化剂之一。BlEst2 是一种以前被归类为地衣芽孢杆菌酯酶的酶,但它在很大程度上仍未被定性。在本研究中,我们阐明了 BlEst2 的结构生物学、分子动力学和生物化学特征。我们的研究结果表明,BlEst2 具有类似于脂肪酶 ESTHER Block L 的典型 α/β-hydrolase 折叠结构,并通过两个额外的辅助 C 端结构域进一步增强。值得注意的是,催化结构域有两个插入物,这两个插入物占据了α/β-水解酶蛋白中的保守位置,通常构成脂肪酶结构中的 "盖 "结构域。有趣的是,我们在体外裂解 C 端结构域时发现了 BlEst2 活性形式的结构。激活后,BlEst2 显示出明显升高的水解活性。这一观察结果表明,分子内 C-末端结构域起到了分子内抑制剂的调节作用。有趣的是,尽管 BlEst2 表现出类似酯酶的活性,但其结构特征更接近于脂肪酶。这表明 BlEst2 有可能代表羧基酯水解酶领域中一个以前未被认识的亚群。
{"title":"Structures of BlEst2 from Bacillus licheniformis in its propeptide and mature forms reveal autoinhibitory effects of the C‐terminal domain","authors":"Aline Minali Nakamura, Andre Schutzer Godoy, Marco Antônio Seiki Kadowaki, Lucas N. Trentin, Sinkler E. T. Gonzalez, Munir S. Skaf, Igor Polikarpov","doi":"10.1111/febs.17229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.17229","url":null,"abstract":"Carboxylesterases comprise a major class of α/β‐fold hydrolases responsible for the cleavage and formation of ester bonds. Found ubiquitously in nature, these enzymes are crucial for the metabolism of both endogenous and exogenous carboxyl esters in animals, plants and microorganisms. Beyond their essential physiological roles, carboxylesterases stand out as one of the important classes of biocatalysts for biotechnology. <jats:italic>Bl</jats:italic>Est2, an enzyme previously classified as <jats:italic>Bacillus licheniformis</jats:italic> esterase, remains largely uncharacterized. In the present study, we elucidate the structural biology, molecular dynamics and biochemical features of <jats:italic>Bl</jats:italic>Est2. Our findings reveal a canonical α/β‐hydrolase fold similar to the ESTHER block L of lipases, further augmented by two additional accessory C‐terminal domains. Notably, the catalytic domain demonstrates two insertions, which occupy conserved locations in α/β‐hydrolase proteins and commonly form the lid domain in lipase structures. Intriguingly, our <jats:italic>in vitro</jats:italic> cleavage of C‐terminal domains revealed the structure of the active form of <jats:italic>Bl</jats:italic>Est2. Upon activation, <jats:italic>Bl</jats:italic>Est2 showed a markedly elevated hydrolytic activity. This observation implies that the intramolecular C‐terminal domain serves as a regulatory intramolecular inhibitor. Interestingly, despite exhibiting esterase‐like activity, <jats:italic>Bl</jats:italic>Est2 structural characteristics align more closely with lipases. This suggests that <jats:italic>Bl</jats:italic>Est2 could potentially represent a previously unrecognized subgroup within the realm of carboxyl ester hydrolases.","PeriodicalId":94226,"journal":{"name":"The FEBS journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141780272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jia Feng, Wenhui Chen, Shanshan Li, Qianchen Fang, Xingwu Chen, Ge Bai, Meng Tian, Yongmei Huang, Pei Xu, Zixian Wang, Yi Ma
Obesity and obesity-related insulin resistance have been a research hotspot. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) has emerged as playing a significant role in energy metabolism, holding promising potential for attenuating insulin resistance. However, the precise mechanism is not fully understood. Palmitic acid and a high-fat diet (HFD) were used to establish insulin resistance model in Alpha mouse liver 12 cell line and C57BL/6 mice, respectively. Subsequently, we assessed the effects of PACAP both in vivo and in vitro. Lentivirus vectors were used to explore the signaling pathway through which PACAP may ameliorate insulin resistance. PACAP was found to selectively bind to the PACAP type I receptor receptor and ameliorate insulin resistance, which was characterized by increased glycogen synthesis and the suppression of gluconeogenesis in the insulin-resistant cell model and HFD-fed mice. These effects were linked to the activation of the Fas apoptotic inhibitory molecule/rapamycin-insensitive companion of mammalian target of rapamycin/RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (FAIM/Rictor/AKT) axis. Furthermore, PACAP ameliorated insulin resistance by increasing solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter members 2/4 and inhibiting gluconeogenesis-related proteins glucose 6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 1 and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 2 expression. Meanwhile, the phosphorylation of hepatic AKT/glycogen synthase kinase 3β was promoted both in vivo and in vitro by PACAP. Additionally, PACAP treatment decreased body weight, food intake and blood glucose levels in obese mice. Our study shows that PACAP ameliorated insulin resistance through the FAIM/Rictor/AKT axis, presenting it as a promising drug candidate for the treatment of obesity-related insulin resistance.
肥胖和肥胖相关的胰岛素抵抗一直是研究热点。垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活多肽(PACAP)在能量代谢中发挥着重要作用,有望减轻胰岛素抵抗。然而,其确切机制尚不完全清楚。我们利用棕榈酸和高脂饮食(HFD)分别在阿尔法小鼠肝12细胞系和C57BL/6小鼠中建立了胰岛素抵抗模型。随后,我们评估了 PACAP 在体内和体外的作用。我们使用慢病毒载体探索了PACAP可能改善胰岛素抵抗的信号通路。研究发现,PACAP 能选择性地与 PACAP I 型受体结合,并能改善胰岛素抵抗,其特点是在胰岛素抵抗细胞模型和高密度脂蛋白喂养的小鼠中,糖原合成增加,葡萄糖生成受到抑制。这些作用与雷帕霉素/RAC-α丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶(FAIM/Rictor/AKT)轴的Fas凋亡抑制分子/雷帕霉素不敏感伴侣的激活有关。此外,PACAP还通过增加溶质运载家族2、促进葡萄糖转运体成员2/4和抑制葡萄糖生成相关蛋白葡萄糖6-磷酸酶催化亚基1和磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧激酶2的表达来改善胰岛素抵抗。同时,PACAP在体内和体外都促进了肝脏AKT/糖原合成酶激酶3β的磷酸化。此外,PACAP 还能降低肥胖小鼠的体重、食物摄入量和血糖水平。我们的研究表明,PACAP可通过FAIM/Rictor/AKT轴改善胰岛素抵抗,是治疗肥胖相关胰岛素抵抗的有望候选药物。
{"title":"PACAP ameliorates obesity-induced insulin resistance through FAIM/Rictor/AKT axis","authors":"Jia Feng, Wenhui Chen, Shanshan Li, Qianchen Fang, Xingwu Chen, Ge Bai, Meng Tian, Yongmei Huang, Pei Xu, Zixian Wang, Yi Ma","doi":"10.1111/febs.17228","DOIUrl":"10.1111/febs.17228","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Obesity and obesity-related insulin resistance have been a research hotspot. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) has emerged as playing a significant role in energy metabolism, holding promising potential for attenuating insulin resistance. However, the precise mechanism is not fully understood. Palmitic acid and a high-fat diet (HFD) were used to establish insulin resistance model in Alpha mouse liver 12 cell line and C57BL/6 mice, respectively. Subsequently, we assessed the effects of PACAP both <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i>. Lentivirus vectors were used to explore the signaling pathway through which PACAP may ameliorate insulin resistance. PACAP was found to selectively bind to the PACAP type I receptor receptor and ameliorate insulin resistance, which was characterized by increased glycogen synthesis and the suppression of gluconeogenesis in the insulin-resistant cell model and HFD-fed mice. These effects were linked to the activation of the Fas apoptotic inhibitory molecule/rapamycin-insensitive companion of mammalian target of rapamycin/RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (FAIM/Rictor/AKT) axis. Furthermore, PACAP ameliorated insulin resistance by increasing solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter members 2/4 and inhibiting gluconeogenesis-related proteins glucose 6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 1 and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 2 expression. Meanwhile, the phosphorylation of hepatic AKT/glycogen synthase kinase 3β was promoted both <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i> by PACAP. Additionally, PACAP treatment decreased body weight, food intake and blood glucose levels in obese mice. Our study shows that PACAP ameliorated insulin resistance through the FAIM/Rictor/AKT axis, presenting it as a promising drug candidate for the treatment of obesity-related insulin resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":94226,"journal":{"name":"The FEBS journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141750124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Olivia Schmidt, Martina Brückner, Dominic B Bernkopf
AXIN1 and AXIN2 are homologous proteins that inhibit the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which is frequently hyperactive in colorectal cancer. Stabilization of AXIN1 and AXIN2 by inhibiting their degradation through tankyrase (TNKS) allows the attenuation of Wnt signaling in cancer, attracting interest for potential targeted therapy. Here, we found that knockout or knockdown of AXIN2 in colorectal cancer cells increased the protein stability of AXIN1. The increase in AXIN1 overcompensated for the loss of AXIN2 with respect to protein levels; however, functionally it did not because loss of AXIN2 activated the pathway. Moreover, AXIN2 was highly essential in the context of TNKS inhibition because TNKS-targeting small-molecule inhibitors completely failed to inhibit Wnt signaling and to stabilize AXIN1 in AXIN2 knockout cells. The increased AXIN1 protein stability and the impaired stabilization by TNKS inhibitors indicated disrupted TNKS-AXIN1 regulation in AXIN2 knockout cells. Concordantly, mechanistic studies revealed that co-expression of AXIN2 recruited TNKS to AXIN1 and stimulated TNKS-mediated degradation of transiently expressed AXIN1 wild-type and AXIN1 mutants with impaired TNKS binding. Taken together, our data suggest that AXIN2 promotes degradation of AXIN1 through TNKS in colorectal cancer cells by directly linking the two proteins, and these findings may be relevant for TNKS inhibition-based colorectal cancer therapies.
{"title":"AXIN2 promotes degradation of AXIN1 through tankyrase in colorectal cancer cells.","authors":"Olivia Schmidt, Martina Brückner, Dominic B Bernkopf","doi":"10.1111/febs.17226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.17226","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AXIN1 and AXIN2 are homologous proteins that inhibit the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which is frequently hyperactive in colorectal cancer. Stabilization of AXIN1 and AXIN2 by inhibiting their degradation through tankyrase (TNKS) allows the attenuation of Wnt signaling in cancer, attracting interest for potential targeted therapy. Here, we found that knockout or knockdown of AXIN2 in colorectal cancer cells increased the protein stability of AXIN1. The increase in AXIN1 overcompensated for the loss of AXIN2 with respect to protein levels; however, functionally it did not because loss of AXIN2 activated the pathway. Moreover, AXIN2 was highly essential in the context of TNKS inhibition because TNKS-targeting small-molecule inhibitors completely failed to inhibit Wnt signaling and to stabilize AXIN1 in AXIN2 knockout cells. The increased AXIN1 protein stability and the impaired stabilization by TNKS inhibitors indicated disrupted TNKS-AXIN1 regulation in AXIN2 knockout cells. Concordantly, mechanistic studies revealed that co-expression of AXIN2 recruited TNKS to AXIN1 and stimulated TNKS-mediated degradation of transiently expressed AXIN1 wild-type and AXIN1 mutants with impaired TNKS binding. Taken together, our data suggest that AXIN2 promotes degradation of AXIN1 through TNKS in colorectal cancer cells by directly linking the two proteins, and these findings may be relevant for TNKS inhibition-based colorectal cancer therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":94226,"journal":{"name":"The FEBS journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141636268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Upregulation of nuclear factor κB (NFκB) signaling is a hallmark of aging and a major cause of age-related chronic inflammation. However, its effect on cellular senescence remains unclear. Here, we show that alteration of NFκB nuclear dynamics from oscillatory to sustained by depleting a negative feedback regulator of NFκB pathway, NFκB inhibitor alpha (IκBα), in the presence of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) promotes cellular senescence. Sustained NFκB activity enhanced inflammatory gene expression through increased NFκB-DNA binding and slowed the cell cycle. IκBα protein was decreased under replicative or oxidative stress in vitro. Furthermore, a decrease in IκBα protein and an increase in DNA-NFκB binding at the transcription start sites of age-associated genes in aged mouse hearts suggested that nuclear NFκB dynamics may play a critical role in the progression of aging. Our study suggests that nuclear NFκB dynamics-dependent epigenetic changes regulated over time in a living system, possibly through a decrease in IκBα, enhance the expression of inflammatory genes to advance the cells to a senescent state.
{"title":"NFκB dynamics-dependent epigenetic changes modulate inflammatory gene expression and induce cellular senescence.","authors":"Sho Tabata, Keita Matsuda, Shou Soeda, Kenshiro Nagai, Yoshihiro Izumi, Masatomo Takahashi, Yasutaka Motomura, Ayaka Ichikawa Nagasato, Kazuyo Moro, Takeshi Bamba, Mariko Okada","doi":"10.1111/febs.17227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.17227","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Upregulation of nuclear factor κB (NFκB) signaling is a hallmark of aging and a major cause of age-related chronic inflammation. However, its effect on cellular senescence remains unclear. Here, we show that alteration of NFκB nuclear dynamics from oscillatory to sustained by depleting a negative feedback regulator of NFκB pathway, NFκB inhibitor alpha (IκBα), in the presence of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) promotes cellular senescence. Sustained NFκB activity enhanced inflammatory gene expression through increased NFκB-DNA binding and slowed the cell cycle. IκBα protein was decreased under replicative or oxidative stress in vitro. Furthermore, a decrease in IκBα protein and an increase in DNA-NFκB binding at the transcription start sites of age-associated genes in aged mouse hearts suggested that nuclear NFκB dynamics may play a critical role in the progression of aging. Our study suggests that nuclear NFκB dynamics-dependent epigenetic changes regulated over time in a living system, possibly through a decrease in IκBα, enhance the expression of inflammatory genes to advance the cells to a senescent state.</p>","PeriodicalId":94226,"journal":{"name":"The FEBS journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141622082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}