Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v14.i1.90590
Matthias Yi Quan Liau, En Qi Toh, Shamir Muhamed, Surya Varma Selvakumar, V. G. Shelat
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have long been recognized as the gold standard for establishing causal relationships in clinical research. Despite that, various limitations of RCTs prevent its widespread implementation, ranging from the ethicality of withholding potentially-lifesaving treatment from a group to relatively poor external validity due to stringent inclusion criteria, amongst others. However, with the introduction of propensity score matching (PSM) as a retrospective statistical tool, new frontiers in establishing causation in clinical research were opened up. PSM predicts treatment effects using observational data from existing sources such as registries or electronic health records, to create a matched sample of participants who received or did not receive the intervention based on their propensity scores, which takes into account characteristics such as age, gender and comorbidities. Given its retrospective nature and its use of observational data from existing sources, PSM circumvents the aforementioned ethical issues faced by RCTs. Majority of RCTs exclude elderly, pregnant women and young children; thus, evidence of therapy efficacy is rarely proven by robust clinical research for this population. On the other hand, by matching study patient characteristics to that of the population of interest, including the elderly, pregnant women and young children, PSM allows for generalization of results to the wider population and hence greatly increases the external validity. Instead of replacing RCTs with PSM, the synergistic integration of PSM into RCTs stands to provide better research outcomes with both methods complementing each other. For example, in an RCT investigating the impact of mannitol on outcomes among participants of the Intensive Blood Pressure Reduction in Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage Trial, the baseline characteristics of comorbidities and current medications between treatment and control arms were significantly different despite the randomization protocol. Therefore, PSM was incorporated in its analysis to create samples from the treatment and control arms that were matched in terms of these baseline characteristics, thus providing a fairer comparison for the impact of mannitol. This literature review reports the applications, advantages, and considerations of using PSM with RCTs, illustrating its utility in refining randomization, improving external validity, and accounting for non-compliance to protocol. Future research should consider integrating the use of PSM in RCTs to better generalize outcomes to target populations for clinical practice and thereby benefit a wider range of patients, while maintaining the robustness of randomization offered by RCTs.
{"title":"Can propensity score matching replace randomized controlled trials?","authors":"Matthias Yi Quan Liau, En Qi Toh, Shamir Muhamed, Surya Varma Selvakumar, V. G. Shelat","doi":"10.5662/wjm.v14.i1.90590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5662/wjm.v14.i1.90590","url":null,"abstract":"Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have long been recognized as the gold standard for establishing causal relationships in clinical research. Despite that, various limitations of RCTs prevent its widespread implementation, ranging from the ethicality of withholding potentially-lifesaving treatment from a group to relatively poor external validity due to stringent inclusion criteria, amongst others. However, with the introduction of propensity score matching (PSM) as a retrospective statistical tool, new frontiers in establishing causation in clinical research were opened up. PSM predicts treatment effects using observational data from existing sources such as registries or electronic health records, to create a matched sample of participants who received or did not receive the intervention based on their propensity scores, which takes into account characteristics such as age, gender and comorbidities. Given its retrospective nature and its use of observational data from existing sources, PSM circumvents the aforementioned ethical issues faced by RCTs. Majority of RCTs exclude elderly, pregnant women and young children; thus, evidence of therapy efficacy is rarely proven by robust clinical research for this population. On the other hand, by matching study patient characteristics to that of the population of interest, including the elderly, pregnant women and young children, PSM allows for generalization of results to the wider population and hence greatly increases the external validity. Instead of replacing RCTs with PSM, the synergistic integration of PSM into RCTs stands to provide better research outcomes with both methods complementing each other. For example, in an RCT investigating the impact of mannitol on outcomes among participants of the Intensive Blood Pressure Reduction in Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage Trial, the baseline characteristics of comorbidities and current medications between treatment and control arms were significantly different despite the randomization protocol. Therefore, PSM was incorporated in its analysis to create samples from the treatment and control arms that were matched in terms of these baseline characteristics, thus providing a fairer comparison for the impact of mannitol. This literature review reports the applications, advantages, and considerations of using PSM with RCTs, illustrating its utility in refining randomization, improving external validity, and accounting for non-compliance to protocol. Future research should consider integrating the use of PSM in RCTs to better generalize outcomes to target populations for clinical practice and thereby benefit a wider range of patients, while maintaining the robustness of randomization offered by RCTs.","PeriodicalId":94271,"journal":{"name":"World journal of methodology","volume":"319 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140228273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v14.i1.88619
Muniratu Amadu, Jonathan Soldera
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis, microscopic colitis, and Crohn’s disease (CD), has a global impact. This review focuses on duodenal CD (DCD), a rare subtype affecting the duodenum. DCD’s rarity and asymptomatic nature create diagnostic challenges, impacting prognosis and patient well-being. Delayed diagnosis can worsen DCD outcomes. AIM To report a rare case of DCD and to discuss the diagnostic challenges and its implications on prognosis. METHODS A systematic literature search, following the PRISMA statement, was conducted. Relevant studies were identified and analysed using specific Medical Subject Terms (MeSH) from PubMed/MEDLINE, American Journal of Gastroenterology, and the University of South Wales database. Data collection included information from radiology scans, endoscopy procedures, biopsies, and histopathology results. RESULTS The review considered 8 case reports and 1 observational study, involving 44 participants diagnosed with DCD, some of whom developed complications due to delayed diagnosis. Various diagnostic methods were employed, as there is no gold standard workup for DCD. Radiology scans [magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and upper gastrointestinal X-ray], endoscopy procedures (colonoscopy and esophagogastroduodenoscopy), biopsies, and clinical suspicions were utilized. CONCLUSION This review discusses DCD diagnosis challenges and the roles of CT, MRI, and fluoroscopy. It notes their limitations and compares findings with endoscopy and histopathology studies. Further research is needed to improve diagnosis, emphasizing scan interpretation, endoscopy procedures, and biopsies, especially in high-risk patients during routine endoscopy.
{"title":"Duodenal Crohn’s disease: Case report and systematic review","authors":"Muniratu Amadu, Jonathan Soldera","doi":"10.5662/wjm.v14.i1.88619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5662/wjm.v14.i1.88619","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000 Inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis, microscopic colitis, and Crohn’s disease (CD), has a global impact. This review focuses on duodenal CD (DCD), a rare subtype affecting the duodenum. DCD’s rarity and asymptomatic nature create diagnostic challenges, impacting prognosis and patient well-being. Delayed diagnosis can worsen DCD outcomes.\u0000 AIM\u0000 To report a rare case of DCD and to discuss the diagnostic challenges and its implications on prognosis.\u0000 METHODS\u0000 A systematic literature search, following the PRISMA statement, was conducted. Relevant studies were identified and analysed using specific Medical Subject Terms (MeSH) from PubMed/MEDLINE, American Journal of Gastroenterology, and the University of South Wales database. Data collection included information from radiology scans, endoscopy procedures, biopsies, and histopathology results.\u0000 RESULTS\u0000 The review considered 8 case reports and 1 observational study, involving 44 participants diagnosed with DCD, some of whom developed complications due to delayed diagnosis. Various diagnostic methods were employed, as there is no gold standard workup for DCD. Radiology scans [magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and upper gastrointestinal X-ray], endoscopy procedures (colonoscopy and esophagogastroduodenoscopy), biopsies, and clinical suspicions were utilized.\u0000 CONCLUSION\u0000 This review discusses DCD diagnosis challenges and the roles of CT, MRI, and fluoroscopy. It notes their limitations and compares findings with endoscopy and histopathology studies. Further research is needed to improve diagnosis, emphasizing scan interpretation, endoscopy procedures, and biopsies, especially in high-risk patients during routine endoscopy.","PeriodicalId":94271,"journal":{"name":"World journal of methodology","volume":"24 31","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140227112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v14.i1.88519
Ilias Koutromanos, E. Legaki, Maria Gazouli, Efthimios Vasilopoulos, Anastasios Kouzoupis, Elias Tzavellas
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) represents a major public health issue which affects millions of people globally and consist a chronic relapsing condition associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in maintaining overall health and has emerged as a significant contributor to the pathophysiology of various psychiatric disorders. Recent evidence suggests that the gut microbiome is intimately linked to the development and progression of AUD, with alcohol consumption directly impacting its composition and function. This review article aims to explore the intricate relationship between the gut microbiome and AUD, focusing on the implications for mental health outcomes and potential therapeutic strategies. We discuss the bidirectional communication between the gut microbiome and the brain, highlighting the role of microbiota-derived metabolites in neuroinflammation, neurotransmission, and mood regulation. Furthermore, we examine the influence of AUD-related factors, such as alcohol-induced gut dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability, on mental health outcomes. Finally, we explore emerging therapeutic avenues targeting the gut microbiome in the management of AUD, including prebiotics, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation. Understanding the complex interplay between the gut microbiome and AUD holds promise for developing novel interventions that could improve mental health outcomes in individuals with AUD.
{"title":"Gut microbiome in alcohol use disorder: Implications for health outcomes and therapeutic strategies-a literature review","authors":"Ilias Koutromanos, E. Legaki, Maria Gazouli, Efthimios Vasilopoulos, Anastasios Kouzoupis, Elias Tzavellas","doi":"10.5662/wjm.v14.i1.88519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5662/wjm.v14.i1.88519","url":null,"abstract":"Alcohol use disorder (AUD) represents a major public health issue which affects millions of people globally and consist a chronic relapsing condition associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in maintaining overall health and has emerged as a significant contributor to the pathophysiology of various psychiatric disorders. Recent evidence suggests that the gut microbiome is intimately linked to the development and progression of AUD, with alcohol consumption directly impacting its composition and function. This review article aims to explore the intricate relationship between the gut microbiome and AUD, focusing on the implications for mental health outcomes and potential therapeutic strategies. We discuss the bidirectional communication between the gut microbiome and the brain, highlighting the role of microbiota-derived metabolites in neuroinflammation, neurotransmission, and mood regulation. Furthermore, we examine the influence of AUD-related factors, such as alcohol-induced gut dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability, on mental health outcomes. Finally, we explore emerging therapeutic avenues targeting the gut microbiome in the management of AUD, including prebiotics, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation. Understanding the complex interplay between the gut microbiome and AUD holds promise for developing novel interventions that could improve mental health outcomes in individuals with AUD.","PeriodicalId":94271,"journal":{"name":"World journal of methodology","volume":"81 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140224004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v14.i1.89853
A. Tselebis, E. Koukkou, C. Milionis, Lina Zabuliene, A. Pachi, Ioannis Ilias
BACKGROUND The occurrence of thyroid cancer (TC) has increased in recent decades. Exposure to outdoor artificial light at night (ALN) is associated with an increased risk of cancer. AIM To investigated the impact of ALN, as a significant environmental pollutant, on TC incidence worldwide. METHODS The assessment involved analyzing satellite ALN data in conjunction with TC incidence data [adjusted standardized rate (ASR)], while considering the quality of cancer registries (QCR), gross domestic product (GDP) per person, and health expenditure per person (HEP) for each country. RESULTS Results indicated a correlation between higher ASR and ALN exposure percentages, particularly in countries with higher GDP or HEP quartiles (all P < 0.05). Significant differences in ASR were observed across QCR levels, both high and low quality (all P < 0.05), but not in countries without registry activity. However, when evaluating ASR against ALN exposure percentages while considering GDP/HEP quartiles or QCR levels, no significant associations were found (all P > 0.10). CONCLUSION The findings suggest a potential link between higher GDP and adverse health conditions, serving as possible risk factors for TC, rather than a direct association with ALN. Limitations include the use of cross-sectional data, temporal misalignment, and reliance on ALN as a socioeconomic proxy. It is proposed that light pollution might be connected to a lifestyle conducive to carcinogenesis. Additionally, the presence of higher GDP/HEP could enhance access to diagnostic resources, potentially facilitating TC diagnosis and inclusion in cancer registries.
背景 近几十年来，甲状腺癌（TC）的发病率有所上升。夜间暴露于室外人造光（ALN）与癌症风险增加有关。目的 调查 ALN 作为一种重要的环境污染物对全球甲状腺癌发病率的影响。方法 评估包括将卫星 ALN 数据与 TC 发病率数据[调整标准化率 (ASR)]结合起来进行分析，同时考虑每个国家的癌症登记质量 (QCR)、人均国内生产总值 (GDP) 和人均医疗支出 (HEP)。结果表明，较高的 ASR 与 ALN 暴露百分比之间存在相关性，尤其是在 GDP 或 HEP 四分位数较高的国家（所有 P <0.05）。在不同质量控制水平（包括高质量和低质量）的国家，ASR 存在显著差异（均为 P <0.05），但在没有登记活动的国家则不存在显著差异。然而，在考虑 GDP/HEP 四分位数或 QCR 水平的同时评估 ASR 与 ALN 暴露百分比时，没有发现显著的关联（所有 P > 0.10）。结论 研究结果表明，较高的 GDP 与不良健康状况之间存在潜在联系，可作为 TC 的风险因素，而不是与 ALN 直接相关。局限性包括使用横截面数据、时间错位以及依赖 ALN 作为社会经济替代物。有人提出，光污染可能与有利于致癌的生活方式有关。此外，较高的 GDP/HEP 可能会提高诊断资源的可及性，从而为 TC 诊断和纳入癌症登记提供潜在便利。
{"title":"Artificial night light and thyroid cancer","authors":"A. Tselebis, E. Koukkou, C. Milionis, Lina Zabuliene, A. Pachi, Ioannis Ilias","doi":"10.5662/wjm.v14.i1.89853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5662/wjm.v14.i1.89853","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000 The occurrence of thyroid cancer (TC) has increased in recent decades. Exposure to outdoor artificial light at night (ALN) is associated with an increased risk of cancer.\u0000 AIM\u0000 To investigated the impact of ALN, as a significant environmental pollutant, on TC incidence worldwide.\u0000 METHODS\u0000 The assessment involved analyzing satellite ALN data in conjunction with TC incidence data [adjusted standardized rate (ASR)], while considering the quality of cancer registries (QCR), gross domestic product (GDP) per person, and health expenditure per person (HEP) for each country.\u0000 RESULTS\u0000 Results indicated a correlation between higher ASR and ALN exposure percentages, particularly in countries with higher GDP or HEP quartiles (all P < 0.05). Significant differences in ASR were observed across QCR levels, both high and low quality (all P < 0.05), but not in countries without registry activity. However, when evaluating ASR against ALN exposure percentages while considering GDP/HEP quartiles or QCR levels, no significant associations were found (all P > 0.10).\u0000 CONCLUSION\u0000 The findings suggest a potential link between higher GDP and adverse health conditions, serving as possible risk factors for TC, rather than a direct association with ALN. Limitations include the use of cross-sectional data, temporal misalignment, and reliance on ALN as a socioeconomic proxy. It is proposed that light pollution might be connected to a lifestyle conducive to carcinogenesis. Additionally, the presence of higher GDP/HEP could enhance access to diagnostic resources, potentially facilitating TC diagnosis and inclusion in cancer registries.","PeriodicalId":94271,"journal":{"name":"World journal of methodology","volume":"8 27","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140225635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v14.i1.89196
Maurizio Salvadori, G. Rosso
The Human Microbiome Project, Earth Microbiome Project, and next-generation sequencing have advanced novel genome association, host genetic linkages, and pathogen identification. The microbiome is the sum of the microbes, their genetic information, and their ecological niche. This study will describe how millions of bacteria in the gut affect the human body in health and disease. The gut microbiome changes in relation with age, with an increase in Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes . Host and environmental factors affecting the gut microbiome are diet, drugs, age, smoking, exercise, and host genetics. In addition, changes in the gut microbiome may affect the local gut immune system and systemic immune system. In this study, we discuss how the microbiome may affect the metabolism of healthy subjects or may affect the pathogenesis of metabolism-generating metabolic diseases. Due to the high number of publications on the argument, from a methodologically point of view, we decided to select the best papers published in referred journals in the last 3 years. Then we selected the previously published papers. The major goals of our study were to elucidate which microbiome and by which pathways are related to healthy and disease conditions.
{"title":"Update on the gut microbiome in health and diseases","authors":"Maurizio Salvadori, G. Rosso","doi":"10.5662/wjm.v14.i1.89196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5662/wjm.v14.i1.89196","url":null,"abstract":"The Human Microbiome Project, Earth Microbiome Project, and next-generation sequencing have advanced novel genome association, host genetic linkages, and pathogen identification. The microbiome is the sum of the microbes, their genetic information, and their ecological niche. This study will describe how millions of bacteria in the gut affect the human body in health and disease. The gut microbiome changes in relation with age, with an increase in Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes . Host and environmental factors affecting the gut microbiome are diet, drugs, age, smoking, exercise, and host genetics. In addition, changes in the gut microbiome may affect the local gut immune system and systemic immune system. In this study, we discuss how the microbiome may affect the metabolism of healthy subjects or may affect the pathogenesis of metabolism-generating metabolic diseases. Due to the high number of publications on the argument, from a methodologically point of view, we decided to select the best papers published in referred journals in the last 3 years. Then we selected the previously published papers. The major goals of our study were to elucidate which microbiome and by which pathways are related to healthy and disease conditions.","PeriodicalId":94271,"journal":{"name":"World journal of methodology","volume":"18 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140226984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v14.i1.88518
Hiroshi Kono, S. Furuya, H. Akaike, K. Shoda, Y. Kawaguchi, H. Amemiya, Hiromichi Kawaida, D. Ichikawa
BACKGROUND It was reported that rikkunshito (TJ-43) improved the cisplatin-induced decreases in the active form of ghrelin in plasma; however, other effects on gastrointestinal hormones have not been investigated. AIM To investigate the effects of TJ-43 on peripheral levels of incretin hormones, including gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like polypeptide-1 (GLP-1), in humans and rats. METHODS Patients were divided into two groups, namely patients who received TJ-43 immediately following surgery [TJ-43(+) group] and those who received TJ-43 on postoperative day 21 [TJ-43(-) group], and the plasma levels of active GIP and active GLP-1 were assessed. In animal experiments, rats were treated with TJ-43 [rat (r)TJ-43(+) group] or without [rTJ-43(−) group] by gavage for 4 wk, and the plasma active GIP and active GLP-1 levels were measured. The expression of incretin hormones in the gastrointestinal tract and insulin in the pancreas were investigated by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, the cyclic adenosine monophosphate activities were assessed in pancreatic tissues from rats treated with or without TJ-43 in vivo , and the blood glucose levels and plasma insulin levels were measured in rats treated with or without TJ-43 in oral glucose tolerance tests. RESULTS In humans, the active incretin hormone levels increased, and values were significantly greater in the TJ-43(+) group compared those in the TJ-43(-) group. In rats, the plasma active incretin levels significantly increased in the rTJ-43(+) group compared with those in the rTJ-43(-) group. GIP and GLP-1 expressions were enhanced by TJ-43 treatment. Moreover, plasma insulin levels increased and blood glucose levels were blunted in the rTJ-43(+) group. CONCLUSION The results show that TJ-43 may be beneficial for patients who undergo pancreatic surgery.
{"title":"Rikkunshito increases peripheral incretin-hormone levels in humans and rats","authors":"Hiroshi Kono, S. Furuya, H. Akaike, K. Shoda, Y. Kawaguchi, H. Amemiya, Hiromichi Kawaida, D. Ichikawa","doi":"10.5662/wjm.v14.i1.88518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5662/wjm.v14.i1.88518","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000 It was reported that rikkunshito (TJ-43) improved the cisplatin-induced decreases in the active form of ghrelin in plasma; however, other effects on gastrointestinal hormones have not been investigated.\u0000 AIM\u0000 To investigate the effects of TJ-43 on peripheral levels of incretin hormones, including gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like polypeptide-1 (GLP-1), in humans and rats.\u0000 METHODS\u0000 Patients were divided into two groups, namely patients who received TJ-43 immediately following surgery [TJ-43(+) group] and those who received TJ-43 on postoperative day 21 [TJ-43(-) group], and the plasma levels of active GIP and active GLP-1 were assessed. In animal experiments, rats were treated with TJ-43 [rat (r)TJ-43(+) group] or without [rTJ-43(−) group] by gavage for 4 wk, and the plasma active GIP and active GLP-1 levels were measured. The expression of incretin hormones in the gastrointestinal tract and insulin in the pancreas were investigated by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, the cyclic adenosine monophosphate activities were assessed in pancreatic tissues from rats treated with or without TJ-43 in vivo , and the blood glucose levels and plasma insulin levels were measured in rats treated with or without TJ-43 in oral glucose tolerance tests.\u0000 RESULTS\u0000 In humans, the active incretin hormone levels increased, and values were significantly greater in the TJ-43(+) group compared those in the TJ-43(-) group. In rats, the plasma active incretin levels significantly increased in the rTJ-43(+) group compared with those in the rTJ-43(-) group. GIP and GLP-1 expressions were enhanced by TJ-43 treatment. Moreover, plasma insulin levels increased and blood glucose levels were blunted in the rTJ-43(+) group.\u0000 CONCLUSION\u0000 The results show that TJ-43 may be beneficial for patients who undergo pancreatic surgery.","PeriodicalId":94271,"journal":{"name":"World journal of methodology","volume":"360 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140228075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v14.i1.90624
G. Christodoulidis, Konstantinos-Eleftherios Koumarelas, Marina-Nektaria Kouliou
In this editorial we comment on the article published by Ning et al , “Role of exosomes in metastasis and therapeutic resistance in esophageal cancer”. Esophageal cancer (EC) represents a significant global health concern, being the seventh most common and sixth in terms of mortality worldwide. Despite the advances in therapeutic modalities, the management of patients with EC remains challenging, with a 5-year survival rate of only 25% and a limited eligibility for curative surgery due to its late diagnosis. Conventional screening methods are impractical for the early detection of EC, given their either invasive or insensitive nature. The advent of liquid biopsy, with a focus on circulating tumor cells, circulating tumor DNA, and exosomes, heralds a non-invasive avenue for cancer detection. Exosomes, small vesicles involved in intercellular communication, are highlighted as potential biomarkers for EC diagnosis and prognosis. Along with a diverse cargo encompassing various types of RNA, DNA molecules, proteins, and metabolites, exosomes emerge as key players in tumorigenesis, tumor development, and metastasis. Their significance extends to carrying distinctive biomarkers, including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs, underscoring their potential diagnostic and prognostic value. Furthermore, exosomes may be utilized for therapeutic purposes in the context of EC treatment, serving as efficient delivery vehicles for therapeutic agents such as chemotherapeutic medicines and miRNAs. In this editorial we delve into the applications of exosomes for the early detection and treatment of EC, as well as the future perspectives.
在这篇社论中，我们对宁等人发表的文章《外泌体在食管癌转移和耐药性中的作用》（Role of exosomes in metastasis and therapeutic resistance in esophageal cancer）进行了评论。食管癌（EC）是全球关注的重大健康问题，其发病率居全球第七位，死亡率居全球第六位。尽管治疗方法不断进步，但食管癌患者的治疗仍然充满挑战，5 年生存率仅为 25%，而且由于诊断较晚，接受根治性手术的资格有限。传统的筛查方法具有侵入性或不敏感性，因此不适合用于早期检测癌变率。以循环肿瘤细胞、循环肿瘤DNA和外泌体为重点的液体活检的出现，预示着一种非侵入性的癌症检测途径的到来。外泌体是一种参与细胞间通讯的小囊泡，是诊断和预后心血管疾病的潜在生物标记物。外泌体的载体多种多样，包括各种类型的 RNA、DNA 分子、蛋白质和代谢物，是肿瘤发生、肿瘤发展和转移的关键因素。外泌体的重要作用还包括携带独特的生物标志物，包括微RNA（miRNA）、长非编码RNA和环状RNA，这凸显了外泌体在诊断和预后方面的潜在价值。此外，外泌体还可用于心血管疾病的治疗，成为化疗药物和 miRNA 等治疗药物的高效递送载体。在这篇社论中，我们将深入探讨外泌体在心肌梗死早期检测和治疗中的应用以及未来前景。
{"title":"Pivotal role of exosomes in diagnosis and treatment of esophageal cancer in a new era of precision medicine","authors":"G. Christodoulidis, Konstantinos-Eleftherios Koumarelas, Marina-Nektaria Kouliou","doi":"10.5662/wjm.v14.i1.90624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5662/wjm.v14.i1.90624","url":null,"abstract":"In this editorial we comment on the article published by Ning et al , “Role of exosomes in metastasis and therapeutic resistance in esophageal cancer”. Esophageal cancer (EC) represents a significant global health concern, being the seventh most common and sixth in terms of mortality worldwide. Despite the advances in therapeutic modalities, the management of patients with EC remains challenging, with a 5-year survival rate of only 25% and a limited eligibility for curative surgery due to its late diagnosis. Conventional screening methods are impractical for the early detection of EC, given their either invasive or insensitive nature. The advent of liquid biopsy, with a focus on circulating tumor cells, circulating tumor DNA, and exosomes, heralds a non-invasive avenue for cancer detection. Exosomes, small vesicles involved in intercellular communication, are highlighted as potential biomarkers for EC diagnosis and prognosis. Along with a diverse cargo encompassing various types of RNA, DNA molecules, proteins, and metabolites, exosomes emerge as key players in tumorigenesis, tumor development, and metastasis. Their significance extends to carrying distinctive biomarkers, including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs, underscoring their potential diagnostic and prognostic value. Furthermore, exosomes may be utilized for therapeutic purposes in the context of EC treatment, serving as efficient delivery vehicles for therapeutic agents such as chemotherapeutic medicines and miRNAs. In this editorial we delve into the applications of exosomes for the early detection and treatment of EC, as well as the future perspectives.","PeriodicalId":94271,"journal":{"name":"World journal of methodology","volume":"30 40","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140226596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Systemic hypertension is an established risk factor for coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular accident and control of blood pressure reduces the risk of a major cardiovascular event. Both non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatment options are available to treat hypertension. Yoga, recently received more attention as a treatment modality for various lifestyle disorders, even though practiced in India since ancient times. In this review, we are analyzing the role of yoga in the treatment of systemic hypertension.
{"title":"Therapeutic role of yoga in hypertension","authors":"Anjali Mangesh Joshi, Arkiath Veettil Raveendran, Muruganathan Arumugam","doi":"10.5662/wjm.v14.i1.90127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5662/wjm.v14.i1.90127","url":null,"abstract":"Systemic hypertension is an established risk factor for coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular accident and control of blood pressure reduces the risk of a major cardiovascular event. Both non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatment options are available to treat hypertension. Yoga, recently received more attention as a treatment modality for various lifestyle disorders, even though practiced in India since ancient times. In this review, we are analyzing the role of yoga in the treatment of systemic hypertension.","PeriodicalId":94271,"journal":{"name":"World journal of methodology","volume":"1 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140227353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v14.i1.89723
C. S. Miranda, Daiana Araujo Santana-Oliveira, Isabela Macedo Lopes Vasques-Monteiro, Nathan Soares Dantas-Miranda, Jade Sancha de Oliveira Glauser, F. Silva-Veiga, Vanessa Souza-Mello
BACKGROUND Excessive saturated fat intake compromises the integrity of the intestinal mucosa, leading to low-grade inflammation, impaired mucosal integrity, and increased intestinal permeability, resulting in the migration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to other tissues. AIM To evaluate the chronic effects (at 10 and 16 wk) of a high-fat diet (HFD) (with 50% energy as fat) on the phylogenetic gut microbiota distribution and intestinal barrier structure and protection in C57BL/6 mice. METHODS Forty adult male mice were divided into four nutritional groups, where the letters refer to the type of diet (control and HFD or HF) and the numbers refer to the period (in weeks) of diet administration: Control diet for 10 wk, HFD for 10 wk, control diet for 16 wk, and HFD for 16 wk. After sacrifice, biochemical, molecular, and stereological analyses were performed. RESULTS The HF groups were overweight, had gut dysbiosis, had a progressive decrease in occludin immunostaining, and had increased LPS concentrations. Dietary progression reduced the number of goblet cells per large intestine area and Mucin2 expression in the HF16 group, consistent with a completely disarranged intestinal ultrastructure after 16 wk of HFD intake. CONCLUSION Chronic HFD intake causes overweight, gut dysbiosis, and morphological and functional alterations of the intestinal barrier after 10 or 16 wk. Time-dependent reductions in goblet cell numerical density and mucus production have emerged as targets for countering obesity-driven intestinal damage.
{"title":"Time-dependent impact of a high-fat diet on the intestinal barrier of male mice","authors":"C. S. Miranda, Daiana Araujo Santana-Oliveira, Isabela Macedo Lopes Vasques-Monteiro, Nathan Soares Dantas-Miranda, Jade Sancha de Oliveira Glauser, F. Silva-Veiga, Vanessa Souza-Mello","doi":"10.5662/wjm.v14.i1.89723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5662/wjm.v14.i1.89723","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000 Excessive saturated fat intake compromises the integrity of the intestinal mucosa, leading to low-grade inflammation, impaired mucosal integrity, and increased intestinal permeability, resulting in the migration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to other tissues.\u0000 AIM\u0000 To evaluate the chronic effects (at 10 and 16 wk) of a high-fat diet (HFD) (with 50% energy as fat) on the phylogenetic gut microbiota distribution and intestinal barrier structure and protection in C57BL/6 mice.\u0000 METHODS\u0000 Forty adult male mice were divided into four nutritional groups, where the letters refer to the type of diet (control and HFD or HF) and the numbers refer to the period (in weeks) of diet administration: Control diet for 10 wk, HFD for 10 wk, control diet for 16 wk, and HFD for 16 wk. After sacrifice, biochemical, molecular, and stereological analyses were performed.\u0000 RESULTS\u0000 The HF groups were overweight, had gut dysbiosis, had a progressive decrease in occludin immunostaining, and had increased LPS concentrations. Dietary progression reduced the number of goblet cells per large intestine area and Mucin2 expression in the HF16 group, consistent with a completely disarranged intestinal ultrastructure after 16 wk of HFD intake.\u0000 CONCLUSION\u0000 Chronic HFD intake causes overweight, gut dysbiosis, and morphological and functional alterations of the intestinal barrier after 10 or 16 wk. Time-dependent reductions in goblet cell numerical density and mucus production have emerged as targets for countering obesity-driven intestinal damage.","PeriodicalId":94271,"journal":{"name":"World journal of methodology","volume":"30 48","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140225608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Good clinical practice (GCP) is put in place to protect human participants in clinical trials as well as to ensure the quality of research. Non-adherence to these guidelines can produce research that may not meet the standards set by the scientific community. Therefore, it must be ensured that researchers are well-versed in the GCP. But not much is known about the knowledge and practices of the GCP in the medical colleges of North India.
Aim: To assess the knowledge and practices of researchers about GCP and analyze these with respect to the demographics of participants.
Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. A self-structured questionnaire about GCP, after expert validations, was circulated among researchers, at a tertiary healthcare institute, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Rishikesh. A total of 59 individuals, who were selected by universal sampling, participated in the study. All healthcare workers who have been investigators of Institutional Ethics Committee-approved research projects, except residents and faculty, and are still a part of the institute have been included in the study. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of AIIMS, Rishikesh. We used descriptive analysis and the Chi-squared test to analyze data. P value < 0.05 was considered significant.
Results: Out of 59 participants, only 11 (18.6%) were certified for GCP. Most of the participants (64.4%) had "Average" knowledge, 33.9% had "Good" knowledge and 1.7% had "Poor" knowledge. Only 49% of participants had satisfactory practices related to GCP. There was a significant difference in the knowledge based on the current academic position for the items assessing knowledge of institutional review board (P = 0.010), confidentiality & privacy (P = 0.011), and participant safety & adverse events (P < 0.001). There was also a significant difference in knowledge of research misconduct (P = 0.024) and participant safety & adverse events (P = 0.011) based on certification of GCP. There was a notable difference in the practices related to recruitment & retention on the basis of current academic position (P < 0.001) and certification of GCP (P = 0.023). We also observed a considerable difference between the knowledge and practices of GCP among the participants (P = 0.013).
Conclusion: Participants have basic knowledge of GCP but show a lack thereof in certain domains of GCP. This can be addressed by holding training sessions focusing on these particular domains.
{"title":"Study on good clinical practices among researchers in a tertiary healthcare institute in India.","authors":"Harshita Harshita, Prasan Kumar Panda","doi":"10.5662/wjm.v13.i5.466","DOIUrl":"10.5662/wjm.v13.i5.466","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Good clinical practice (GCP) is put in place to protect human participants in clinical trials as well as to ensure the quality of research. Non-adherence to these guidelines can produce research that may not meet the standards set by the scientific community. Therefore, it must be ensured that researchers are well-versed in the GCP. But not much is known about the knowledge and practices of the GCP in the medical colleges of North India.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To assess the knowledge and practices of researchers about GCP and analyze these with respect to the demographics of participants.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a cross-sectional study. A self-structured questionnaire about GCP, after expert validations, was circulated among researchers, at a tertiary healthcare institute, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Rishikesh. A total of 59 individuals, who were selected by universal sampling, participated in the study. All healthcare workers who have been investigators of Institutional Ethics Committee-approved research projects, except residents and faculty, and are still a part of the institute have been included in the study. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of AIIMS, Rishikesh. We used descriptive analysis and the Chi-squared test to analyze data. <i>P</i> value < 0.05 was considered significant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 59 participants, only 11 (18.6%) were certified for GCP. Most of the participants (64.4%) had \"Average\" knowledge, 33.9% had \"Good\" knowledge and 1.7% had \"Poor\" knowledge. Only 49% of participants had satisfactory practices related to GCP. There was a significant difference in the knowledge based on the current academic position for the items assessing knowledge of institutional review board (<i>P</i> = 0.010), confidentiality & privacy (<i>P</i> = 0.011), and participant safety & adverse events (<i>P</i> < 0.001). There was also a significant difference in knowledge of research misconduct (<i>P</i> = 0.024) and participant safety & adverse events (<i>P</i> = 0.011) based on certification of GCP. There was a notable difference in the practices related to recruitment & retention on the basis of current academic position (<i>P</i> < 0.001) and certification of GCP (<i>P</i> = 0.023). We also observed a considerable difference between the knowledge and practices of GCP among the participants (<i>P</i> = 0.013).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Participants have basic knowledge of GCP but show a lack thereof in certain domains of GCP. This can be addressed by holding training sessions focusing on these particular domains.</p>","PeriodicalId":94271,"journal":{"name":"World journal of methodology","volume":"13 5","pages":"466-474"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10789103/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139479308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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