Zhi Yang, Peng Li, Ren-Chao Chen, Jie Wang, Shaoran Wang, Ya Shen, Xiaohui Wu, B. Fang, Xuewen Cheng, Z. Xiong
Abstract Proper neuronal migration is orchestrated by combined membrane signal paradigms, whereas the role and mechanism of regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) remain to be illustrated. We show here that the disintegrin and metalloprotease‐domain containing protein 10 (ADAM10) regulates cortical neurons migration by initiating the RIP of Notch. We found that Notch intracellular domain (NICD) significantly rescued the migration defect of ADAM10‐deficient neurons. Moreover, ADAM10 deficiency led to reduced neuronal motility and disrupted microtubule (MT) structure, which were associated with downregulated expression of acetylated tubulin and MT‐associated proteins. Specifically, the NICD/RBPJ complex bound directly to the promoter, and regulated the neuronal expression level of doublecortin (DCX), a modulator of the MT cytoskeleton. Functionally, DCX overexpression largely restored neuron motility and reversed migration defect caused by ADAM10 knockout. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the direct requirement of ADAM10 in cortical radial migration and reveal the underlying mechanism by linking ADAM10‐initiated RIP of Notch to the regulation of MT cytoskeleton through transcriptional control of Dcx expression.
{"title":"ADAM10-Initiated Release of Notch Intracellular Domain Regulates Microtubule Stability and Radial Migration of Cortical Neurons","authors":"Zhi Yang, Peng Li, Ren-Chao Chen, Jie Wang, Shaoran Wang, Ya Shen, Xiaohui Wu, B. Fang, Xuewen Cheng, Z. Xiong","doi":"10.1093/cercor/bhx006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhx006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Proper neuronal migration is orchestrated by combined membrane signal paradigms, whereas the role and mechanism of regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) remain to be illustrated. We show here that the disintegrin and metalloprotease‐domain containing protein 10 (ADAM10) regulates cortical neurons migration by initiating the RIP of Notch. We found that Notch intracellular domain (NICD) significantly rescued the migration defect of ADAM10‐deficient neurons. Moreover, ADAM10 deficiency led to reduced neuronal motility and disrupted microtubule (MT) structure, which were associated with downregulated expression of acetylated tubulin and MT‐associated proteins. Specifically, the NICD/RBPJ complex bound directly to the promoter, and regulated the neuronal expression level of doublecortin (DCX), a modulator of the MT cytoskeleton. Functionally, DCX overexpression largely restored neuron motility and reversed migration defect caused by ADAM10 knockout. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the direct requirement of ADAM10 in cortical radial migration and reveal the underlying mechanism by linking ADAM10‐initiated RIP of Notch to the regulation of MT cytoskeleton through transcriptional control of Dcx expression.","PeriodicalId":9825,"journal":{"name":"Cerebral Cortex (New York, NY)","volume":"31 1","pages":"919 - 932"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82194473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Eggebrecht, J. Elison, E. Feczko, A. Todorov, J. Wolff, S. Kandala, C. Adams, A. Snyder, J. Lewis, A. Estes, L. Zwaigenbaum, K. Botteron, R. McKinstry, J. Constantino, Alan C. Evans, H. Hazlett, S. Dager, S. Paterson, R. Schultz, M. Styner, G. Gerig, Samir Das, P. Kostopoulos, B. Schlaggar, S. Petersen, J. Piven, J. Pruett
Abstract Initiating joint attention (IJA), the behavioral instigation of coordinated focus of 2 people on an object, emerges over the first 2 years of life and supports social‐communicative functioning related to the healthy development of aspects of language, empathy, and theory of mind. Deficits in IJA provide strong early indicators for autism spectrum disorder, and therapies targeting joint attention have shown tremendous promise. However, the brain systems underlying IJA in early childhood are poorly understood, due in part to significant methodological challenges in imaging localized brain function that supports social behaviors during the first 2 years of life. Herein, we show that the functional organization of the brain is intimately related to the emergence of IJA using functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging and dimensional behavioral assessments in a large semilongitudinal cohort of infants and toddlers. In particular, though functional connections spanning the brain are involved in IJA, the strongest brain‐behavior associations cluster within connections between a small subset of functional brain networks; namely between the visual network and dorsal attention network and between the visual network and posterior cingulate aspects of the default mode network. These observations mark the earliest known description of how functional brain systems underlie a burgeoning fundamental social behavior, may help improve the design of targeted therapies for neurodevelopmental disorders, and, more generally, elucidate physiological mechanisms essential to healthy social behavior development.
{"title":"Joint Attention and Brain Functional Connectivity in Infants and Toddlers","authors":"A. Eggebrecht, J. Elison, E. Feczko, A. Todorov, J. Wolff, S. Kandala, C. Adams, A. Snyder, J. Lewis, A. Estes, L. Zwaigenbaum, K. Botteron, R. McKinstry, J. Constantino, Alan C. Evans, H. Hazlett, S. Dager, S. Paterson, R. Schultz, M. Styner, G. Gerig, Samir Das, P. Kostopoulos, B. Schlaggar, S. Petersen, J. Piven, J. Pruett","doi":"10.1093/cercor/bhw403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhw403","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Initiating joint attention (IJA), the behavioral instigation of coordinated focus of 2 people on an object, emerges over the first 2 years of life and supports social‐communicative functioning related to the healthy development of aspects of language, empathy, and theory of mind. Deficits in IJA provide strong early indicators for autism spectrum disorder, and therapies targeting joint attention have shown tremendous promise. However, the brain systems underlying IJA in early childhood are poorly understood, due in part to significant methodological challenges in imaging localized brain function that supports social behaviors during the first 2 years of life. Herein, we show that the functional organization of the brain is intimately related to the emergence of IJA using functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging and dimensional behavioral assessments in a large semilongitudinal cohort of infants and toddlers. In particular, though functional connections spanning the brain are involved in IJA, the strongest brain‐behavior associations cluster within connections between a small subset of functional brain networks; namely between the visual network and dorsal attention network and between the visual network and posterior cingulate aspects of the default mode network. These observations mark the earliest known description of how functional brain systems underlie a burgeoning fundamental social behavior, may help improve the design of targeted therapies for neurodevelopmental disorders, and, more generally, elucidate physiological mechanisms essential to healthy social behavior development.","PeriodicalId":9825,"journal":{"name":"Cerebral Cortex (New York, NY)","volume":"7 1","pages":"1709 - 1720"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74985903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. A. Cooper, Franziska R. Richter, P. Bays, K. Plaisted-Grant, S. Baron-Cohen, J. Simons
Abstract Increasing recent research has sought to understand the recollection impairments experienced by individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Here, we tested whether these memory deficits reflect a reduction in the probability of retrieval success or in the precision of memory representations. We also used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study the neural mechanisms underlying memory encoding and retrieval in ASD, focusing particularly on the functional connectivity of core episodic memory networks. Adults with ASD and typical control participants completed a memory task that involved studying visual displays and subsequently using a continuous dial to recreate their appearance. The ASD group exhibited reduced retrieval success, but there was no evidence of a difference in retrieval precision. fMRI data revealed similar patterns of brain activity and functional connectivity during memory encoding in the 2 groups, though encoding‐related lateral frontal activity predicted subsequent retrieval success only in the control group. During memory retrieval, the ASD group exhibited attenuated lateral frontal activity and substantially reduced hippocampal connectivity, particularly between hippocampus and regions of the fronto‐parietal control network. These findings demonstrate notable differences in brain function during episodic memory retrieval in ASD and highlight the importance of functional connectivity to understanding recollection‐related retrieval deficits in this population.
{"title":"Reduced Hippocampal Functional Connectivity During Episodic Memory Retrieval in Autism","authors":"R. A. Cooper, Franziska R. Richter, P. Bays, K. Plaisted-Grant, S. Baron-Cohen, J. Simons","doi":"10.1093/cercor/bhw417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhw417","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Increasing recent research has sought to understand the recollection impairments experienced by individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Here, we tested whether these memory deficits reflect a reduction in the probability of retrieval success or in the precision of memory representations. We also used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study the neural mechanisms underlying memory encoding and retrieval in ASD, focusing particularly on the functional connectivity of core episodic memory networks. Adults with ASD and typical control participants completed a memory task that involved studying visual displays and subsequently using a continuous dial to recreate their appearance. The ASD group exhibited reduced retrieval success, but there was no evidence of a difference in retrieval precision. fMRI data revealed similar patterns of brain activity and functional connectivity during memory encoding in the 2 groups, though encoding‐related lateral frontal activity predicted subsequent retrieval success only in the control group. During memory retrieval, the ASD group exhibited attenuated lateral frontal activity and substantially reduced hippocampal connectivity, particularly between hippocampus and regions of the fronto‐parietal control network. These findings demonstrate notable differences in brain function during episodic memory retrieval in ASD and highlight the importance of functional connectivity to understanding recollection‐related retrieval deficits in this population.","PeriodicalId":9825,"journal":{"name":"Cerebral Cortex (New York, NY)","volume":"46 1","pages":"888 - 902"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80165159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Andrews, Thomas A Avino, M. Gudbrandsen, E. Daly, A. Marquand, C. Murphy, M. Lai, M. Lombardo, A. Ruigrok, Steven C. R. Williams, E. Bullmore, The MRC AIMS Consortium, Julian Henty, J. Suckling, S. Baron-Cohen, M. Craig, D. Murphy, C. Ecker
Abstract Atypical cortical organization and reduced integrity of the gray‐white matter boundary have been reported by postmortem studies in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, there are no in vivo studies that examine these particular features of cortical organization in ASD. Hence, we used structural magnetic resonance imaging to examine differences in tissue contrast between gray and white matter in 98 adults with ASD and 98 typically developing controls, to test the hypothesis that individuals with ASD have significantly reduced tissue contrast. More specifically, we examined contrast as a percentage between gray and white matter tissue signal intensities (GWPC) sampled at the gray‐white matter boundary, and across different cortical layers. We found that individuals with ASD had significantly reduced GWPC in several clusters throughout the cortex (cluster, P < 0.05). As expected, these reductions were greatest when tissue intensities were sampled close to gray‐white matter interface, which indicates a less distinct gray‐white matter boundary in ASD. Our in vivo findings of reduced GWPC in ASD are therefore consistent with prior postmortem findings of a less well‐defined gray‐white matter boundary in ASD. Taken together, these results indicate that GWPC might be utilized as an in vivo proxy measure of atypical cortical microstructural organization in future studies.
{"title":"In Vivo Evidence of Reduced Integrity of the Gray–White Matter Boundary in Autism Spectrum Disorder","authors":"D. Andrews, Thomas A Avino, M. Gudbrandsen, E. Daly, A. Marquand, C. Murphy, M. Lai, M. Lombardo, A. Ruigrok, Steven C. R. Williams, E. Bullmore, The MRC AIMS Consortium, Julian Henty, J. Suckling, S. Baron-Cohen, M. Craig, D. Murphy, C. Ecker","doi":"10.1093/cercor/bhw404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhw404","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Atypical cortical organization and reduced integrity of the gray‐white matter boundary have been reported by postmortem studies in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, there are no in vivo studies that examine these particular features of cortical organization in ASD. Hence, we used structural magnetic resonance imaging to examine differences in tissue contrast between gray and white matter in 98 adults with ASD and 98 typically developing controls, to test the hypothesis that individuals with ASD have significantly reduced tissue contrast. More specifically, we examined contrast as a percentage between gray and white matter tissue signal intensities (GWPC) sampled at the gray‐white matter boundary, and across different cortical layers. We found that individuals with ASD had significantly reduced GWPC in several clusters throughout the cortex (cluster, P < 0.05). As expected, these reductions were greatest when tissue intensities were sampled close to gray‐white matter interface, which indicates a less distinct gray‐white matter boundary in ASD. Our in vivo findings of reduced GWPC in ASD are therefore consistent with prior postmortem findings of a less well‐defined gray‐white matter boundary in ASD. Taken together, these results indicate that GWPC might be utilized as an in vivo proxy measure of atypical cortical microstructural organization in future studies.","PeriodicalId":9825,"journal":{"name":"Cerebral Cortex (New York, NY)","volume":"41 1","pages":"877 - 887"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76713396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alyssa R. Thomas, C. Lacadie, B. Vohr, L. Ment, D. Scheinost
Abstract Adolescents born preterm (PT) with no evidence of neonatal brain injury are at risk of deficits in visual memory and fine motor skills that diminish academic performance. The association between these deficits and white matter microstructure is relatively unexplored. We studied 190 PTs with no brain injury and 92 term controls at age 16 years. The Rey‐Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCF), the Beery visual‐motor integration (VMI), and the Grooved Pegboard Test (GPT) were collected for all participants, while a subset (40 PTs and 40 terms) underwent diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging. PTs performed more poorly than terms on ROCF, VMI, and GPT (all P < 0.01). Mediation analysis showed fine motor skill (GPT score) significantly mediates group difference in ROCF and VMI (all P < 0.001). PTs showed a negative correlation (P < 0.05, corrected) between fractional anisotropy (FA) in the bilateral middle cerebellar peduncles and GPT score, with higher FA correlating to lower (faster task completion) GPT scores, and between FA in the right superior cerebellar peduncle and ROCF scores. PTs also had a positive correlation (P < 0.05, corrected) between VMI and left middle cerebellar peduncle FA. Novel strategies to target fine motor skills and the cerebellum may help PTs reach their full academic potential.
{"title":"Fine Motor Skill Mediates Visual Memory Ability with Microstructural Neuro-correlates in Cerebellar Peduncles in Prematurely Born Adolescents","authors":"Alyssa R. Thomas, C. Lacadie, B. Vohr, L. Ment, D. Scheinost","doi":"10.1093/cercor/bhw415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhw415","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Adolescents born preterm (PT) with no evidence of neonatal brain injury are at risk of deficits in visual memory and fine motor skills that diminish academic performance. The association between these deficits and white matter microstructure is relatively unexplored. We studied 190 PTs with no brain injury and 92 term controls at age 16 years. The Rey‐Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCF), the Beery visual‐motor integration (VMI), and the Grooved Pegboard Test (GPT) were collected for all participants, while a subset (40 PTs and 40 terms) underwent diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging. PTs performed more poorly than terms on ROCF, VMI, and GPT (all P < 0.01). Mediation analysis showed fine motor skill (GPT score) significantly mediates group difference in ROCF and VMI (all P < 0.001). PTs showed a negative correlation (P < 0.05, corrected) between fractional anisotropy (FA) in the bilateral middle cerebellar peduncles and GPT score, with higher FA correlating to lower (faster task completion) GPT scores, and between FA in the right superior cerebellar peduncle and ROCF scores. PTs also had a positive correlation (P < 0.05, corrected) between VMI and left middle cerebellar peduncle FA. Novel strategies to target fine motor skills and the cerebellum may help PTs reach their full academic potential.","PeriodicalId":9825,"journal":{"name":"Cerebral Cortex (New York, NY)","volume":"74 1","pages":"322 - 329"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74564860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Wilming, Tim C Kietzmann, M. Jutras, Cheng Xue, S. Treue, E. Buffalo, P. König
Abstract Oculomotor selection exerts a fundamental impact on our experience of the environment. To better understand the underlying principles, researchers typically rely on behavioral data from humans, and electrophysiological recordings in macaque monkeys. This approach rests on the assumption that the same selection processes are at play in both species. To test this assumption, we compared the viewing behavior of 106 humans and 11 macaques in an unconstrained free‐viewing task. Our data‐driven clustering analyses revealed distinct human and macaque clusters, indicating species‐specific selection strategies. Yet, cross‐species predictions were found to be above chance, indicating some level of shared behavior. Analyses relying on computational models of visual saliency indicate that such cross‐species commonalities in free viewing are largely due to similar low‐level selection mechanisms, with only a small contribution by shared higher level selection mechanisms and with consistent viewing behavior of monkeys being a subset of the consistent viewing behavior of humans.
{"title":"Differential Contribution of Low- and High-level Image Content to Eye Movements in Monkeys and Humans","authors":"N. Wilming, Tim C Kietzmann, M. Jutras, Cheng Xue, S. Treue, E. Buffalo, P. König","doi":"10.1093/cercor/bhw399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhw399","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Oculomotor selection exerts a fundamental impact on our experience of the environment. To better understand the underlying principles, researchers typically rely on behavioral data from humans, and electrophysiological recordings in macaque monkeys. This approach rests on the assumption that the same selection processes are at play in both species. To test this assumption, we compared the viewing behavior of 106 humans and 11 macaques in an unconstrained free‐viewing task. Our data‐driven clustering analyses revealed distinct human and macaque clusters, indicating species‐specific selection strategies. Yet, cross‐species predictions were found to be above chance, indicating some level of shared behavior. Analyses relying on computational models of visual saliency indicate that such cross‐species commonalities in free viewing are largely due to similar low‐level selection mechanisms, with only a small contribution by shared higher level selection mechanisms and with consistent viewing behavior of monkeys being a subset of the consistent viewing behavior of humans.","PeriodicalId":9825,"journal":{"name":"Cerebral Cortex (New York, NY)","volume":"178 1","pages":"279 - 293"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80010791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anna Leshinskaya, J. M. Contreras, A. Caramazza, Jason P. Mitchell
Abstract The present experiment identified neural regions that represent a class of concepts that are independent of perceptual or sensory attributes. During functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning, participants viewed names of social groups (e.g. Atheists, Evangelicals, and Economists) and performed a one‐back similarity judgment according to 1 of 2 dimensions of belief attributes: political orientation (Liberal to Conservative) or spiritualism (Spiritualist to Materialist). By generalizing across a wide variety of social groups that possess these beliefs, these attribute concepts did not coincide with any specific sensory quality, allowing us to target conceptual, rather than perceptual, representations. Multi‐voxel pattern searchlight analysis was used to identify regions in which activation patterns distinguished the 2 ends of both dimensions: Conservative from Liberal social groups when participants focused on the political orientation dimension, and spiritual from Materialist groups when participants focused on the spiritualism dimension. A cluster in right precuneus exhibited such a pattern, indicating that it carries information about belief‐attribute concepts and forms part of semantic memory—perhaps a component particularly concerned with psychological traits. This region did not overlap with the theory of mind network, which engaged nearby, but distinct, parts of precuneus. These findings have implications for the neural organization of conceptual knowledge, especially the understanding of social groups.
{"title":"Neural Representations of Belief Concepts: A Representational Similarity Approach to Social Semantics","authors":"Anna Leshinskaya, J. M. Contreras, A. Caramazza, Jason P. Mitchell","doi":"10.1093/cercor/bhw401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhw401","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The present experiment identified neural regions that represent a class of concepts that are independent of perceptual or sensory attributes. During functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning, participants viewed names of social groups (e.g. Atheists, Evangelicals, and Economists) and performed a one‐back similarity judgment according to 1 of 2 dimensions of belief attributes: political orientation (Liberal to Conservative) or spiritualism (Spiritualist to Materialist). By generalizing across a wide variety of social groups that possess these beliefs, these attribute concepts did not coincide with any specific sensory quality, allowing us to target conceptual, rather than perceptual, representations. Multi‐voxel pattern searchlight analysis was used to identify regions in which activation patterns distinguished the 2 ends of both dimensions: Conservative from Liberal social groups when participants focused on the political orientation dimension, and spiritual from Materialist groups when participants focused on the spiritualism dimension. A cluster in right precuneus exhibited such a pattern, indicating that it carries information about belief‐attribute concepts and forms part of semantic memory—perhaps a component particularly concerned with psychological traits. This region did not overlap with the theory of mind network, which engaged nearby, but distinct, parts of precuneus. These findings have implications for the neural organization of conceptual knowledge, especially the understanding of social groups.","PeriodicalId":9825,"journal":{"name":"Cerebral Cortex (New York, NY)","volume":"418 1","pages":"344 - 357"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79622157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Carey, Saloni Krishnan, M. Callaghan, M. Sereno, F. Dick
Abstract Speech articulation requires precise control of and coordination between the effectors of the vocal tract (e.g., lips, tongue, soft palate, and larynx). However, it is unclear how the cortex represents movements of and contact between these effectors during speech, or how these cortical responses relate to inter‐regional anatomical borders. Here, we used phase‐encoded fMRI to map somatomotor representations of speech articulations. Phonetically trained participants produced speech phones, progressing from front (bilabial) to back (glottal) place of articulation. Maps of cortical myelin proxies (R1 = 1/T1) further allowed us to situate functional maps with respect to anatomical borders of motor and somatosensory regions. Across participants, we found a consistent topological map of place of articulation, spanning the central sulcus and primary motor and somatosensory areas, that moved from lateral to inferior as place of articulation progressed from front to back. Phones produced at velar and glottal places of articulation activated the inferior aspect of the central sulcus, but with considerable across‐subject variability. R1 maps for a subset of participants revealed that articulator maps extended posteriorly into secondary somatosensory regions. These results show consistent topological organization of cortical representations of the vocal apparatus in the context of speech behavior.
{"title":"Functional and Quantitative MRI Mapping of Somatomotor Representations of Human Supralaryngeal Vocal Tract","authors":"D. Carey, Saloni Krishnan, M. Callaghan, M. Sereno, F. Dick","doi":"10.1093/cercor/bhw393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhw393","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Speech articulation requires precise control of and coordination between the effectors of the vocal tract (e.g., lips, tongue, soft palate, and larynx). However, it is unclear how the cortex represents movements of and contact between these effectors during speech, or how these cortical responses relate to inter‐regional anatomical borders. Here, we used phase‐encoded fMRI to map somatomotor representations of speech articulations. Phonetically trained participants produced speech phones, progressing from front (bilabial) to back (glottal) place of articulation. Maps of cortical myelin proxies (R1 = 1/T1) further allowed us to situate functional maps with respect to anatomical borders of motor and somatosensory regions. Across participants, we found a consistent topological map of place of articulation, spanning the central sulcus and primary motor and somatosensory areas, that moved from lateral to inferior as place of articulation progressed from front to back. Phones produced at velar and glottal places of articulation activated the inferior aspect of the central sulcus, but with considerable across‐subject variability. R1 maps for a subset of participants revealed that articulator maps extended posteriorly into secondary somatosensory regions. These results show consistent topological organization of cortical representations of the vocal apparatus in the context of speech behavior.","PeriodicalId":9825,"journal":{"name":"Cerebral Cortex (New York, NY)","volume":"39 10 1","pages":"265 - 278"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82830503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Cottereau, Andrew T. Smith, Samy Rima, D. Fize, Yseult Héjja-Brichard, L. Renaud, Camille Lejards, N. Vayssiere, Y. Trotter, J. Durand
Abstract The cortical network that processes visual cues to self‐motion was characterized with functional magnetic resonance imaging in 3 awake behaving macaques. The experimental protocol was similar to previous human studies in which the responses to a single large optic flow patch were contrasted with responses to an array of 9 similar flow patches. This distinguishes cortical regions where neurons respond to flow in their receptive fields regardless of surrounding motion from those that are sensitive to whether the overall image arises from self‐motion. In all 3 animals, significant selectivity for egomotion‐consistent flow was found in several areas previously associated with optic flow processing, and notably dorsal middle superior temporal area, ventral intra‐parietal area, and VPS. It was also seen in areas 7a (Opt), STPm, FEFsem, FEFsac and in a region of the cingulate sulcus that may be homologous with human area CSv. Selectivity for egomotion‐compatible flow was never total but was particularly strong in VPS and putative macaque CSv. Direct comparison of results with the equivalent human studies reveals several commonalities but also some differences.
{"title":"Processing of Egomotion-Consistent Optic Flow in the Rhesus Macaque Cortex","authors":"B. Cottereau, Andrew T. Smith, Samy Rima, D. Fize, Yseult Héjja-Brichard, L. Renaud, Camille Lejards, N. Vayssiere, Y. Trotter, J. Durand","doi":"10.1093/cercor/bhw412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhw412","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The cortical network that processes visual cues to self‐motion was characterized with functional magnetic resonance imaging in 3 awake behaving macaques. The experimental protocol was similar to previous human studies in which the responses to a single large optic flow patch were contrasted with responses to an array of 9 similar flow patches. This distinguishes cortical regions where neurons respond to flow in their receptive fields regardless of surrounding motion from those that are sensitive to whether the overall image arises from self‐motion. In all 3 animals, significant selectivity for egomotion‐consistent flow was found in several areas previously associated with optic flow processing, and notably dorsal middle superior temporal area, ventral intra‐parietal area, and VPS. It was also seen in areas 7a (Opt), STPm, FEFsem, FEFsac and in a region of the cingulate sulcus that may be homologous with human area CSv. Selectivity for egomotion‐compatible flow was never total but was particularly strong in VPS and putative macaque CSv. Direct comparison of results with the equivalent human studies reveals several commonalities but also some differences.","PeriodicalId":9825,"journal":{"name":"Cerebral Cortex (New York, NY)","volume":"21 1","pages":"330 - 343"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79963391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The dorsal, parietal visual stream is activated when seeing objects, but the exact nature of parietal object representations is still under discussion. Here we test 2 specific hypotheses. First, parietal cortex is biased to host some representations more than others, with a different bias compared with ventral areas. A prime example would be object action representations. Second, parietal cortex forms a general multiple‐demand network with frontal areas, showing similar task effects and representational content compared with frontal areas. To differentiate between these hypotheses, we implemented a human neuroimaging study with a stimulus set that dissociates associated object action from object category while manipulating task context to be either action‐ or category‐related. Representations in parietal as well as prefrontal areas represented task‐relevant object properties (action representations in the action task), with no sign of the irrelevant object property (category representations in the action task). In contrast, irrelevant object properties were represented in ventral areas. These findings emphasize that human parietal cortex does not preferentially represent particular object properties irrespective of task, but together with frontal areas is part of a multiple‐demand and content‐rich cortical network representing task‐relevant object properties.
{"title":"Task Context Overrules Object- and Category-Related Representational Content in the Human Parietal Cortex","authors":"Stefania Bracci, Nicky Daniels, H. P. Op de Beeck","doi":"10.1093/cercor/bhw419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhw419","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The dorsal, parietal visual stream is activated when seeing objects, but the exact nature of parietal object representations is still under discussion. Here we test 2 specific hypotheses. First, parietal cortex is biased to host some representations more than others, with a different bias compared with ventral areas. A prime example would be object action representations. Second, parietal cortex forms a general multiple‐demand network with frontal areas, showing similar task effects and representational content compared with frontal areas. To differentiate between these hypotheses, we implemented a human neuroimaging study with a stimulus set that dissociates associated object action from object category while manipulating task context to be either action‐ or category‐related. Representations in parietal as well as prefrontal areas represented task‐relevant object properties (action representations in the action task), with no sign of the irrelevant object property (category representations in the action task). In contrast, irrelevant object properties were represented in ventral areas. These findings emphasize that human parietal cortex does not preferentially represent particular object properties irrespective of task, but together with frontal areas is part of a multiple‐demand and content‐rich cortical network representing task‐relevant object properties.","PeriodicalId":9825,"journal":{"name":"Cerebral Cortex (New York, NY)","volume":"99 1","pages":"310 - 321"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79293261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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