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Factors Affecting Organizational Commitment of Employees: Evidence from Pakistan 影响员工组织承诺的因素:来自巴基斯坦的证据
Pub Date : 2021-05-03 DOI: 10.52283/NSWRCA.AJBMR.20210601A02
B. Kayani, U. Kayani
Organizational commitment is important for overall performance of an organization and wellbeing of its employees. Organisational commitment has gained much importance and it can lead to the positive and favourable outcomes for an organisation like improved employees’ performance, increased organisational effectiveness, decreased employee turnover ratio, increased organisational financial revenues and decreased absenteeism among employees. This study identifies the important organisational factors from prior literature and using a questionnaire survey examines the influence of these factors on the organisational commitment among employees of software industry of Pakistan. Results revealed that all the identified factors except gender affects organisational commitment among the employees of software industry of Pakistan. Recommendations were also made for making the organizational commitment practices and their implementation more vibrant and stronger within an organization based on research results and in relation with prior research studies. A summary table with all the identified factors is presented in this paper for helping other researchers doing research for knowing about different factors that can affect organizational commitment.
组织承诺对组织的整体绩效和员工的福祉至关重要。组织承诺已经获得了很多的重要性,它可以导致一个组织的积极和有利的结果,如提高员工的绩效,提高组织的有效性,降低员工流动率,增加组织的财务收入和减少员工缺勤。本研究从先前的文献中确定了重要的组织因素,并使用问卷调查来研究这些因素对巴基斯坦软件行业员工组织承诺的影响。结果显示,除性别外,所有确定的因素都会影响巴基斯坦软件行业员工的组织承诺。根据研究结果并结合先前的研究,还提出了建议,使组织承诺实践及其实施在组织内更有活力和更有力。本文提出了一个包含所有确定因素的汇总表,以帮助其他研究人员进行研究,了解影响组织承诺的不同因素。
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引用次数: 3
Want Engaged Employees? Encourage Human Resource and Enhance Organizational Connectedness 想要敬业的员工?鼓励人力资源和加强组织联系
Pub Date : 2021-04-01 DOI: 10.52283/NSWRCA.AJBMR.HXNP5021
Abhishek Sharma
Work engagement is not only a "nice-to-have" but has been shown to be linked to various positive outcomes of work, including its proven financial and behavioural gains. The concern regarding employee engagement is increasing, and organizations of the 21st century are looking for every possible way to develop the culture of employee engagement deliberately. In this context, this research introduces employee engagement as a viable method to encourage organizational productivity and examines how perceptions of specific human resource (HR) practices and organizational identification relate to experiences of employee's work engagement. The study data was collected using standard psychometric tools from 75 mid-level managers working in various organizations. Statistical analysis was performed to answer research questions. The results conveyed the significance of applying encouraging human resource practices and demonstrated the positive effect of organization-al identification (OID) on work engagement. HR practices and OID were found instrumental in positively predicting the significant amount of work engagement. By discovering the relationship between HR practices (conditions that organizations can influence easily), organizational identification, and employee engagement, this study relates to the realistic implementation of measures to improve employee engagement and especially emphasises them. As most companies are searching for ways to promote employee engagement, the latest re-search results are of practical importance to HR executives.
工作投入不仅是“有就好”,而且已被证明与工作的各种积极成果有关,包括已证实的经济和行为收益。对员工敬业度的关注正在增加,21世纪的组织正在寻找每一种可能的方式来刻意发展员工敬业文化。在此背景下,本研究介绍了员工敬业度作为一种可行的方法来鼓励组织的生产力,并研究了具体人力资源(HR)实践和组织认同的感知如何与员工的工作敬业度体验相关。研究数据是使用标准的心理测量工具从75名在不同组织工作的中层管理人员中收集的。进行统计分析以回答研究问题。研究结果揭示了鼓励型人力资源实践的重要性,并证明了组织认同(OID)对工作投入的积极影响。人力资源实践和OID被发现有助于积极预测显著的工作投入。通过发现人力资源实践(组织容易影响的条件)、组织认同和员工敬业度之间的关系,本研究涉及提高员工敬业度的措施的现实实施,并特别强调这些措施。由于大多数公司都在寻找提高员工敬业度的方法,最新的研究结果对人力资源主管具有实际意义。
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引用次数: 3
Email Marketing: The Most Important Advantages and Disadvantages 电子邮件营销:最重要的优点和缺点
Pub Date : 2021-03-30 DOI: 10.35940/IJDCN.B5005.061321
F. Sabbagh
This paper focuses primarily on the role of Email marketing and E-commerce. Email marketing is one of the most modern means and marketing methods in the world. Modern information and communication technologies also facilitate the circulation and sending of electronic messages with the highest quality and accuracy. In addition, Email marketing campaigns help to increase the sale of products in electronic shops and to target customers efficiently and legally. However, despite the benefits of Email marketing, there are also many negatives that constitute a real obstacle to promotion and marketing via this messaging system. This study focuses on discussing the most important advantages and disadvantages of Email marketing and analyzing the success factors of this marketing by avoiding these disadvantages and benefiting from all these advantages.
本文主要关注电子邮件营销和电子商务的作用。电子邮件营销是世界上最现代化的营销手段和方法之一。现代资讯及通讯科技亦促进电子讯息的流通和发送,以达到最高的质素和准确性。此外,电子邮件营销活动有助于增加电子商店的产品销售,并有效和合法地锁定目标客户。然而,尽管电子邮件营销有很多好处,但也有很多负面因素构成了通过这种信息系统进行推广和营销的真正障碍。本研究的重点是讨论电子邮件营销的最重要的优点和缺点,并通过避免这些缺点和受益于所有这些优点,分析这种营销的成功因素。
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引用次数: 2
Employee Engagement and the Ethic of Friendship 员工敬业度与友谊伦理
Pub Date : 2021-03-18 DOI: 10.5430/BMR.V10N1P54
Cam Caldwell, Verl Anderson, M. Ristić
The failure of managers and supervisors to earn the trust and followership of the employees with whom they work is well documented in recent research about employee engagement (Clifton & Harter, 2019). Without that employee commitment, organizations inevitably struggle to compete in the global marketplace and fail to achieve their potential (Cameron, 2012). Although much has been discussed in the light of the findings of concerned scholars (HR Research Institute, 2019), disagreement nonetheless exists about the factors which make up employee engagement, as well as the most effective approach that can be taken to increase engagement and those factors. Though there has not been full agreement about the nature of employee engagement, it is widely accepted that the failure of organizations to engage employees has been a serious deterrent to achieving organization results (Clifton & Harter, 2019). Objective: The purposes of this paper are to offer insights into the precise nature of employee engagement and to identify the value of employers adopting the Ethic of Friendship – an ethical perspective that has begun to be written about more frequently in the management literature. Methods: We begin the paper by proposing an integrated and updated definition of employee engagement – identifying nine factors which contribute to its makeup. Results: We suggest that each of these nine factors significantly impact employee engagement and warrant increased attention by organizational leaders. We then address the Ethic of Friendship and its increasingly important role in today’s arms-length and transactional relationship between employers and employees. Conclusions: The paper then clarifies how the Ethic of Friendship addresses all nine of the factors which constitute employee engagement and explains how the Ethic of Friendship can increase the ability of organization leaders, managers, and supervisors to bridge the gap of distrust that often exists in the modern organization. After identifying five important contributions made by this paper, we conclude by encouraging leaders to adopt the Ethic of Friendship’s commitment to treating employees as valued partners and, by so doing, create a culture in which employee engagement is likely to thrive.
最近关于员工敬业度的研究充分记录了经理和主管未能赢得与他们一起工作的员工的信任和追随(Clifton & Harter, 2019)。没有员工的承诺,组织不可避免地在全球市场竞争中挣扎,无法实现其潜力(卡梅伦,2012)。尽管根据相关学者的研究结果(HR Research Institute, 2019),已经进行了很多讨论,但对于构成员工敬业度的因素,以及可以采取的最有效的方法来提高敬业度和这些因素,仍然存在分歧。尽管对员工敬业度的性质尚未达成完全一致,但人们普遍认为,组织未能吸引员工是实现组织成果的严重障碍(Clifton & Harter, 2019)。目的:本文的目的是提供对员工敬业度的确切性质的见解,并确定雇主采用友谊伦理的价值-一种在管理文献中开始更频繁地写的伦理观点。方法:我们首先提出了一个综合的和更新的员工敬业度的定义-确定九个因素,有助于其构成的论文。结果:我们认为这九个因素中的每一个都显著影响员工敬业度,值得组织领导者增加关注。然后,我们讨论了友谊伦理及其在当今雇主和雇员之间保持距离和交易关系中日益重要的作用。结论:论文随后阐明了友谊伦理如何解决构成员工敬业度的所有九个因素,并解释了友谊伦理如何提高组织领导者、经理和主管的能力,以弥合现代组织中经常存在的不信任差距。在确定了本文的五个重要贡献之后,我们最后鼓励领导者采用友谊伦理的承诺,将员工视为有价值的合作伙伴,并通过这样做,创造一种员工敬业度可能蓬勃发展的文化。
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引用次数: 3
The Micro, Small, and Medium-Sized Enterprises and Its Role in the Economic Development of a Country 中小微企业及其在国家经济发展中的作用
Pub Date : 2021-02-19 DOI: 10.5430/BMR.V10N1P33
J. M. Pedraza
Undoubtedly, micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) play a central role in many countries’ economic development. They are a major source of entrepreneurial skills, innovation, and employment account for most businesses worldwide. MSMEs are important contributors to job creation and global economic development, representing 90% of businesses and more than 50% of employment worldwide.
毫无疑问,微型、小型和中型企业(MSMEs)在许多国家的经济发展中发挥着核心作用。他们是创业技能、创新和就业的主要来源,占全球大多数企业的就业。中小微企业占全球企业总量的90%,就业总量超过50%,是创造就业和促进全球经济发展的重要贡献者。
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引用次数: 8
Picking the Right Arrow for the Target: Modelling the Economic Impact of Remittance on Agribusinesss Entreprenuership and Youth Employment in Sub-Saharan Africa 为目标选择正确的箭头:模拟汇款对撒哈拉以南非洲农业综合企业创业和青年就业的经济影响
Pub Date : 2021-02-04 DOI: 10.5430/BMR.V10N1P18
Gamel Abdul-Nasser Salifu
The consequences of conflictual views on modelling the economic impact of remittances on agribusiness entrepreneurship and economic growth, has been present for a long time in the economic literature, albeit in a somewhat scattered way. This has attracted wide-spread criticism for agribusiness inititaives and its failure to address rural unemployment within the context of youth participation in the global food markets. This paper provides a summary of the global evidence published in the thematic area of international migration-remittance and sustainable development with emphasis on the financialisation impact of remittance on agribusiness entreprenuership and economic growth. The paper selectively reviews over 100 documented cases that offer insights into the methodological approaches for empirical modelling of remittance studies around the world. The paper bridges different stands of literature in economic and business management sciences and exemplifies the new complementaries between remittance, agribusiness and supply chain developments. Much as the paper advances no particular theory for modelling the economic impact of remittances on agribusiness entreprenuership and growth, it clearly offers insights into picking the appropriate methodological approaches for empirical estimation of the net effects of remittances on agribusiness entrepreneurship and rural youth employment in Africa, Asia and Latin America. The paper pinpoints ample evidence and brings a case for use of randomized experimentation approaches in Sub-Saharan Africa prone to the vagaries of weather- shocks and climate change. The paper further elaborates the nexus between remittance and contemporary development themes of poverty reduction and inequality, investment and savings, labour supply participation and economic growth. The experimental evidence reported around the globe showed that remittances have positive effects on poverty reduction but negative ramifications for labour supply, education, and economic growth. The analysis made a startling discovery which demonstrated that although, remittances reduced labour supply participation in developing economies; it significantly increased consumption of luxury goods in migrant households and made no positive contribution whatsoever to economic growth. This sorepoint courts new attention on resolution of the dilemma of remittance on economic welfare and advances an immediate redress of the emerging crises of methodological misuse in Development economics. Specifically the paper finds penalties with choice of methodological approaches for modelling the economic impacts of remitance on agribusiness entrepreneurship and economic welfare and advocated the inculcation of political economy perspectives in order to intergrate the multidimensionality of the complicated linkages of remittance to agribusiness entrepreneurship, rural youth employment and sustainable economic growth.
关于汇款对农业企业创业和经济增长的经济影响建模的冲突观点的后果,在经济文献中已经存在了很长一段时间,尽管有些分散。这引起了对农业综合企业举措的广泛批评,批评其未能在青年参与全球粮食市场的背景下解决农村失业问题。本文对国际移民汇款和可持续发展专题领域发表的全球证据进行了总结,重点介绍了汇款对农业企业创业和经济增长的金融化影响。本文选择性地审查了100多个有记录的案例,这些案例为世界各地汇款研究的实证建模方法提供了见解。这篇论文将经济和商业管理科学的不同观点联系起来,并举例说明了汇款、农业综合企业和供应链发展之间的新的互补性。虽然这篇论文没有提出具体的理论来模拟汇款对农业企业创业和增长的经济影响,但它显然为选择合适的方法来实证估计汇款对非洲、亚洲和拉丁美洲农业企业创业和农村青年就业的净影响提供了见解。这篇论文指出了充分的证据,并提出了一个在撒哈拉以南非洲地区使用随机实验方法的案例,这些方法容易受到天气冲击和气候变化的影响。本文进一步阐述了汇款与减贫与不平等、投资与储蓄、劳动力供给参与和经济增长等当代发展主题之间的联系。全球各地报告的实验证据表明,汇款对减贫有积极影响,但对劳动力供应、教育和经济增长有负面影响。分析得出了一个惊人的发现,即尽管汇款减少了发展中经济体的劳动力供应参与;它显著增加了农民工家庭的奢侈品消费,对经济增长没有任何积极贡献。这一点引起了人们对解决经济福利汇款困境的新关注,并推动了对发展经济学中出现的方法滥用危机的立即纠正。具体而言,本文通过选择方法来对汇款对农业企业创业和经济福利的经济影响进行建模,并主张灌输政治经济学观点,以整合汇款与农业企业创业、农村青年就业和可持续经济增长之间复杂联系的多维度。
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引用次数: 0
Human Resource Case Analysis – The Students’ Perspective 人力资源案例分析——学生的视角
Pub Date : 2021-01-03 DOI: 10.5430/bmr.v9n4p35
M. Ristić, Menatalla Hosam Korany Ahmed Ali, S. Alkhateeb, Cam Caldwell, Verl Anderson
Case analysis is a powerful teaching tool that requires students to demonstrate the higher-level application, analysis, evaluation, and synthesis skills essential to effective critical thinking. Human Resource Management (HRM) professionals must develop these skills and incorporate them into their day-to-day practices in serving organizations and the employees with whom they work. This paper presents HRM students’ perspectives about ten key factors essential to developing case analysis competencies essential to prepare them for successful careers.
案例分析是一种强大的教学工具,它要求学生展示有效批判性思维所必需的更高层次的应用、分析、评估和综合技能。人力资源管理(HRM)专业人员必须发展这些技能,并将其纳入他们为组织和员工服务的日常实践中。本文介绍了人力资源管理学生对发展案例分析能力至关重要的十个关键因素的看法,这些能力是为他们成功的职业生涯做好准备所必需的。
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引用次数: 0
The Newspaper, the Mirror, and the Kaleidoscope–Three Assets in Teaching and Writing 报纸、镜子和万花筒——教学和写作中的三大资产
Pub Date : 2021-01-03 DOI: 10.5430/bmr.v9n4p28
Cam Caldwell, Nikolina Ljepava, Verl Anderson
Introduction: In the context of the 21st century, business faculty have found that the challenges associated with teaching effectively and becoming published authors can be ominous and sometimes frustrating. This paper identifies how the newspaper, the mirror, and the kaleidoscope can be useful assets in helping faculty to focus their teaching and enhance the likelihood that they can publish their scholarly research. The paper includes five suggestions for faculty to consider as they apply these three tools. Objective: This paper provides helpful insights for business faculty as they seek to improve their teaching effectiveness and their ability to provide examples in publishable academic papers. Methods: Specific examples are provided of the use of the newspaper, the mirror, and the kaleidoscope for business scholars. Results: Five suggestions are provided to facilitate effective teaching and writing. Conclusions: Effective teaching and being published in scholarly journals can be daunting challenges and this paper provides valuable suggestions for improving teaching and writing success.
引言:在21世纪的背景下,商学院教师发现,与有效教学和成为出版作者相关的挑战可能是不祥的,有时甚至令人沮丧。本文确定了报纸、镜子和万花筒在帮助教师集中教学和提高他们发表学术研究的可能性方面如何成为有用的资产。本文包括五个建议,供教师在应用这三个工具时考虑。目的:本文为商学院教师提供了有益的见解,帮助他们提高教学效率和在可发表的学术论文中提供示例的能力。方法:为商科学者提供报纸、镜子、万花筒的具体使用实例。结果:提出了五条建议,以促进有效的教学和写作。结论:有效的教学和在学术期刊上发表论文是一项艰巨的挑战,本文为提高教学和写作成功率提供了有价值的建议。
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引用次数: 0
Achieving Continuous Growth through Entrepreneurial Leadership: A Comprehensive Study on ABC Institute 通过企业家领导实现持续增长:ABC研究所的综合研究
Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.5430/BMR.V10N2P27
A. Munasinghe, D. Ranasinghe
At a time where the term uncertainty had taken over the significance in all the forms of a business, the role played by the leaders would be of utmost importance in dealing with the challenges which are unforeseen. Entrepreneurial Leadership concerned with the ability to guide the followers with a clear vision, and in a smart manner of identifying and seeking opportunities in complex market settings would be a silver lining enabling the organizations to remain strong facing any crisis. Intending to discover the success of Higher Educational Institutions in Sri Lanka, the study commenced with the prime objective of exploring the success story upon the growth an institute named ABC, which had achieved a rare feat among all the private education providers in Sri Lanka. With a comprehensive data collection carried out by in-depth interviews and focus group discussions, the contributions made towards the growth were identified, whislt further supporting with decondary data. A constructive qualitative analysis was highlighting the contribution made by the entrepreneurial leadership in driving ABC Institute towards a successful growth.
当“不确定性”一词在企业的所有形式中占据重要地位时,领导者在应对不可预见的挑战时所扮演的角色将是至关重要的。企业家领导力关注的是用清晰的愿景引导追随者的能力,以及在复杂的市场环境中以一种聪明的方式识别和寻找机会,这将是一线希望,使组织在面临任何危机时保持强大。为了发现斯里兰卡高等教育机构的成功,本研究以探索ABC学院的成功故事为主要目标,该学院在斯里兰卡所有私立教育机构中取得了罕见的成就。通过深入访谈和焦点小组讨论进行全面的数据收集,确定了对增长的贡献,同时进一步用次级数据进行支持。建设性的定性分析强调了企业家领导在推动ABC研究所成功发展方面所作的贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Poverty Response to the Household Type of Elderly and Old-Age Pension 贫困对老年人家庭类型和养老金的响应
Pub Date : 2020-12-29 DOI: 10.5430/bmr.v9n4p20
A. D. Agblobi, A. Osei-Fosu, H. Yusif
This paper investigates the effect of household type and old-age pension on poverty in Ghana. Primary data was collected from households with the elderly across six Districts in the country. A binary logistic regression estimation was used for the analyses. The result shows that whereas there was 14.4 times probability of being poor by living in an elderly only household, there is a 2.2 times probability of being poor in a household of the elderly and working-age person. The findings also show that the probability of a pension recipient being poor was 0.143 times less likely as compared to those that were not. Thus, there was a significant negative relationship between receipt of old-age pension and poverty. The study recommends that public policy on old age poverty alleviation must include pension provisions while those that use basic salary should consider using gross salary for pension calculation.
本文研究了加纳家庭类型和养老金对贫困的影响。主要数据是从全国六个区有老人的家庭中收集的。采用二元逻辑回归估计进行分析。结果表明,生活在只有老年人的家庭中,贫困的可能性是14.4倍,而生活在老年人和工作年龄人口的家庭中,贫困的可能性是2.2倍。研究结果还表明,领取养老金的人贫穷的可能性比不贫穷的人低0.143倍。因此,领取养老金与贫困之间存在显著的负相关关系。该研究建议,有关老龄扶贫的公共政策必须包括养老金规定,而使用基本工资的国家应考虑使用工资毛额计算养老金。
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引用次数: 0
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Business, Management and Economics Research
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