Pub Date : 2014-01-08DOI: 10.2134/ATS-2014-0019-RS
A. R. Kowalewski, B. M. Schwartz, A. L. Grimshaw, J. N. McCrimmon, J. M. Layton
The average 18-hole golf course is predominantly comprised of rough areas, which are often maintained at a mowing height comparable to commercial, residential, and sports turfgrass areas. If the mowing frequency of these turfgrass areas were reduced without compromising aesthetic value by using cultivars with inherently slow vertical growth combined with plant growth regulators, the labor hours, fuel, and budget allocated to turf maintenance could be vastly decreased. The objective of this research was to determine if bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) cultivar selection and trinexapac-ethyl (TE) use can significantly reduce the mowing events required to maintain bermudagrass at a 1.0-inch height with mowing frequency based on the one-third rule without compromising turfgrass aesthetics. Field research was initiated at Woodruff Farms, Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College, Tifton, GA on 11 Apr. 2011. Factors included year (2011 and 2012), month (July and August), bermudagrass cultivar [improved common types (C. dactylon) as well as hybrid crosses (C. dactylon × C. transvaalensis) and monthly applications of TE applied at a rate of 0.125 lbs of a.i. per acre compared to an untreated control. In 2011 ‘Discovery’ bermudagrass treated with TE required the lowest number of August mowing events to maintain the turf at a 1.0 inch height, followed by Discovery without TE and ‘Tifway’ treated with TE. In 2012 Discovery and ‘TifGrand’ treated with TE required the lowest number of mowing events. In 2011 and 2012 ‘Celebration’, ‘Patriot’, Tifway, and TifGrand without TE, as well as ‘DT-1’ with or without TE required the greatest number of mowing events. In 2011 turf quality of Celebration, TifGrand and DT-1 was reduced by TE applications, while in 2012 the quality of these cultivars as well as Tifway was reduced by TE applications. The visual quality of Discovery bermudagrass was not affected by TE application; however, this cultivar produced some of the lowest quality ratings with and without TE. If turf managers began utilizing slow growing bermudagrass cultivars coupled with TE use to decrease mowing frequency requirements, substantial reductions in labor hours and fuel consumption would be observed; however, reduced mowing frequency was associated with lower turf quality, and TE applications increased the maintenance budget of all the cultivars in this study.
普通的18洞高尔夫球场主要由粗糙的区域组成，这些区域通常保持在与商业，住宅和体育草坪区域相当的修剪高度。如果在不影响美学价值的前提下，通过使用垂直生长缓慢的品种和植物生长调节剂来减少这些草坪的修剪频率，那么用于草坪维护的劳动时间、燃料和预算就会大大减少。本研究的目的是确定百慕大草(Cynodon spp.)品种选择和trinexapac-ethyl (TE)的使用是否可以在不影响草坪草美学的情况下，根据三分之一规则，在修剪频率上显著减少将百慕大草保持在1.0英寸高度所需的修剪事件。实地研究于2011年4月11日在佐治亚州蒂夫顿亚伯拉罕鲍德温农业学院的伍德拉夫农场开始。影响因素包括年份(2011年和2012年)、月份(7月和8月)、百慕大草品种[改良普通品种(C. dactylon)以及杂交杂交品种(C. dactylon × C. transvaalensis)]和每月施用TE，与未经处理的对照相比，施用率为每英亩0.125磅a.i.。2011年，经过TE处理的“发现号”百慕大草需要最少的8月份割草次数来保持草皮高度在1.0英寸，其次是未经过TE处理的“发现号”和经过TE处理的“蒂夫威”。2012年，经过TE处理的Discovery和TifGrand的割草次数最少。在2011年和2012年，“庆典”、“爱国者”、“蒂夫威”和“蒂夫格兰”没有TE，以及“DT-1”有或没有TE，都需要最多的割草活动。2011年，Celebration、TifGrand和DT-1的草坪质量因施用TE而下降，而2012年，这些品种以及Tifway的草坪质量因施用TE而下降。TE对Discovery百米草的视觉质量没有影响;然而，这个品种在有或没有TE的情况下产生了一些最低的质量评级。如果草坪管理者开始使用生长缓慢的百慕大草品种，再加上TE的使用，以减少割草频率的要求，将显著减少劳动时间和燃料消耗;然而，刈割频率的减少与草坪质量的降低有关，施用TE增加了本研究中所有品种的维护预算。
{"title":"Mowing Requirement and Cost to Maintain Bermudagrass is Influenced by Cultivar Selection and Trinexapac-Ethyl Use","authors":"A. R. Kowalewski, B. M. Schwartz, A. L. Grimshaw, J. N. McCrimmon, J. M. Layton","doi":"10.2134/ATS-2014-0019-RS","DOIUrl":"10.2134/ATS-2014-0019-RS","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The average 18-hole golf course is predominantly comprised of rough areas, which are often maintained at a mowing height comparable to commercial, residential, and sports turfgrass areas. If the mowing frequency of these turfgrass areas were reduced without compromising aesthetic value by using cultivars with inherently slow vertical growth combined with plant growth regulators, the labor hours, fuel, and budget allocated to turf maintenance could be vastly decreased. The objective of this research was to determine if bermudagrass (<i>Cynodon</i> spp.) cultivar selection and trinexapac-ethyl (TE) use can significantly reduce the mowing events required to maintain bermudagrass at a 1.0-inch height with mowing frequency based on the one-third rule without compromising turfgrass aesthetics. Field research was initiated at Woodruff Farms, Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College, Tifton, GA on 11 Apr. 2011. Factors included year (2011 and 2012), month (July and August), bermudagrass cultivar [improved common types (<i>C. dactylon</i>) as well as hybrid crosses (<i>C. dactylon</i> × <i>C. transvaalensis</i>) and monthly applications of TE applied at a rate of 0.125 lbs of a.i. per acre compared to an untreated control. In 2011 ‘Discovery’ bermudagrass treated with TE required the lowest number of August mowing events to maintain the turf at a 1.0 inch height, followed by Discovery without TE and ‘Tifway’ treated with TE. In 2012 Discovery and ‘TifGrand’ treated with TE required the lowest number of mowing events. In 2011 and 2012 ‘Celebration’, ‘Patriot’, Tifway, and TifGrand without TE, as well as ‘DT-1’ with or without TE required the greatest number of mowing events. In 2011 turf quality of Celebration, TifGrand and DT-1 was reduced by TE applications, while in 2012 the quality of these cultivars as well as Tifway was reduced by TE applications. The visual quality of Discovery bermudagrass was not affected by TE application; however, this cultivar produced some of the lowest quality ratings with and without TE. If turf managers began utilizing slow growing bermudagrass cultivars coupled with TE use to decrease mowing frequency requirements, substantial reductions in labor hours and fuel consumption would be observed; however, reduced mowing frequency was associated with lower turf quality, and TE applications increased the maintenance budget of all the cultivars in this study.</p>","PeriodicalId":100111,"journal":{"name":"Applied Turfgrass Science","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2134/ATS-2014-0019-RS","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"109963873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-07DOI: 10.2134/ATS-2013-0044-BR
Cole Thompson, Jack Fry, Megan Kennelly, Matt Sousek, Zac Reicher
Rough bluegrass (RBG; Poa trivialis L.) is a perennial cool-season turfgrass and a problematic weed in coolseason turf due to suboptimal color, invasive stoloniferous growth, and sensitivity to heat and drought. Naturalized populations spread vegetatively during routine aeration and from contamination in seed lots (Reicher et al., 2011). Bispyribac-sodium (Velocity) is the only product currently labeled for selective RBG removal in cool-season turf and is effective, but it can damage desirable species (McCullough and Hart, 2011) and is only labeled for sod-farm and golfcourse use. Nonselective herbicides are often the only option for RBG control in home lawns, but it is unclear if efficacy varies with seasonal application timing, like RBG response to bispyribac-sodium (McCullough and Hart, 2011). Rough bluegrass persistence is anecdotally reported after latesummer glyphosate application. Adkins and Barnes (2013) observed better Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) control with spring treatments of imazapic plus glyphosate, but tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) control was better following summer applications. Therefore, our objective was to determine if the seasonal timing of glyphosate application influences RBG control.
{"title":"Seasonal Timing of Glyphosate Application Influences Control of Poa trivialis","authors":"Cole Thompson, Jack Fry, Megan Kennelly, Matt Sousek, Zac Reicher","doi":"10.2134/ATS-2013-0044-BR","DOIUrl":"10.2134/ATS-2013-0044-BR","url":null,"abstract":"Rough bluegrass (RBG; Poa trivialis L.) is a perennial cool-season turfgrass and a problematic weed in coolseason turf due to suboptimal color, invasive stoloniferous growth, and sensitivity to heat and drought. Naturalized populations spread vegetatively during routine aeration and from contamination in seed lots (Reicher et al., 2011). Bispyribac-sodium (Velocity) is the only product currently labeled for selective RBG removal in cool-season turf and is effective, but it can damage desirable species (McCullough and Hart, 2011) and is only labeled for sod-farm and golfcourse use. Nonselective herbicides are often the only option for RBG control in home lawns, but it is unclear if efficacy varies with seasonal application timing, like RBG response to bispyribac-sodium (McCullough and Hart, 2011). Rough bluegrass persistence is anecdotally reported after latesummer glyphosate application. Adkins and Barnes (2013) observed better Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) control with spring treatments of imazapic plus glyphosate, but tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) control was better following summer applications. Therefore, our objective was to determine if the seasonal timing of glyphosate application influences RBG control.","PeriodicalId":100111,"journal":{"name":"Applied Turfgrass Science","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2134/ATS-2013-0044-BR","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"98178023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-07DOI: 10.2134/ATS-2014-0018-BR
Paul G. Johnson, Xin Dai, Roberto Gurgel
A goal of low-input turfgrass is to reduce mowing, thereby reducing labor, fuel, and equipment expenses. A way to meet this goal is to develop grasses that grow slower. ‘Bella’ Kentucky bluegrass was released by the University of Nebraska-Lincoln as slow-growing variety of bluegrass. his experiment documents slightly to signiicantly slower growth of ‘Bella’ compared to a traditional Kentucky bluegrass sod blend and tall fescue grown in the Intermountain West region of North America. Consumers frequently seek grasses that need less mowing and fertilizer (Busey and Parker, 1992). Although turfgrasses recover from traic by growing, many uses don’t need fast growth due to minimal traic. With this in mind, ‘Bella’ Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) was released by the University of Nebraska-Lincoln as a slower growing variety compared to other bluegrasses (Shearman, 2010). his study was conducted to further test if Bella bluegrass grows slower than a standard blend of bluegrass and a tall fescue variety at two mowing heights and three fertilization rates in northern Utah.
{"title":"Growth of Bella Bluegrass Compared to a Standard KBG Blend and Tall Fescue","authors":"Paul G. Johnson, Xin Dai, Roberto Gurgel","doi":"10.2134/ATS-2014-0018-BR","DOIUrl":"10.2134/ATS-2014-0018-BR","url":null,"abstract":"A goal of low-input turfgrass is to reduce mowing, thereby reducing labor, fuel, and equipment expenses. A way to meet this goal is to develop grasses that grow slower. ‘Bella’ Kentucky bluegrass was released by the University of Nebraska-Lincoln as slow-growing variety of bluegrass. his experiment documents slightly to signiicantly slower growth of ‘Bella’ compared to a traditional Kentucky bluegrass sod blend and tall fescue grown in the Intermountain West region of North America. Consumers frequently seek grasses that need less mowing and fertilizer (Busey and Parker, 1992). Although turfgrasses recover from traic by growing, many uses don’t need fast growth due to minimal traic. With this in mind, ‘Bella’ Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) was released by the University of Nebraska-Lincoln as a slower growing variety compared to other bluegrasses (Shearman, 2010). his study was conducted to further test if Bella bluegrass grows slower than a standard blend of bluegrass and a tall fescue variety at two mowing heights and three fertilization rates in northern Utah.","PeriodicalId":100111,"journal":{"name":"Applied Turfgrass Science","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2134/ATS-2014-0018-BR","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"102730766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-07DOI: 10.2134/ATS-2014-0024-BR
Zachary Reicher, Matt Sousek, Roch Gaussoin
Fall and late winter applications of preemergence herbicides (PREs) for crabgrass control have been evaluated in Illinois (Fermanian and Haley, 1994), Pennsylvania (Reicher et al., 2011), Indiana (Reicher et al., 2011; Reicher and Throssell, 1993), and Maryland (Dernoeden, 1993). The authors generally concluded that fall and late winter applications provide season-long control with higher application rates in areas with low/moderate crabgrass pressure. Many of these studies used older formulations of current active ingredients. None of these studies were located in the northwest edge of the transition zone where cool-season grasses dominate because of winter survival, but summer temperature extremes can thin even irrigated cool-season stands. Our objective was to determine if fall or late winter applications of PREs can provide season-long control of crabgrass in Nebraska.
{"title":"Fall or Late Winter Applications of Preemergence Herbicides Rarely Provide Season-long Control of Crabgrass (Digitaria spp) in Nebraska","authors":"Zachary Reicher, Matt Sousek, Roch Gaussoin","doi":"10.2134/ATS-2014-0024-BR","DOIUrl":"10.2134/ATS-2014-0024-BR","url":null,"abstract":"Fall and late winter applications of preemergence herbicides (PREs) for crabgrass control have been evaluated in Illinois (Fermanian and Haley, 1994), Pennsylvania (Reicher et al., 2011), Indiana (Reicher et al., 2011; Reicher and Throssell, 1993), and Maryland (Dernoeden, 1993). The authors generally concluded that fall and late winter applications provide season-long control with higher application rates in areas with low/moderate crabgrass pressure. Many of these studies used older formulations of current active ingredients. None of these studies were located in the northwest edge of the transition zone where cool-season grasses dominate because of winter survival, but summer temperature extremes can thin even irrigated cool-season stands. Our objective was to determine if fall or late winter applications of PREs can provide season-long control of crabgrass in Nebraska.","PeriodicalId":100111,"journal":{"name":"Applied Turfgrass Science","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2134/ATS-2014-0024-BR","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"97660847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-07DOI: 10.2134/ATS-2014-0040-BR
William C. Kreuser, Frank S. Rossi
{"title":"Civitas Increases Clipping Yield on a Cool-Season Putting Green","authors":"William C. Kreuser, Frank S. Rossi","doi":"10.2134/ATS-2014-0040-BR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2134/ATS-2014-0040-BR","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100111,"journal":{"name":"Applied Turfgrass Science","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2134/ATS-2014-0040-BR","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137644837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-05DOI: 10.2134/ATS-2013-0047-BR
J. T. Brosnan, G. K. Breeden, K. H. Dickson, A. W. Thoms, J.C. Sorochan
{"title":"Applications of Preemergence Herbicides in Spring Do Not Affect Bermudagrass Traffic Tolerance in Fall","authors":"J. T. Brosnan, G. K. Breeden, K. H. Dickson, A. W. Thoms, J.C. Sorochan","doi":"10.2134/ATS-2013-0047-BR","DOIUrl":"10.2134/ATS-2013-0047-BR","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100111,"journal":{"name":"Applied Turfgrass Science","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2134/ATS-2013-0047-BR","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113380567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-05DOI: 10.2134/ATS-2013-0101-RS
Eric Watkins, David S. Gardner, John C. Stier, Douglas J. Soldat, Rodney A. St. John, Nick E. Christians, Aaron D. Hathaway, Kenneth L. Diesburg, Steven R. Poppe, Roch E. Gaussoin
Turfgrass managers are in need of low-input turfgrass species options. We have previously identified a number of species that do well as low-input, sustainable turf in the north central United States. The objective of this study was to evaluate multiple cultivars of turfgrass species with known adaption to low-input environments in the North Central Region. Twenty-five turfgrass cultivars and selections, representing ten grass species, were evaluated at eight locations. Plots were established in late summer 2007, and after establishment were maintained at 7.6 cm without inputs of pesticides, fertilizer, or supplemental irrigation. Tall fescue, Chewings fescue, hard fescue, and colonial bentgrass performed well at most locations. Sheep fescue, tufted hairgrass, and prairie junegrass all performed adequately at some locations, and poorly at others. Texas bluegrass hybrids and the single Idaho bentgrass entry were not well adapted to most of the region.
{"title":"Cultivar Performance of Low-Input Turfgrass Species for the North Central United States","authors":"Eric Watkins, David S. Gardner, John C. Stier, Douglas J. Soldat, Rodney A. St. John, Nick E. Christians, Aaron D. Hathaway, Kenneth L. Diesburg, Steven R. Poppe, Roch E. Gaussoin","doi":"10.2134/ATS-2013-0101-RS","DOIUrl":"10.2134/ATS-2013-0101-RS","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Turfgrass managers are in need of low-input turfgrass species options. We have previously identified a number of species that do well as low-input, sustainable turf in the north central United States. The objective of this study was to evaluate multiple cultivars of turfgrass species with known adaption to low-input environments in the North Central Region. Twenty-five turfgrass cultivars and selections, representing ten grass species, were evaluated at eight locations. Plots were established in late summer 2007, and after establishment were maintained at 7.6 cm without inputs of pesticides, fertilizer, or supplemental irrigation. Tall fescue, Chewings fescue, hard fescue, and colonial bentgrass performed well at most locations. Sheep fescue, tufted hairgrass, and prairie junegrass all performed adequately at some locations, and poorly at others. Texas bluegrass hybrids and the single Idaho bentgrass entry were not well adapted to most of the region.</p>","PeriodicalId":100111,"journal":{"name":"Applied Turfgrass Science","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2134/ATS-2013-0101-RS","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"112756887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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