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Solubility of Ca5(PO4)3OH in the System Ca(OH)2-H3PO4-H2O at 5, 15, 25, and 37 °C Ca5(PO4)3OH在体系Ca(OH)2-H3PO4-H2O中5、15、25和37℃的溶解度
H. McDowell, T. M. Gregory, W. E. Brown
Solubility isotherms of hydroxyapatite, Ca5(PO4)3OH (OHAp), prepared by titrating a boiling aqueous suspension of Ca(OH)2 with 0.5 M H3PO4, were determined in the ternary system Ca(OH)2–H3PO4–H2O at 5, 15, 25, and 37 °C in the pH range 3.7–6.7 by equilibration with dilute H3PO4 solutions. The solubility product Ks, determined as a function of temperature by a generalized least-squares procedure from 41 experimental points, is given by the equation logKs=−8219.41/T−1.6657−0.098215T.The values of Ks and its dispersion at 25 and 37 °C are 3.04 (0.25) and 2.35 (0.27) × 10−59. There is a maximum in Ks near 16 °C, which may be due to the form of temperature dependence found earlier for the stability constants of the ion pairs CaH2PO4+ and CaHPO40. The relative positions of the isotherms show that OHAp has a negative thermal coefficient of solubility. Thermodynamic functions for the dissolution of the salt are reported. The solubility data previously reported by others for OHAp at 25 °C were reviewed. The solubility products obtained by three of these investigators were comparable with our value of 3.0 × 10−59; their data were reevaluated by the method described here. We conclude that the best value for the solubility product at 25 °C is 4.7 (2.0) × 10−59.
用0.5 M H3PO4滴定Ca(OH)2的沸水悬浮液,测定了Ca(OH)2 - H3PO4 - h2o三元体系中Ca(OH)2 - H3PO4 - h2o在5、15、25、37℃、pH 3.7 ~ 6.7范围内的溶解度等温线。用广义最小二乘法从41个实验点确定溶解度乘积Ks作为温度的函数,由方程logKs=−8219.41/T−1.6657−0.098215T给出。在25°C和37°C时,Ks及其色散值分别为3.04(0.25)和2.35 (0.27)× 10−59。k在16°C附近有一个最大值,这可能是由于前面发现的CaH2PO4+和CaHPO40离子对的稳定性常数的温度依赖形式。等温线的相对位置表明OHAp的溶解度热系数为负。报道了盐溶解的热力学函数。回顾了前人报道的OHAp在25℃下的溶解度数据。其中三位研究者得到的溶解度产物与我们的值3.0 × 10−59相当;他们的数据用这里描述的方法重新评估。我们得出结论,25°C时溶解度乘积的最佳值为4.7 (2.0)× 10−59。
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引用次数: 65
Thermophysical Measurements on 90Ti-6AI-4V Alloy Above 1450 K Using a Transient (Subsecond) Technique 1450k以上90Ti-6AI-4V合金的瞬态(亚秒)热物理测量
A. Cezairliyan, J. McClure, R. Taylor
Simultaneous measurements are described of specific heat capacity, electrical resistivity and hemispherical total emittance of the ternary alloy 90Ti-Al-4V in the temperature range 1450 to 1900 K, and the melting point and and the radiance temperature at the melting point of the alloy by a subsecond duration transient technique. The results are expressed by the relations: cp=1.3833−9.943×10−4T+3.745×10−7T2ρ=152.65+1.9304×10−2T−3.9548×10−6T2where cp is in J · g−1 · K−1, ρ is in μΩ · cm, and T is in K. The value of the hemispherical total emittance is 0.39 in the range 1700 to 1900 K. The melting point and the radiance temperature at the melting point are 1943 and 1796 total emittance of the ternary alloy 90Ti-6Al-4V in the temperature range 1450 to 1900 K, and the melting point 0.395. Estimated inaccuracies of measured properties are: 3 percent for specific heat capacity, 1 percent for electrical resistivity, 5 percent for hemispherical total emittance and 8 K for melting point and radiance temperature at the melting point.
用亚秒持续瞬变技术同时测量了90Ti-Al-4V三元合金在1450 ~ 1900 K温度范围内的比热容、电阻率和半球形总发射度,以及合金的熔点和熔点处的辐射温度。结果用关系式表示:cp=1.3833−9.943×10−4T+3.745×10−7T2ρ=152.65+1.9304×10−2T−3.9548×10−6t2其中cp单位为J·g−1·K−1,ρ单位为μΩ·cm, T单位为K。在1700 ~ 1900 K范围内,半球总发射度值为0.39。90Ti-6Al-4V三元合金在1450 ~ 1900 K温度范围内的熔点和发光温度分别为1943和1796,熔点为0.395。测量性质的估计误差为:比热容为3%,电阻率为1%,半球形总发射率为5%,熔点和熔点辐射温度为8k。
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引用次数: 26
Evaporation of a Liquid Droplet 液滴的蒸发
R. Kayser, H. Bennett
Two idealized models for the preheat stage of liquid droplets are analyzed theoretically. These models contain the effects of transient heat conduction and evaporation. It is assumed that the droplet surface area decreases linearly with time. This assumption necessitates the solution of moving boundary problems. These models, however, do not consider gas-phase mass transport. In the finite-gradient model, the temperatures of both the droplet and surrounding hot gases vary spatially and temporally. In the zero-gradient model the gas temperature varies spatially and temporally but the droplet temperature varies only temporally, i.e., the droplet temperature is spatially uniform. Numerical examples, which require extensive calculations of confluent hypergeometric functions, are presented for typical values of the droplet latent heat and evaporation rate constant. The temperature profiles given by the finite-gradient and zero-gradient models agree to within 20 percent of each other for all cases examined.
对液滴预热阶段的两种理想模型进行了理论分析。这些模型包含了瞬态热传导和蒸发的影响。假设液滴表面积随时间线性减小。这个假设需要解决移动边界问题。然而,这些模型不考虑气相质量输运。在有限梯度模型中,液滴和周围热气体的温度在空间和时间上都是变化的。在零梯度模型中,气体温度随时间和空间变化,而液滴温度仅随时间变化,即液滴温度在空间上是均匀的。给出了液滴潜热和蒸发速率常数的典型值的数值算例,这些算例需要大量的合流超几何函数计算。有限梯度模型和零梯度模型给出的温度分布在所有被检验的情况下,误差都在20%以内。
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引用次数: 4
Isotope Effects in the Association Reactions of Methyl and Ethyl Iodide Cations 甲基和乙基碘离子缔合反应中的同位素效应
L. W. Sieck
Rate coefficients for production of stabilized dimeric parent cations at 295 K have been determined in CH3I, CD3I, CH3I—CD3I mixtures, C2H5I, CH3CD2I, CD3CH2I, and C2D5I. These processes are the most rapid reported for association reactions, the various individual values falling within the limits 0.33 × 10−24 (CH3I) and 10.1 ×10−24 cm6 molecule−2 sec−1 (C2H5I). The temperature dependence of the stabilization coefficients in CH3I and CD3I was also measured over the range 220 ± 3 to 320 ± 1 K, as well as the efficiencies of other third bodies in the stabilization process. The differences observed for the variously labelled analogues are interpreted in terms of vibrational level (energy) depression upon deuteration, which affects the intrinsic lifetime of the collision complex.
测定了295 K下CH3I、CD3I、CH3I - CD3I混合物、C2H5I、CH3CD2I、CD3CH2I和C2D5I稳定二聚体母离子的速率系数。这些过程是所报道的缔合反应中速度最快的,各种个体值都在0.33 ×10−24 (CH3I)和10.1 ×10−24 cm6分子−2秒−1 (C2H5I)的范围内。在220±3 ~ 320±1 K范围内测量了CH3I和CD3I稳定化系数的温度依赖性,以及其他第三体在稳定化过程中的效率。观察到的不同标记的类似物的差异是根据氘化后的振动水平(能量)下降来解释的,这影响了碰撞复合物的固有寿命。
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引用次数: 1
Diffusion with Discontinuous Swelling 伴有不连续肿胀的扩散
A. Peterlin
Very often a non-solvent diffuses into a glassy polymer with a steep concentration profile proceeding at an almost constant rate v yielding a weight gain proportional to time. Such a diffusion is called type II diffusion in order to distinguish it from the more usual “Fickian” diffusion proceeding without such a constant concentration front and yielding, at least in the beginning, a weight gain proportional to the square root of time. It turns out that the conventional diffusion equation without any special new term but with a diffusion coefficient rapidly increasing with concentration has a series of solutions representing exactly such type II diffusion with v as a completely free parameter which determines the steepness of concentration front. With the usual boundary conditions and infinite medium the diffusion coefficient has to become infinite at the highest penetrant concentration. This case can be considered as an extreme limit which is approached to a high degree in an actual experiment. The finite sample thickness, however, requires only a very large but not an infinite diffusion coefficient. Hence type II diffusion is only a special case of possible diffusion processes compatible with the conventional diffusion equation without any need for new terms if only the diffusion coefficient increases sufficiently fast with penetrant concentration.
通常,非溶剂扩散到具有陡峭浓度曲线的玻璃聚合物中,以几乎恒定的速率v进行,产生与时间成正比的重量增加。这样的扩散被称为II型扩散,以便与更常见的“菲克式”扩散过程区分开来,这种扩散过程没有这样一个恒定的浓度锋,至少在开始时,其重量增加与时间的平方根成正比。结果表明,常规扩散方程没有任何特殊的新项,但扩散系数随浓度迅速增加,它有一系列的解正好表示这种以v作为决定浓度锋陡度的完全自由参数的II型扩散。在通常的边界条件和无限大的介质条件下,渗透剂浓度最高时,扩散系数趋于无限大。这种情况可以看作是在实际实验中接近高度的一个极限。然而,有限的样品厚度只需要非常大的扩散系数,而不是无限的扩散系数。因此,II型扩散只是一种特殊情况,只要扩散系数随渗透剂浓度的增加足够快,就可以与常规扩散方程相容,而不需要新的扩散项。
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引用次数: 33
Thermodynamics of the Densification Process for Polymer Glasses 聚合物玻璃致密化过程的热力学
J. McKinney, R. Simha
A quantitative description is given for the densification process of glasses resulting from glass formation at elevated pressures. Phenomenologieal relations are derived, or justified, which allow estimation of the densification rate κ′ (with respect to formation pressure) from various thermodynamic quantities and glass transition behavior. In addition, the estimation of K′ may be facilitated by the application of the hole theory of Simha and Somcynsky. Using these relations κ′ is estimated, and the results from the different methods are compared for data from 23 different organic polymers with glass transition temperatures ranging from 150 to 455 K. The amount of densification appears to be limited by the apparent convergence of the glass temperature and effective decomposition temperature with increasing pressure. Some estimates of limiting values are presented. Finally, changes of refractive index resulting from densification are estimated from the observed, or predicted, densification rates.
定量描述了在高压下由玻璃形成引起的玻璃致密化过程。通过各种热力学量和玻璃化转变行为,推导或证明了现象关系,从而可以估计致密化速率κ '(相对于地层压力)。此外,利用Simha和Somcynsky的空穴理论,可以方便地估计K '。利用这些关系估计了κ ',并对23种玻璃化转变温度在150 ~ 455k之间的不同有机聚合物的数据进行了不同方法的比较。随着压力的增加,玻璃化温度和有效分解温度的明显收敛限制了致密化的量。给出了一些极限值的估计。最后,根据观测到的或预测的致密化率,估计由致密化引起的折射率变化。
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引用次数: 36
The NBS Two-Pressure Humidity Generator, Mark 2 NBS双压湿度发生器,Mark 2
S. Hasegawa, J. W. Little
A new humidity calibration facility which uses the two-pressure principle for generating gas of known humidity has been developed at NBS for calibrating and testing hygrometers. The relative humidity range of the two-pressure humidity generator is 3 to 98 percent for ambient temperatures −60 ° to 80 °C and test chamber pressures 5 to 200 kPa (absolute). This is equivalent to a nominal dew/frost point range of −80 ° to 80 °C. Intercomparison tests were made with the NBS standard gravimetric hygrometer over a portion of the generator’s operating range. The estimated maximum uncertainty (three standard deviations) is 0.2 percent RH for temperatures 0 ° to 80 °C which in units of dew point corresponds to an estimated maximum uncertainty of 0.04 °C for dew points −35 ° to 80 °C.
国家测量局已开发了一套新的湿度校正设备,该设备使用双压力原理产生已知湿度的气体,用于校准和测试湿度计。当环境温度为- 60°C至80°C,测试室压力为5至200kpa(绝对)时,双压湿度发生器的相对湿度范围为3%至98%。这相当于名义上的露点/霜点范围为- 80°到80°C。在发电机的一部分工作范围内,与NBS标准重力湿度计进行了比对试验。对于温度0°至80°C,估计最大不确定度(三个标准差)为0.2% RH,以露点为单位,对应于露点- 35°至80°C的估计最大不确定度为0.04°C。
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引用次数: 51
Frequency Dependence of Intrinsic Stress and Birefringence Tensor of Bead/Spring Model of Polymer Solutions 聚合物溶液珠/弹簧模型的固有应力与双折射张量的频率依赖性
A. Peterlin, J. Fong
The recently obtained complete solution of the simultaneous diagonalization of matrices H A and H in the hydrodynamic diffusion equation has basically changed the diagonal values vp of the symmetric matrix H of hydrodynamic interaction between all the beads of the elastic random coil model of the isolated macromolecule in solution. Since these values enter explicitly the expressions for the intrinsic stress and refractive index tensor in an alternating flow field if based on the concept of internal viscosity of the model one had to recalculate all values obtained formerly by using the then generally accepted erroneous set of vp data. The new vp equal unity independent of p while the old values were larger than 1 for small p and smaller for large p. Hence their too large contributions in the former range are partially compensated by their too small contributions in the latter region. As a consequence in the whole range investigated, between 3 and 300 chain links, the differences in rheological and rheooptical effects are relatively small, up to a factor of 2, although at higher link number the differences tend to grow with the logarithm of this number.
最近得到的水动力扩散方程中矩阵H A和H同时对角化的完全解,基本上改变了溶液中孤立大分子弹性随机线圈模型中所有珠间水动力相互作用的对称矩阵H的对角值vp。由于这些值显式地进入了交变流场中本征应力和折射率张量的表达式,如果基于模型的内部粘度概念,则必须重新计算以前使用当时普遍接受的错误vp数据集获得的所有值。新的vp等于独立于p的单位,而旧的值对于小p大于1,对于大p小于1。因此,它们在前一个范围内的过大贡献部分地被它们在后一个区域的过小贡献所补偿。因此,在整个研究范围内,在3到300个链环之间,流变学和流变光学效应的差异相对较小,可达2倍,尽管在较高的链环数下,差异倾向于随着该数字的对数而增长。
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引用次数: 2
Atlas of the I2 Spectrum from 19 000 to 18 000 cm−1 19 000 ~ 18 000 cm的I2光谱图集−1
J. D. Simmons, J. T. Hougen
A line identification band atlas is presented for a 1000 cm−1 segment, from 19 000 to 18 000 cm−1, of the molecular iodine absorption spectrum. Each page of the atlas covers a 20 cm−1 region of the spectrum and contains a CALCOMP produced photodensitometer trace of the spectrum together with accompanying tabular identification data. The tabular data includes: line identification numbers, observed wavenumbers, calculated wavenumbers, and rotational and vibrational assignments.
一个线识别带图谱提出了1000厘米−1段,从19000到18000厘米−1,分子碘吸收光谱。图集的每一页覆盖了光谱的20厘米−1区域,并包含CALCOMP产生的光谱光密度计痕迹以及随附的表格识别数据。表格数据包括:线识别号,观测波数,计算波数,以及旋转和振动分配。
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引用次数: 45
On the Atomic Weight of Gallium 论镓的原子量
G. Marinenko
Accurate measurement of stoichiometry of GaAs provides new data which are used for calculation of the atomic weight of Ga. Using the IUPAC accepted value for the atomic weight of As (74.9216), the atomic weight of Ga based on this work is 69.737 ± 0.006. The mean of two independent chemical values for the atomic weight of Ga, one obtained by Lundell and Hoffman and the other in this work, is 69.735.
砷化镓化学计量学的精确测量为计算砷化镓的原子量提供了新的数据。根据IUPAC对As原子量的接受值(74.9216),本文计算得到的Ga原子量为69.737±0.006。Ga的原子量的两个独立的化学值的平均值是69.735,一个是由Lundell和Hoffman得到的,另一个是在这项工作中得到的。
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引用次数: 18
期刊
Journal of research of the National Bureau of Standards. Section A, Physics and chemistry
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