Cancer journal最新文献

Abstract: Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) delivers curative-intent radiation to patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer and inoperable thoracic lesions. With improved techniques in tumor delineation, motion management, and delivery of radiation treatments, the therapeutic window within the thorax is able to be maximized. Ongoing technological advances enable highly targeted ablative radiation therapy while sparing adjacent sensitive organs at risk. Further applications of SBRT with combinatorial immunotherapy, the usage of particle therapy, and for patients with more advanced stages of lung cancer and other histologies mark exciting possibilities for the role of SBRT within the thorax.

Abstract: Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) involves the delivery of high-dose, highly precise radiation therapy to focal sites of gross tumor involvement. Recent advances in radiation planning and image guidance have facilitated rapid growth in the evidence for and use of SBRT, particularly for genitourinary malignancies, where the underlying radiobiology often suggests greater tumor sensitivity to SBRT than to conventionally fractionated radiation. Here, we review the evolution of SBRT for patients with prostate adenocarcinoma and renal cell carcinoma. We discuss state-of-the-art trials, indications, and future directions in the SBRT-based management of both localized and metastatic disease. With rapidly growing enthusiasm and evidence, clinical and translational research efforts on the biology and outcomes of SBRT over the coming decade will be crucial to refining the indications, technical approach, and synergistic combinations of SBRT with highly active systemic therapies and improve the efficacy and quality-of-life outcomes for patients with genitourinary malignancies.

Abstract: As survival rates improve for patients with metastatic disease, more patients are requiring complex treatment for brain metastases. Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is a conformal radiotherapy technique that allows high ablative dose to be delivered to a specific target and is a standard effective local therapy for the treatment of patients with limited brain metastases. This review highlights the current landscape of SRS treatment in the context of modern therapeutic advances and identifies new research frontiers to personalize SRS and maximize the therapeutic ratio.

Abstract: Cancer development takes 10 to 50 years, and epigenetics plays an important role. Recent evidence suggests that ~80% of human cancers are linked to environmental factors impinging upon genetics/epigenetics. Because advanced metastasized cancers are resistant to radiation/chemotherapeutic drugs, cancer prevention by relatively nontoxic "epigenetic modifiers" will be logical. Many dietary phytochemicals possess powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that are hallmarks of cancer prevention. Dietary phytochemicals can regulate gene expression of the cellular genome via epigenetic mechanisms. In this review, we will summarize preclinical studies that demonstrate epigenetic mechanisms of dietary phytochemicals in skin, colorectal, and prostate cancer prevention. Key examples of the importance of epigenetic regulation in carcinogenesis include hypermethylation of the NRF2 promoter region in cancer cells, resulting in inhibition of NRF2-ARE signaling. Many dietary phytochemicals demethylate NRF2 promoter region and restore NRF2 signaling. Phytochemicals can also inhibit inflammatory responses via hypermethylation of inflammation-relevant genes to block gene expression. Altogether, dietary phytochemicals are excellent candidates for cancer prevention due to their low toxicity, potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and powerful epigenetic effects in reversing procarcinogenic events.

Abstract: Cancer has been marked by metabolic irregularities that fuel various aggressive activities such as rapid cell proliferation, evasion of the immune system, and spread to distant organs. Therefore, exploiting cancer metabolism for diagnosis, monitoring, or treatment has been extensively studied in the past couple of decades with various molecular and cellular techniques. More recently, investigating cancer diagnostics and treatments through advanced metabolomics has emerged, and these comprehensive approaches provide a holistic understanding of cancer metabolism, which supported the discovery of metabolic targets relevant across multiple cancer types and the development of more effective treatments. This study offers highlights of new knowledge on cancer metabolism enabled by recent metabolomics studies and their potential applications in aiding cancer research and predicting cancer treatment outcomes. Specifically, we discussed the use of advanced metabolomics in cancer metabolism, tumor microenvironment, and cancer immunotherapy studies to provide valuable insights that can shape future research efforts in the dynamic field of cancer metabolism research.

Abstract: The development of agents for cancer prevention is a lengthy process requiring a delicate balance between the safety and tolerability of potential interventions and effectiveness in preventing future cancer. Individuals at risk for a specific cancer are frequently at risk for multiple types of cancer as well as other chronic diseases, especially ones associated with aging. Shared environmental exposures, genetic predisposition, metabolic factors, and commonalities in pathogenesis suggest opportunities for combined targeting of cancer and other chronic diseases. Examples discussed here include mechanisms shared between various cancers and obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.

Abstract: Obesity and colorectal cancer are global public health issues, with the prevalence of both conditions increasing over the last 4 decades. In the United States alone, the prevalence of obesity is greater than 40%, and this percentage is projected to increase past 50% by 2030. This review focuses on understanding the association between obesity and the risk of colorectal cancer while also highlighting hypotheses about molecular mechanisms underlying the link between these disease processes. We also consider whether those linkages can be disrupted via weight loss therapies, including lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy, bariatric surgery, and endobariatrics.

Humans and their associated microorganisms coexist in complex symbiotic relationships. Continuously advancing research is demonstrating the crucial role of host-associated microbiota in the pathophysiology and etiology of disease and in mediating the prevention thereof. As an exemplar, the gut microbiota, especially colonic bacteria, have been extensively studied in colorectal cancer (CRC), and the growing body of evidence establishes new oncomicrobes and their oncometabolites associated with the initiation and promotion of carcinogenesis. Herein, we discuss the importance of approaching the gut microbiome as an ecosystem rather than an assortment of individual factors, especially in the context of cancer prevention. Furthermore, we argue that a dietary pattern effectively drives multiple nodes of the gut microbial ecosystem toward disease- or health-promoting qualities. In the modern circumstances of excessive consumption of ultraprocessed and animal-based foods and concomitant escalation of chronic disease burden worldwide, we focus on whole food-derived dietary fiber as a key to establishing a health-promoting eubiosis in the gut.

Abstract: Over the past 2 decades, the search for dietary factors for developing cancer prevention guidelines has led to a significant expansion in the study of dietary patterns and their relation to cancer. Dietary patterns, which consider the types, amounts, variety, and combination of consumed foods, may encompass additive, synergistic, or interactive effects on human health, compared with individual nutrients or foods. In this review, we discuss the history and methodologies of dietary pattern research, describe common dietary indices used in cancer research, and summarize the existing evidence on dietary patterns and cancer risk. Current evidence supports the beneficial role of dietary patterns that are rich in vegetables, legumes, whole fruit, and whole grains and limited in added sugars, refined grains, processed foods, and red and processed meat in preventing various cancers, including breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers. Additionally, emerging evidence suggests that dietary patterns based on biological mechanisms, such as hyperinsulinemic diet and inflammatory diet, hold promise and may be priority areas for future research.