K. Terada, K. Kudo, Yojiro Yamamoto, Mitsuyuki Mitooka, A. Yokogawa
Liquid phase adsorption properties of activated carbon prepared from sulfonated asphalt were investigated by comparing with those of commercial activated carbon. As adsorbates iodine, acetic acid, phenol, methylene blue, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (DBS), rhodamine B, congo red, methyl mercury chloride, lead nitrate and sodium cyanate were used.Adsorption capacity for comparatively small molecular adsorbates such as iodine and acetic acid was almost independent of the yield from raw asphalt and it was the same order of magnitude of commercial activated carbon.On the other hand, adsorption capacity for comparatively large molecular adsorbates such as methylene blue, DBS and congo red increased with decreasing yield. Activated carbon, yield was kept less than 30%, was found to have large adsorption capacity comparable to that of commercial activated carbon for such large molecular adsorbates.The adsorption rate and intraparticle diffusion coefficient for activated carbon from sulfonated asphalt were found to be larger than those for commercial ones.
{"title":"Studies on Evaluation and Utilization of Activated Carbon (Part 2)","authors":"K. Terada, K. Kudo, Yojiro Yamamoto, Mitsuyuki Mitooka, A. Yokogawa","doi":"10.1627/JPI1959.19.179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1627/JPI1959.19.179","url":null,"abstract":"Liquid phase adsorption properties of activated carbon prepared from sulfonated asphalt were investigated by comparing with those of commercial activated carbon. As adsorbates iodine, acetic acid, phenol, methylene blue, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (DBS), rhodamine B, congo red, methyl mercury chloride, lead nitrate and sodium cyanate were used.Adsorption capacity for comparatively small molecular adsorbates such as iodine and acetic acid was almost independent of the yield from raw asphalt and it was the same order of magnitude of commercial activated carbon.On the other hand, adsorption capacity for comparatively large molecular adsorbates such as methylene blue, DBS and congo red increased with decreasing yield. Activated carbon, yield was kept less than 30%, was found to have large adsorption capacity comparable to that of commercial activated carbon for such large molecular adsorbates.The adsorption rate and intraparticle diffusion coefficient for activated carbon from sulfonated asphalt were found to be larger than those for commercial ones.","PeriodicalId":9596,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of The Japan Petroleum Institute","volume":"16 1","pages":"179-186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88919000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thermal gasification of polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polyisobutylene (PIB) was carried out under atmospheric pressure using the flow system of a fixed bed reactor. From an experimental equation, IF=Tθa, product yields were estimated, where IF is the intensity function (°C•seca), T is the reaction temperature (°C), θ is the residence time (sec), and a is a constant (-). The effect of the structure of polyolefin on the value of "a" was also discussed.The pyrolysts conditions used in this study were as follows: temperature, 500∼800°C; the residence time, 0.6∼7.1sec; and the dilution ratio of steam to polymer by weight, 0.6∼7.5.The operating factors were inferred to be reaction temperature and residence time. For a given product yield, these two factors were interchangeable. Equations for yielding methane were expressed as_follows: (PE): IF=Tθ0.04, (PP); IF=Tθ0.05, (PIB); IF=Tθ0.07.As IF was correlated to the product yield, the product yield could be predicted by some appropriate choice of pyrolysis conditions. The value of "a" of a polyolefin was correlated to the activation energy (ΔE) for thermal degradation and to temperature (T1/2) corresponding to 50% weight loss. These two parameters were determined from the TG curve.
{"title":"Studies on Thermal Degradation of Synthetic Polymers (Part 10)","authors":"T. Sawaguchi, Takeshi Kuroki, T. Ikemura","doi":"10.1627/JPI1959.19.124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1627/JPI1959.19.124","url":null,"abstract":"Thermal gasification of polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polyisobutylene (PIB) was carried out under atmospheric pressure using the flow system of a fixed bed reactor. From an experimental equation, IF=Tθa, product yields were estimated, where IF is the intensity function (°C•seca), T is the reaction temperature (°C), θ is the residence time (sec), and a is a constant (-). The effect of the structure of polyolefin on the value of \"a\" was also discussed.The pyrolysts conditions used in this study were as follows: temperature, 500∼800°C; the residence time, 0.6∼7.1sec; and the dilution ratio of steam to polymer by weight, 0.6∼7.5.The operating factors were inferred to be reaction temperature and residence time. For a given product yield, these two factors were interchangeable. Equations for yielding methane were expressed as_follows: (PE): IF=Tθ0.04, (PP); IF=Tθ0.05, (PIB); IF=Tθ0.07.As IF was correlated to the product yield, the product yield could be predicted by some appropriate choice of pyrolysis conditions. The value of \"a\" of a polyolefin was correlated to the activation energy (ΔE) for thermal degradation and to temperature (T1/2) corresponding to 50% weight loss. These two parameters were determined from the TG curve.","PeriodicalId":9596,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of The Japan Petroleum Institute","volume":"47 1","pages":"124-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89822806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Teranishi, K. Hamanoue, Shinichiro Hori, T. Takagi
The addition reaction of carbon monoxide with ethylene in aqueous hydroiodic acid was investigated under high pressure in the range of 30 to 90kg/cm2. The yield of propionic acid was fairly high and the overall rate equation was:ln[C2H4]0/[C2H4]0-[C2H5COOH]=k1k2HCOPCOt/k-1+k2HCOPCO=KtNamely, the apparent reaction was a pseudo first order with respect to carbon monoxide and ethylene, and the apparent rate constants mere 3.0×10-5, 13.1×10-5 and 26.8×10-5sec-1 at 100, 120 and 140°C, respectively. From these values, K/PCO's calculated were 0.05×10-5, 0.21×10-5 and 0.43×10-5kg-1•cm2•sec-1 comparable to 0.08×10-5, 0.20×10-5 and 0.30×10-5kg-1•cm2•sec-1 obtained in the reaction of carbon monoxide with ethyl iodide. The overall activation energy has been found to be 16.6kcal/mole, as opposed to that of the latter reaction, i. e., 13kcal/mole. From these results the authors concluded that ethyl iodide was formed as an intermediate product in the reaction of carbon monoxide with ethylene.
{"title":"Studies on the Kinetics of Addition Reactions of Carbon Monoxide with Organic Compounds in Hydroiodic Acid under High Pressure (Part 2)","authors":"H. Teranishi, K. Hamanoue, Shinichiro Hori, T. Takagi","doi":"10.1627/JPI1959.19.119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1627/JPI1959.19.119","url":null,"abstract":"The addition reaction of carbon monoxide with ethylene in aqueous hydroiodic acid was investigated under high pressure in the range of 30 to 90kg/cm2. The yield of propionic acid was fairly high and the overall rate equation was:ln[C2H4]0/[C2H4]0-[C2H5COOH]=k1k2HCOPCOt/k-1+k2HCOPCO=KtNamely, the apparent reaction was a pseudo first order with respect to carbon monoxide and ethylene, and the apparent rate constants mere 3.0×10-5, 13.1×10-5 and 26.8×10-5sec-1 at 100, 120 and 140°C, respectively. From these values, K/PCO's calculated were 0.05×10-5, 0.21×10-5 and 0.43×10-5kg-1•cm2•sec-1 comparable to 0.08×10-5, 0.20×10-5 and 0.30×10-5kg-1•cm2•sec-1 obtained in the reaction of carbon monoxide with ethyl iodide. The overall activation energy has been found to be 16.6kcal/mole, as opposed to that of the latter reaction, i. e., 13kcal/mole. From these results the authors concluded that ethyl iodide was formed as an intermediate product in the reaction of carbon monoxide with ethylene.","PeriodicalId":9596,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of The Japan Petroleum Institute","volume":"23 1","pages":"119-123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87360866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Synthesis of Acetic Acid by Catalytic Oxidation of Butenes (Part 2)","authors":"T. Yamashita, Y. Matsuzawa, S. Ninagawa","doi":"10.1627/JPI1959.19.109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1627/JPI1959.19.109","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9596,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of The Japan Petroleum Institute","volume":"85 1","pages":"109-118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80009468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Terada, K. Kudo, Kazushi Usui, Mitsuyuki Mitooka, A. Yokogawa
Gas phase adsorption properties of activated carbon prepared from sulfonated asphalt were investigated by comparing with those of commercial activated carbon. As adsorbates sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, ammonia, ethylene, benzene, methanol, pyridine, acetic acid, carbon tetrachloride and water were used.It was found that gas phase adsorption capacity of activated carbon prepared from sulfonated asphalt was not less superior to that of commercial activated carbon, and as deoderizing agent and as adsorbent for hydrocarbon vapors liberated from automobiles, it could be used effectively.From the gas phase adsorption experiments carried out with the activated carbon prepared from sulfonated asphalt, the following trends were observed:1) Adsorption capacity for gaseous substances was small at room temperature and it varied with the pressure.2) Adsorption capacity for vapors of liquid substances was large at room temperature and its pressure dependence was small.
{"title":"Studies on Evaluation and Utilization of Activated Carbon (Part 1)","authors":"K. Terada, K. Kudo, Kazushi Usui, Mitsuyuki Mitooka, A. Yokogawa","doi":"10.1627/JPI1959.19.173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1627/JPI1959.19.173","url":null,"abstract":"Gas phase adsorption properties of activated carbon prepared from sulfonated asphalt were investigated by comparing with those of commercial activated carbon. As adsorbates sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, ammonia, ethylene, benzene, methanol, pyridine, acetic acid, carbon tetrachloride and water were used.It was found that gas phase adsorption capacity of activated carbon prepared from sulfonated asphalt was not less superior to that of commercial activated carbon, and as deoderizing agent and as adsorbent for hydrocarbon vapors liberated from automobiles, it could be used effectively.From the gas phase adsorption experiments carried out with the activated carbon prepared from sulfonated asphalt, the following trends were observed:1) Adsorption capacity for gaseous substances was small at room temperature and it varied with the pressure.2) Adsorption capacity for vapors of liquid substances was large at room temperature and its pressure dependence was small.","PeriodicalId":9596,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of The Japan Petroleum Institute","volume":"86 1","pages":"173-178"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73156888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Kudo, K. Terada, A. Yokogawa, Mitsuyuki Mitooka, Yojiro Yamamoto
Sulfonation of asphalt in the presence of a solvent (1, 1, 2-trichloroethane) was studied to prepare an ion exchanger. When asphalt was sulfonated in the presence of a solvent, the yield of the reaction product was higher than in the reaction in its absence, and the effect increased with increasing amount of solvent.The amount of sulfonation reagent such as sulfuric acid, oleum or sulfur trioxide required to obtain the optimum yield was diminished by presence of a solvent.When asphalt dissolved in solvent was sulfonated with sulfuric acid or oleum, a granular product was formed. Some promising results as ion exchanger were obtained from the measurements of the total ion exchange capacity of the sulfonated asphalt.
{"title":"Sulfonation of Asphalt in the Presence of Solvent","authors":"K. Kudo, K. Terada, A. Yokogawa, Mitsuyuki Mitooka, Yojiro Yamamoto","doi":"10.1627/JPI1959.19.149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1627/JPI1959.19.149","url":null,"abstract":"Sulfonation of asphalt in the presence of a solvent (1, 1, 2-trichloroethane) was studied to prepare an ion exchanger. When asphalt was sulfonated in the presence of a solvent, the yield of the reaction product was higher than in the reaction in its absence, and the effect increased with increasing amount of solvent.The amount of sulfonation reagent such as sulfuric acid, oleum or sulfur trioxide required to obtain the optimum yield was diminished by presence of a solvent.When asphalt dissolved in solvent was sulfonated with sulfuric acid or oleum, a granular product was formed. Some promising results as ion exchanger were obtained from the measurements of the total ion exchange capacity of the sulfonated asphalt.","PeriodicalId":9596,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of The Japan Petroleum Institute","volume":"1 1","pages":"149-156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76125985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Kawakami, H. Shoji, Norimasa Nonaka, Mikitake Nakayama, T. Hatano
Processes for producing SCP (Single Cell Protein) from n-paraffin and methanol have already been established. Although gaseous hydrocarbon fermentation has certain problems related to bioengineering1), there are advantages of using gaseous hydrocarbons as raw materials, such as (i) pure raw materials can be made available in abandance (ii) unused substrate can be removed easily from fermentation broth or biomass A considerable number of papers on SCP production using methane as the substrate have been reported2), but only a limited number of papers such as those of Sugimoto et al.3), Akiba et al.4) and McLee et al.5) are available on SCP production from LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas).
{"title":"Single Cell Protein Production from Liquefied Petroleum Gas","authors":"S. Kawakami, H. Shoji, Norimasa Nonaka, Mikitake Nakayama, T. Hatano","doi":"10.1627/JPI1959.19.187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1627/JPI1959.19.187","url":null,"abstract":"Processes for producing SCP (Single Cell Protein) from n-paraffin and methanol have already been established. Although gaseous hydrocarbon fermentation has certain problems related to bioengineering1), there are advantages of using gaseous hydrocarbons as raw materials, such as (i) pure raw materials can be made available in abandance (ii) unused substrate can be removed easily from fermentation broth or biomass A considerable number of papers on SCP production using methane as the substrate have been reported2), but only a limited number of papers such as those of Sugimoto et al.3), Akiba et al.4) and McLee et al.5) are available on SCP production from LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas).","PeriodicalId":9596,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of The Japan Petroleum Institute","volume":"22 1","pages":"187-192"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90036800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using a binary mixture of isoprene and 2-methyl-2-butene as a feed charge, the effects on extractive distillation with propylene carbonate of various operating parameters such as feed and solvent temperatures, location of entry of the hydrocarbon feed and reflux ratio were studied. Propylene carbonate was tested for its efficient use as an extractive distillation solvent for the separation of dienes from a C5 fraction. As a result, a diene fraction containing no paraffins and only a trace of olefins was obtained. The addition of ethyl carbitol to increase the miscibility of propylene carbonate with hydrocarbons could improve the recovery of the dienes.
{"title":"Study on the Separation of Dienes by Means of Extractive Distillation with Propylene Carbonate","authors":"Minoru Enomoto, Hidesuke Inoue","doi":"10.1627/JPI1959.19.157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1627/JPI1959.19.157","url":null,"abstract":"Using a binary mixture of isoprene and 2-methyl-2-butene as a feed charge, the effects on extractive distillation with propylene carbonate of various operating parameters such as feed and solvent temperatures, location of entry of the hydrocarbon feed and reflux ratio were studied. Propylene carbonate was tested for its efficient use as an extractive distillation solvent for the separation of dienes from a C5 fraction. As a result, a diene fraction containing no paraffins and only a trace of olefins was obtained. The addition of ethyl carbitol to increase the miscibility of propylene carbonate with hydrocarbons could improve the recovery of the dienes.","PeriodicalId":9596,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of The Japan Petroleum Institute","volume":"11 1","pages":"157-164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87686288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The flow activation quantities were experimentally determined at 25.0°C with mineral lubricating oils blended with various concentrations of VI-improver. While polylauryl-methacrylate increases activation volume substantially and decreases activation entropy considerably, it does not affect activation enthalpy. Polyisobutylene changes the quantities only slightly. Molecular interpretation of these observations has been attempted.
{"title":"Flow Activation Quantities of VI-improver-blended Mineral Lubricating Oils","authors":"Y. Tamai, Toshikazu Yoneda, Masamitsu Mogi","doi":"10.1627/JPI1959.19.131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1627/JPI1959.19.131","url":null,"abstract":"The flow activation quantities were experimentally determined at 25.0°C with mineral lubricating oils blended with various concentrations of VI-improver. While polylauryl-methacrylate increases activation volume substantially and decreases activation entropy considerably, it does not affect activation enthalpy. Polyisobutylene changes the quantities only slightly. Molecular interpretation of these observations has been attempted.","PeriodicalId":9596,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of The Japan Petroleum Institute","volume":"47 1","pages":"131-134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75309538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A modified θ method of multi-component extractive distillation was proposed. It utilizes the selectivities calculated from the gas-chromatogram obtained with a capillary column. From the comparison of the calculated results with the experimental ones, the method seems to be convenient in predicting approximate values of vapor compositions throughout the tower.
{"title":"Extractive Distillation Calculation Based on Gaschromatographic Data in the Separation of Dienes with Nonvolatile Solvents","authors":"Minoru Enomoto","doi":"10.1627/JPI1959.19.165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1627/JPI1959.19.165","url":null,"abstract":"A modified θ method of multi-component extractive distillation was proposed. It utilizes the selectivities calculated from the gas-chromatogram obtained with a capillary column. From the comparison of the calculated results with the experimental ones, the method seems to be convenient in predicting approximate values of vapor compositions throughout the tower.","PeriodicalId":9596,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of The Japan Petroleum Institute","volume":"50 1","pages":"165-172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74597688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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