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NISQ computing: where are we and where do we go? NISQ 计算:我们在哪里?
Pub Date : 2022-09-27 DOI: 10.1007/s43673-022-00058-z
Jonathan Wei Zhong Lau, Kian Hwee Lim, Harshank Shrotriya, Leong Chuan Kwek

In this short review article, we aim to provide physicists not working within the quantum computing community a hopefully easy-to-read introduction to the state of the art in the field, with minimal mathematics involved. In particular, we focus on what is termed the Noisy Intermediate Scale Quantum era of quantum computing. We describe how this is increasingly seen to be a distinct phase in the development of quantum computers, heralding an era where we have quantum computers that are capable of doing certain quantum computations in a limited fashion, and subject to certain constraints and noise. We further discuss the prominent algorithms that are believed to hold the most potential for this era, and also describe the competing physical platforms on which to build a quantum computer that have seen the most success so far. We then talk about the applications that are most feasible in the near-term, and finish off with a short discussion on the state of the field. We hope that as non-experts read this article, it will give context to the recent developments in quantum computers that have garnered much popular press, and help the community understand how to place such developments in the timeline of quantum computing.

在这篇简短的综述文章中,我们旨在为不在量子计算领域工作的物理学家提供一个希望简单易读的介绍,让他们了解该领域的最新进展,并尽量少涉及数学知识。我们尤其关注量子计算的所谓 "噪声中间量级量子时代"。我们描述了量子计算机发展的一个独特阶段是如何被越来越多的人所认识的,它预示着一个量子计算机时代的到来,在这个时代,我们的量子计算机能够以有限的方式进行某些量子计算,并受到某些限制和噪声的影响。我们将进一步讨论据信在这一时代最具潜力的著名算法,并介绍迄今为止最成功的用于构建量子计算机的竞争性物理平台。然后,我们讨论了近期内最可行的应用,最后对该领域的现状进行了简短的讨论。我们希望非专业人士在阅读这篇文章时,能够了解量子计算机近期发展的来龙去脉,这些发展已在大众媒体上引起广泛关注,并帮助社会各界了解如何将这些发展置于量子计算的时间轴上。
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引用次数: 0
News and views (9&10) 新闻和观点 (9&10)
Pub Date : 2022-09-26 DOI: 10.1007/s43673-022-00061-4
AAPPS Bulletin
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引用次数: 0
Valence skipping phenomena, charge Kondo effect, and superconductivity 价跳现象、电荷近藤效应和超导电性
Pub Date : 2022-09-26 DOI: 10.1007/s43673-022-00056-1
Hiroyasu Matsuura, Hidekazu Mukuda, Kazumasa Miyake

We review a recent progress of a superconductivity and a charge Kondo effect mediated by valence skippers which are elements skipping the valence state. To understand the valence skipping phenomenon, we introduce a negative-U effect phenomenologically, and we show an origin of the negative-U effect, a superconductivity and charge Kondo effect based on the negative-U effect. We also show a new mechanism in which the valence skipping phenomenon and charge Kondo effect are understood unifiedly by the pair hopping interaction. As an experimental progress, we review a charge Kondo effect and a superconductivity discovered in Tl-doped PbTe. Especially, we focus on a drastic increase of the inverse of the relaxation time (1/T1) observed around the Kondo temperature by the nuclear magnetic resonance experiment, and we suggest a possible theoretical scenario on the basis of the effective model with the pair hopping interaction. Finally, we discuss the related materials, and describe the perspective of valence skipping phenomenon.

我们回顾了由价跳子(即跳过价态的元素)介导的超导和电荷近藤效应的最新进展。为了理解价跳现象,我们从现象上引入了负U效应,并展示了负U效应的起源、基于负U效应的超导性和电荷近藤效应。我们还展示了一种新机制,即通过对跳相互作用统一理解价跳现象和电荷近藤效应。作为实验进展,我们回顾了在掺铂碲中发现的电荷近藤效应和超导现象。我们特别关注了核磁共振实验在康多温度附近观察到的弛豫时间倒数(1/T1)的急剧增加,并在有效模型与跳对相互作用的基础上提出了一种可能的理论设想。最后,我们讨论了相关材料,并从价跳现象的角度进行了描述。
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引用次数: 0
Computing growth rates of random matrix products via generating functions 通过生成函数计算随机矩阵乘积的增长率
Pub Date : 2022-09-22 DOI: 10.1007/s43673-022-00057-0
Naranmandula Bao, Junbiao Lu, Ruobing Cai, Yueheng Lan

Random matrix products arise in many science and engineering problems. An efficient evaluation of its growth rate is of great interest to researchers in diverse fields. In the current paper, we reformulate this problem with a generating function approach, based on which two analytic methods are proposed to compute the growth rate. The new formalism is demonstrated in a series of examples including an Ising model subject to on-site random magnetic fields, which seems very efficient and easy to implement. Through an extensive comparison with numerical computation, we see that the analytic results are valid in a region of considerable size.The formulation could be conveniently applied to stochastic processes with more complex structures.

随机矩阵乘积出现在许多科学和工程问题中。如何有效评估其增长率是各个领域的研究人员都非常关心的问题。在本文中,我们用生成函数方法重新表述了这一问题,并在此基础上提出了两种计算增长率的解析方法。我们在一系列例子中演示了新的形式主义,包括一个受现场随机磁场影响的伊辛模型,这看起来非常高效且易于实现。通过与数值计算的广泛比较,我们发现解析结果在相当大的区域内是有效的。
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引用次数: 0
Tuning photoluminescence behaviors in strained monolayer belt-like MoS2 crystals confined on TiO2(001) surface 限制在 TiO2(001)表面的应变单层带状 MoS2 晶体的调谐光致发光行为
Pub Date : 2022-09-21 DOI: 10.1007/s43673-022-00059-y
Yuanye Wang, Jun Zhou, Yalin Liu, Weifeng Zhang, Zihan Zhao, Xiaotian Li, Qiaoni Chen, Nan Liu, Xi Shen, Richeng Yu, Jiacai Nie, Ruifen Dou

We report on a monolayer (ML) MoS2 belt-like single crystal directly fabricated on the Rutile-TiO2(001) surface via chemical vapor deposition (CVD). We find that the photoluminescence (PL) behaviors in the ML MoS2 single crystal strongly depend on their shapes and the interface of MoS2/TiO2. Compared with the as-grown triangular ML MoS2, the PL peak position is in a blue shift and the PL intensity is increased for the as-grown ML MoS2 belt. Moreover, the PL peak position is in the blue shift by about 38 meV and the intensity is enhanced by nearly 15 times for the as-grown ML MoS2 belt crystal on TiO2 than those samples transferred onto SiO2/Si substrate. This special PL behavior can be attributed to the in-plane compressive strain that is introduced during the CVD growth of ML MoS2 belts confined by the substrate. The energy band of the strained ML MoS2 belt is changed with an up-shift in the conduction band minimum (VBM) and a down-shift in the valence band maximum (CBM), and the band gap is thus enlarged. This results in the energy band structural realignment in the interface of MoS2/TiO2, thereby weakening the charge transferring from the TiO2 substrate to MoS2 and suppressing the concentration of charged excitons to finally enhance the PL intensity of the ML MoS2 belt. The substrate-confined ML MoS2 belts provide a new route for tailoring light-matter interactions to upgrade their weak quantum yields and low light absorption, which can be utilized in optoelectronic and nanophotonic devices.

我们报告了通过化学气相沉积(CVD)在金红石-二氧化钛(001)表面直接制造的单层(ML)MoS2 带状单晶。我们发现,ML MoS2 单晶的光致发光(PL)行为在很大程度上取决于它们的形状和 MoS2/TiO2 的界面。与生长后的三角形 ML MoS2 相比,生长后的 ML MoS2 带的光致发光峰位置偏蓝,光致发光强度增加。此外,与转移到 SiO2/Si 衬底上的样品相比,在 TiO2 上生长的 ML MoS2 带状晶体的 PL 峰位置蓝移了约 38 meV,强度增强了近 15 倍。这种特殊的聚光行为可归因于在 CVD 生长 ML MoS2 带晶过程中引入的面内压缩应变。受应变的 ML MoS2 带的能带发生了变化,导带最小值(VBM)上移,价带最大值(CBM)下移,从而扩大了带隙。这导致了 MoS2/TiO2 界面能带结构的重新调整,从而削弱了从 TiO2 衬底到 MoS2 的电荷转移,抑制了带电激子的浓度,最终增强了 ML MoS2 带的聚光强度。基底约束的 ML MoS2 带为定制光-物质相互作用提供了一条新的途径,以提高其微弱的量子产率和低光吸收率,从而可用于光电和纳米光子器件。
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引用次数: 0
Correction: Time reversal and reciprocity 更正:时间逆转和互惠
Pub Date : 2022-09-06 DOI: 10.1007/s43673-022-00060-5
Olivier Sigwarth, Christian Miniatura
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引用次数: 0
Second sound with ultracold atoms: a brief review 超冷原子的第二声:简要回顾
Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1007/s43673-022-00055-2
Hui Hu, Xing-Can Yao, Xia-Ji Liu

We briefly review the research on second sound in ultracold atomic physics, with emphasis on strongly interacting unitary Fermi gases with infinitely large s-wave scattering length. Second sound is a smoking-gun feature of superfluidity in any quantum superfluids. The observation and characterization of second sound in ultracold quantum gases have been a long-standing challenge, and in recent years, there are rapid developments due to the experimental realization of a uniform box-trap potential. The purpose of this review is to present a brief historical account of the key research activities on second sound over the past two decades. We summarize the initial theoretical works that reveal the characteristics of second sound in a unitary Fermi gas, and introduce its first observation in a highly elongated harmonic trap. We then discuss the most recent measurement on second sound attenuation in a uniform setup, which may open a new era to understand quantum transport near quantum criticality in the strongly interacting regime. The observation of second sound in homogeneous weakly interacting Bose condensates in both two and three dimensions are also briefly introduced.

我们简要回顾了超冷原子物理中有关第二声的研究,重点是具有无限大s波散射长度的强相互作用单元费米气体。秒声是任何量子超流体中超流性的一个烟枪特征。观测和描述超冷量子气体中的第二声是一个长期存在的挑战,近年来,由于实验上实现了均匀箱阱势,第二声的观测和表征有了飞速的发展。本综述旨在简要介绍过去二十年来有关第二声的主要研究活动。我们总结了揭示单位费米气体中秒声特性的最初理论工作,并介绍了在高度拉长的谐波陷阱中首次观测到的秒声。然后,我们讨论了在均匀设置中对第二声衰减的最新测量,这可能为理解强相互作用体系中量子临界附近的量子输运开辟了新纪元。此外,我们还简要介绍了在二维和三维均匀弱相互作用玻色凝聚态中观测到的第二声。
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引用次数: 0
Topological magnets—their basic science and potential applications 拓扑磁体--其基础科学和潜在应用
Pub Date : 2022-08-19 DOI: 10.1007/s43673-022-00046-3
Satoru Nakatsuji

The performance limitations of conventional electronic materials pose a major problem in the era of digital transformation (DX). Consequently, extensive research is being conducted on the development of quantum materials that may overcome such limitations, by utilizing quantum effects to achieve remarkable performances. In particular, considerable progress has been made on the fundamental theories of topological magnets and has had a widespread impact on related fields of applied research. An important advance in the field of quantum manipulation is the development of the technology to control the quantum phase of conduction electron wavefunctions through the spin structure. This new technology has led to the realization of phenomena that had been considered infeasible for more than a century, such as the anomalous Hall effect in antiferromagnets and the giant magneto-thermoelectric effect in ferromagnets. This review article presents the remarkable properties of Weyl antiferromagnets and topological ferromagnets, which have been discovered recently. Additionally, this paper examines the current status of how advances in the basic principles of topological magnetism are facilitating the development of next-generation technologies that support the DX era, such as energy harvesting, heat flow sensors, and ultrafast nonvolatile memory.

在数字化转型(DX)时代,传统电子材料的性能限制构成了一个重大问题。因此,人们正在广泛研究开发量子材料,利用量子效应实现卓越性能,从而克服这些限制。其中,拓扑磁体的基础理论研究取得了长足进展,并对相关应用研究领域产生了广泛影响。量子操纵领域的一项重要进展是开发出了通过自旋结构控制传导电子波函数量子相位的技术。这项新技术使一个多世纪以来一直被认为不可行的现象得以实现,例如反铁磁体中的反常霍尔效应和铁磁体中的巨磁热电效应。这篇综述文章介绍了最近发现的韦尔反铁磁体和拓扑铁磁体的非凡特性。此外,本文还探讨了拓扑磁学基本原理的进展如何促进支持 DX 时代的下一代技术(如能量收集、热流传感器和超快非易失性存储器)的发展现状。
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引用次数: 0
Generalized uncertainty relations for multiple measurements 多重测量的广义不确定度关系
Pub Date : 2022-08-15 DOI: 10.1007/s43673-022-00054-3
Lin Wu, Xue-Ke Song, Liu Ye, Dong Wang

The uncertainty relation is regarded as a remarkable feature of quantum mechanics differing from the classical counterpart, and it plays a backbone role in the region of quantum information theory. In principle, the uncertainty relation offers a nontrivial limit to predict the outcome of arbitrarily incompatible observed variables. Therefore, to pursue a more general uncertainty relations ought to be considerably important for obtaining accurate predictions of multi-observable measurement results in genuine multipartite systems. In this article, we derive a generalized entropic uncertainty relation (EUR) for multi-measurement in a multipartite framework. It is proved that the bound we proposed is stronger than the one derived from Renes et al. in [Phys. Rev. Lett. 103,020402(2009) ] for the arbitrary multipartite case. As an illustration, we take several typical scenarios that confirm that our proposed bound outperforms that presented by Renes et al. Hence, we believe our findings provide generalized uncertainty relations with regard to multi-measurement setting, and facilitate the EUR’s applications on quantum precision measurement regarding genuine multipartite systems.

不确定性关系被认为是量子力学不同于经典力学的一个显著特点,在量子信息论领域起着中流砥柱的作用。从原理上讲,不确定性关系为预测任意不相容观测变量的结果提供了一个非难限。因此,追求一种更一般的不确定性关系对于在真正的多方系统中获得多观测测量结果的准确预测应该是相当重要的。在本文中,我们推导出了在多方框架下多重测量的广义熵不确定性关系(EUR)。证明我们提出的约束比 Renes 等人在 [Phys. Rev. Lett.因此,我们相信我们的发现提供了关于多测量环境的广义不确定性关系,并促进了欧元在真正多方系统量子精密测量方面的应用。
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引用次数: 0
Time reversal and reciprocity 时间逆转和互惠
Pub Date : 2022-08-03 DOI: 10.1007/s43673-022-00053-4
Olivier Sigwarth, Christian Miniatura

In this paper, we review and discuss the main properties of the time-reversal operator T and its action in classical electromagnetism and in quantum mechanics. In particular, we discuss the relation (and differences) between time-reversal invariance and reciprocity.

在本文中,我们回顾并讨论了经典电磁学和量子力学中时间反转算子 T 及其作用的主要性质。我们特别讨论了时间反转不变性和互易性之间的关系(和区别)。
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引用次数: 0
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AAPPS Bulletin
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