Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.csag.2025.100084
Francis Onyango Oduor , Mark Ollunga Odhiambo , Philip Mulama Nyangweso
Dairy farming underpins rural livelihoods in Kenya but is increasingly vulnerable to climate variability while contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) practices offer pathways for resilience and mitigation, yet most previous studies assess single practices in isolation, overlooking complementarities, trade-offs, and regional differences. This study examines the joint adoption of five CSA practices—feed management, improved breeding, manure management, animal health, and milk value addition—using survey data from 447 dairy farmers in Kisii and Uasin Gishu counties, complemented with high-resolution rainfall and temperature records. A Multivariate Probit (MVP) model revealed high adoption of breeding (87 %), animal health (85 %), and feed management (81 %), while manure management (39 %) and milk value addition (22 %) lagged. Regional contrasts were evident: Kisii farmers favored manure management (44 %), while Uasin Gishu led in feed management (89 %) and value addition (39 %). Strong complementarities emerged between feed management and breeding, animal health and feed management, and manure management and value addition, with no evidence of substitutability. Adoption was shaped by climate factors (rainfall, temperature), socio-economic characteristics (gender, age, household and herd size, farm size), and institutional access (cooperatives, credit, extension, early warning systems). Findings underscore that bundled CSA strategies are more effective than isolated interventions, providing comparative, policy-relevant insights for promoting climate-resilient dairy farming in Kenya and similar smallholder systems.
{"title":"Toxic or synergistic relationship: The interdependence and determinants of dairy climate smart agriculture practices in the North Rift and western parts of Kenya","authors":"Francis Onyango Oduor , Mark Ollunga Odhiambo , Philip Mulama Nyangweso","doi":"10.1016/j.csag.2025.100084","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csag.2025.100084","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dairy farming underpins rural livelihoods in Kenya but is increasingly vulnerable to climate variability while contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) practices offer pathways for resilience and mitigation, yet most previous studies assess single practices in isolation, overlooking complementarities, trade-offs, and regional differences. This study examines the joint adoption of five CSA practices—feed management, improved breeding, manure management, animal health, and milk value addition—using survey data from 447 dairy farmers in Kisii and Uasin Gishu counties, complemented with high-resolution rainfall and temperature records. A Multivariate Probit (MVP) model revealed high adoption of breeding (87 %), animal health (85 %), and feed management (81 %), while manure management (39 %) and milk value addition (22 %) lagged. Regional contrasts were evident: Kisii farmers favored manure management (44 %), while Uasin Gishu led in feed management (89 %) and value addition (39 %). Strong complementarities emerged between feed management and breeding, animal health and feed management, and manure management and value addition, with no evidence of substitutability. Adoption was shaped by climate factors (rainfall, temperature), socio-economic characteristics (gender, age, household and herd size, farm size), and institutional access (cooperatives, credit, extension, early warning systems). Findings underscore that bundled CSA strategies are more effective than isolated interventions, providing comparative, policy-relevant insights for promoting climate-resilient dairy farming in Kenya and similar smallholder systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100262,"journal":{"name":"Climate Smart Agriculture","volume":"2 4","pages":"Article 100084"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145415979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.csag.2025.100086
Zhiran Zhou , Zipeng Zhang , Mengyi Wang , Keqiang Wang , Junchen Ai , Ammara Gill , Kamshat Temirbayeva , Chuanmei Zhu
Soil organic carbon (SOC) is an important component of the carbon pool in terrestrial ecosystems and plays a key role in climate feedbacks under global warming. To quantitatively assess the impact of climate warming on SOC in China, this study constructed six warming scenarios (0–3 °C, 0.5 °C step), and simulated the spatial and temporal distributions of SOC and changes in reserves by combining the RothC model and the Random Forest (RF) model. The results show that the model has high prediction accuracy in the mild warming scenario (scenarios with temperature increase of 0.5 °C, 1 °C, and 1.5 °C), R2 = 0.46–0.60, but the uncertainty increases in the high temperature scenario (scenarios with temperature increase of 2 °C, 2.5 °C, and 3 °C), RMSE rises to 25.2 g C m−2. With increasing temperature (the range of increase is 0–3 °C), SOC in China showed significant spatial variability of “north increasing and south decreasing”, and the overall reserves decreased by about 99.6 Tg on average (to be achieved roughly from the mid-to-late 21st century), showing a non-linear fluctuating downward trend. Dominant factors affecting SOC dynamics, with the vegetation factor having the highest explanatory power. The study reveals the mechanism by which climate factors and vegetation synergistically regulate SOC, which provides a quantitative basis for improving SOC modelling and understanding the process of the terrestrial carbon cycle under climate warming.
土壤有机碳（SOC）是陆地生态系统碳库的重要组成部分，在全球变暖背景下的气候反馈中起着关键作用。为了定量评估气候变暖对中国土壤有机碳的影响，本研究构建了6个变暖情景（0-3°C、0.5°C步长），并结合RothC模型和随机森林（Random Forest， RF）模型模拟了中国土壤有机碳的时空分布和储量变化。结果表明，该模式在温和增温情景（升温0.5℃、1℃和1.5℃）下具有较高的预测精度，R2 = 0.46 ~ 0.60，但在高温情景（升温2℃、2.5℃和3℃）下，不确定性增大，RMSE达到25.2 g C m−2。随着气温的升高（升高范围为0 ~ 3℃），中国碳储量呈现出显著的“北增南减”的空间变异性，总体储量平均减少约99.6 Tg（21世纪中后期大致可实现），呈非线性波动下降趋势。影响土壤有机碳动态的主导因子，其中植被因子解释力最强。研究揭示了气候因子和植被协同调节土壤有机碳的机制，为完善土壤有机碳模型和理解气候变暖下陆地碳循环过程提供了定量依据。
{"title":"Impact of future climate warming on soil organic carbon in China based on process-based models","authors":"Zhiran Zhou , Zipeng Zhang , Mengyi Wang , Keqiang Wang , Junchen Ai , Ammara Gill , Kamshat Temirbayeva , Chuanmei Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.csag.2025.100086","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csag.2025.100086","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil organic carbon (SOC) is an important component of the carbon pool in terrestrial ecosystems and plays a key role in climate feedbacks under global warming. To quantitatively assess the impact of climate warming on SOC in China, this study constructed six warming scenarios (0–3 °C, 0.5 °C step), and simulated the spatial and temporal distributions of SOC and changes in reserves by combining the RothC model and the Random Forest (RF) model. The results show that the model has high prediction accuracy in the mild warming scenario (scenarios with temperature increase of 0.5 °C, 1 °C, and 1.5 °C), R<sup>2</sup> = 0.46–0.60, but the uncertainty increases in the high temperature scenario (scenarios with temperature increase of 2 °C, 2.5 °C, and 3 °C), RMSE rises to 25.2 g C m<sup>−2</sup>. With increasing temperature (the range of increase is 0–3 °C), SOC in China showed significant spatial variability of “north increasing and south decreasing”, and the overall reserves decreased by about 99.6 Tg on average (to be achieved roughly from the mid-to-late 21st century), showing a non-linear fluctuating downward trend. Dominant factors affecting SOC dynamics, with the vegetation factor having the highest explanatory power. The study reveals the mechanism by which climate factors and vegetation synergistically regulate SOC, which provides a quantitative basis for improving SOC modelling and understanding the process of the terrestrial carbon cycle under climate warming.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100262,"journal":{"name":"Climate Smart Agriculture","volume":"2 4","pages":"Article 100086"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145465923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.csag.2025.100081
Mohammed M. Rahman , Shafee Hasan , S.M. Abid Hassan , Azam Uddin , A.K.M. Adham
In many countries, Solar (powered) Irrigation Pumps (SIP) are becoming a promising means to replace Diesel Irrigation Pumps (DIP) and facilitate irrigation in off-grid areas. In Bangladeshi off-grid haor areas, dry season Boro rice cultivation (January–April) faces immense challenges as traditional DIP-driven Shallow Tube Wells (STW) often run dry due to falling of groundwater level (GWL) below the practical suction limit (5–7 m). This study experimentally investigates the technical suitability of a submersible SIP (3.80 kW), designed and installed at a northeast rice-cultivated haor of Bangladesh. A questionnaire baseline survey of 115 farmers in the study area was conducted to get information about existing irrigation conditions. Real-time solar irradiance, GWL and hourly pump discharge were measured with a pyranometer, level logger and volumetric approach, respectively. Measured irradiance was very low (100–450 W m−2) in the early phase of growing season (January–mid February) due to foggy weather, then it increased with the highest values during noon–3:00 p.m. (700–900 W m−2) when the pump could yield its rated discharge (0.014 m3 s−1). Measured drawdown was remarkably high (4.6–7.0 m) due to moderate geologic formation of the aquifer (medium sand). The SIP could potentially irrigate 3.45 ha of rice field without any risk of dry running throughout the growing season, a great implication for replacing DIPs having lower command area (≤ 2.5 ha). It has been demonstrated that SIP is more attractive compared to DIP technically, economically, and environmentally when its annual usage extends beyond a single crop season.
在许多国家，太阳能（动力）灌溉泵（SIP）正在成为替代柴油灌溉泵（DIP）和促进离网地区灌溉的一种有前途的手段。在孟加拉国离网haor地区，旱季水稻种植（1 - 4月）面临巨大挑战，因为传统的dip驱动浅管井（STW）经常因地下水位（GWL）低于实际吸力极限（5-7米）而干涸。本研究通过实验研究了设计并安装在孟加拉国东北部水稻种植haor的潜水式SIP （3.80 kW）的技术适用性。对研究区115名农民进行问卷基线调查，了解现有灌溉条件。实时太阳辐照度、GWL和每小时泵流量分别用辐射计、液位记录仪和容积法测量。在生长期前期（1 - 2月中旬），由于多雾天气，实测辐照度很低（100-450 W m−2），随后辐照度逐渐增加，中午至下午3时达到最高值。（700-900 W m−2）时，泵可以产生其额定流量（0.014 m3 s−1）。由于含水层的中等地质构造（中等砂），测量的落差非常高（4.6-7.0 m）。SIP可以潜在地灌溉3.45公顷的稻田，而在整个生长季节没有任何干旱的风险，这对于取代指挥面积较小（≤2.5公顷）的dip具有重要意义。已经证明，当SIP的年使用量超过单一作物季节时，与DIP相比，SIP在技术上、经济上和环境上都更具吸引力。
{"title":"The utility of submersible solar irrigation pumps in accessing deeper groundwater for sustaining dry season rice cultivation in off-grid Bangladeshi haor areas","authors":"Mohammed M. Rahman , Shafee Hasan , S.M. Abid Hassan , Azam Uddin , A.K.M. Adham","doi":"10.1016/j.csag.2025.100081","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csag.2025.100081","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In many countries, Solar (powered) Irrigation Pumps (SIP) are becoming a promising means to replace Diesel Irrigation Pumps (DIP) and facilitate irrigation in off-grid areas. In Bangladeshi off-grid haor areas, dry season Boro rice cultivation (January–April) faces immense challenges as traditional DIP-driven Shallow Tube Wells (STW) often run dry due to falling of groundwater level (GWL) below the practical suction limit (5–7 m). This study experimentally investigates the technical suitability of a submersible SIP (3.80 kW), designed and installed at a northeast rice-cultivated haor of Bangladesh. A questionnaire baseline survey of 115 farmers in the study area was conducted to get information about existing irrigation conditions. Real-time solar irradiance, GWL and hourly pump discharge were measured with a pyranometer, level logger and volumetric approach, respectively. Measured irradiance was very low (100–450 W m<sup>−2</sup>) in the early phase of growing season (January–mid February) due to foggy weather, then it increased with the highest values during noon–3:00 p.m. (700–900 W m<sup>−2</sup>) when the pump could yield its rated discharge (0.014 m<sup>3</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>). Measured drawdown was remarkably high (4.6–7.0 m) due to moderate geologic formation of the aquifer (medium sand). The SIP could potentially irrigate 3.45 ha of rice field without any risk of dry running throughout the growing season, a great implication for replacing DIPs having lower command area (≤ 2.5 ha). It has been demonstrated that SIP is more attractive compared to DIP technically, economically, and environmentally when its annual usage extends beyond a single crop season.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100262,"journal":{"name":"Climate Smart Agriculture","volume":"2 4","pages":"Article 100081"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145465925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-19DOI: 10.1016/j.csag.2025.100080
Justice Adzigbe , Felix Frimpong , Agyemang Danquah , Eric Yirenkyi Danquah , Isaac Kojo Asante , Samuel Oppong Abebrese , Richard Dormatey , Charles Afriyie-Debrah , Priscilla Francisco Ribeiro , Eric Owusu Danquah , Kennedy Agyeman , Ralph Kwame Bam , Maxwell Darko Asante
The rise in global temperature due to human activities poses a threat to the survival and productivity of plants. As sessile organisms, plants are frequently exposed to abiotic stressors, among which drought is the most critical factor limiting rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield worldwide. Understanding the mechanisms underlying drought adaptation in rice is essential for breeding drought-resilient genotypes. Advancements in molecular biology, genomics, and high-throughput phenotyping have uncovered complex networks of genetic, biochemical, and physiological responses that enable rice to withstand drought stress. This study examines the adverse effects of drought on rice and the mechanisms employed by rice to adapt to drought, utilizing an integrated molecular, biochemical, and physiological approach. It highlights the multifaceted nature of drought tolerance and its implications for developing resilient cultivars. Key mechanisms identified include osmotic adjustment, morphological changes, the expression of drought-responsive genes, the secretion of stress-related phytohormones, and the activation of antioxidant enzymes, all of which contribute to maintaining cellular homeostasis. Transcriptome and proteome analyses have expanded the catalogue of stress-responsive genes and proteins, particularly those involved in abscisic acid signalling, aquaporins, and late embryogenesis abundant proteins. The regulatory roles of transcription factors such as DREB, NAC, and MYB in modulating these stress-response pathways are emphasized. Furthermore, genome-wide association studies and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping have identified genomic regions associated with drought tolerance, providing valuable targets for marker-assisted selection in breeding programs. The integration of these findings offers a roadmap for improving rice varieties with enhanced drought tolerance. Future research should focus on validating candidate genes, proteins, and QTLs across diverse genetic backgrounds to ensure stable productivity under water-limited conditions.
{"title":"The responses and adaptations of rice (Oryza sativa L.) to drought stress: A review","authors":"Justice Adzigbe , Felix Frimpong , Agyemang Danquah , Eric Yirenkyi Danquah , Isaac Kojo Asante , Samuel Oppong Abebrese , Richard Dormatey , Charles Afriyie-Debrah , Priscilla Francisco Ribeiro , Eric Owusu Danquah , Kennedy Agyeman , Ralph Kwame Bam , Maxwell Darko Asante","doi":"10.1016/j.csag.2025.100080","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csag.2025.100080","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rise in global temperature due to human activities poses a threat to the survival and productivity of plants. As sessile organisms, plants are frequently exposed to abiotic stressors, among which drought is the most critical factor limiting rice (<em>Oryza sativa</em> L.) yield worldwide. Understanding the mechanisms underlying drought adaptation in rice is essential for breeding drought-resilient genotypes. Advancements in molecular biology, genomics, and high-throughput phenotyping have uncovered complex networks of genetic, biochemical, and physiological responses that enable rice to withstand drought stress. This study examines the adverse effects of drought on rice and the mechanisms employed by rice to adapt to drought, utilizing an integrated molecular, biochemical, and physiological approach. It highlights the multifaceted nature of drought tolerance and its implications for developing resilient cultivars. Key mechanisms identified include osmotic adjustment, morphological changes, the expression of drought-responsive genes, the secretion of stress-related phytohormones, and the activation of antioxidant enzymes, all of which contribute to maintaining cellular homeostasis. Transcriptome and proteome analyses have expanded the catalogue of stress-responsive genes and proteins, particularly those involved in abscisic acid signalling, aquaporins, and late embryogenesis abundant proteins. The regulatory roles of transcription factors such as DREB, NAC, and MYB in modulating these stress-response pathways are emphasized. Furthermore, genome-wide association studies and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping have identified genomic regions associated with drought tolerance, providing valuable targets for marker-assisted selection in breeding programs. The integration of these findings offers a roadmap for improving rice varieties with enhanced drought tolerance. Future research should focus on validating candidate genes, proteins, and QTLs across diverse genetic backgrounds to ensure stable productivity under water-limited conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100262,"journal":{"name":"Climate Smart Agriculture","volume":"2 4","pages":"Article 100080"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144926231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-16DOI: 10.1016/j.csag.2025.100072
Tianran Sun , Ke-Qing Xiao , Liangshan Feng
{"title":"Enhanced rock weathering aids to promote carbon sequestration and yield in China's agricultural fields","authors":"Tianran Sun , Ke-Qing Xiao , Liangshan Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.csag.2025.100072","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csag.2025.100072","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100262,"journal":{"name":"Climate Smart Agriculture","volume":"2 4","pages":"Article 100072"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144879888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-01DOI: 10.1016/j.csag.2025.100070
Tangzhe Nie , Peng Zhang , Peng Chen , Haijun Liu , Lili Jiang , Zhongyi Sun , Shuai Yin , Tianyi Wang , Tiecheng Li , Zhongxue Zhang
Climate change and alterations in water and fertilizer management exert profound impact on water balance of paddy fields, posing uncertainty regarding the sustainability of rice production. This study investigates the interplay between climate change and water and fertilizer management on the water balance of paddy fields, aiming to ensure sustainable water use and agricultural production security. Utilizing a 24-year experimental dataset (1978–2001), the study examines the effects of climate variability and management strategies on water balance parameters. The independent variables included in this study were water surface evaporation, effective rainfall, wind speed, sunlight duration, relative humidity, average temperature, maximum daily temperature, minimum daily temperature, minimum relative humidity, average water vapour pressure, accumulated temperature, water depth, and nitrogen application. Advanced statistical techniques, including grey relational analysis, path analysis, and principal component analysis, were employed to assess the impacts of independent variables on water consumption, evapotranspiration, percolation, transpiration, and evaporation. This research focuses on two cropping modes: water direct–seeded mode (WDM) and transplanting mode (PM). The grey relational analysis demonstrated that climate change, and water–fertilizer management, had differing effects on various water balance parameters. Path analysis revealed that temperature and humidity had the greatest direct and indirect effects. Principal component analysis grouped the variables and found that the significant factors under WDM influencing PC1 included maximum daily temperature, minimum daily temperature, nitrogen application, average temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity, which collectively accounted for 39.6 %. The significant factors affecting PC1 under PM included relative humidity, minimum relative humidity, effective rainfall, sunlight duration, and average water vapour pressure, which together accounted for 30.1 % of the total variation. The findings of this study indicated that water surface evaporation, accumulated temperature, and water depth played a relatively minor role in influencing the water balance of paddy fields across both cropping modes. This research contributes to the advancement of climate–smart agriculture, emphasizing the conservation of water resources while striving for optimal yields.
{"title":"Impacts of climate change and water–fertilizer management on water balance dynamics in transplanting and direct–seeded paddy fields","authors":"Tangzhe Nie , Peng Zhang , Peng Chen , Haijun Liu , Lili Jiang , Zhongyi Sun , Shuai Yin , Tianyi Wang , Tiecheng Li , Zhongxue Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.csag.2025.100070","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csag.2025.100070","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change and alterations in water and fertilizer management exert profound impact on water balance of paddy fields, posing uncertainty regarding the sustainability of rice production. This study investigates the interplay between climate change and water and fertilizer management on the water balance of paddy fields, aiming to ensure sustainable water use and agricultural production security. Utilizing a 24<strong>-</strong>year experimental dataset (1978<strong>–</strong>2001), the study examines the effects of climate variability and management strategies on water balance parameters. The independent variables included in this study were water surface evaporation, effective rainfall, wind speed, sunlight duration, relative humidity, average temperature, maximum daily temperature, minimum daily temperature, minimum relative humidity, average water vapour pressure, accumulated temperature, water depth, and nitrogen application. Advanced statistical techniques, including grey relational analysis, path analysis, and principal component analysis, were employed to assess the impacts of independent variables on water consumption, evapotranspiration, percolation, transpiration, and evaporation. This research focuses on two cropping modes: water direct<strong>–</strong>seeded mode (WDM) and transplanting mode (PM). The grey relational analysis demonstrated that climate change, and water<strong>–</strong>fertilizer management, had differing effects on various water balance parameters. Path analysis revealed that temperature and humidity had the greatest direct and indirect effects. Principal component analysis grouped the variables and found that the significant factors under WDM influencing PC1 included maximum daily temperature, minimum daily temperature, nitrogen application, average temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity, which collectively accounted for 39.6 %. The significant factors affecting PC1 under PM included relative humidity, minimum relative humidity, effective rainfall, sunlight duration, and average water vapour pressure, which together accounted for 30.1 % of the total variation. The findings of this study indicated that water surface evaporation, accumulated temperature, and water depth played a relatively minor role in influencing the water balance of paddy fields across both cropping modes. This research contributes to the advancement of climate<strong>–</strong>smart agriculture, emphasizing the conservation of water resources while striving for optimal yields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100262,"journal":{"name":"Climate Smart Agriculture","volume":"2 3","pages":"Article 100070"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144840763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-01DOI: 10.1016/j.csag.2025.100071
Erandi Kalehe Kankanamge , Thiagarajah Ramilan , Peter R. Tozer , Cecile de Klein , Alvaro Romera , Simone Pieralli
Reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from dairy farming is crucial for mitigating climate change and enhancing the environmental credentials of New Zealand's dairy exports. This paper aims to explore potential GHG mitigation measures and their interactive effects when combined within New Zealand context, emphasising the practicality of these combinations, particularly focusing on recent studies of pasture-based dairy systems. The review assesses various mitigation options across animal, manure management, feed-based, soil-related, and system-related interventions and identifies immediately applicable mitigation options based on specific criteria. It also discusses the implementation costs, implications on emissions, and the combined effects of these options when applied as bundles in pasture-based systems using a combination matrix. It is indicated that mitigation options on New Zealand's dairy farms can yield diverse outcomes and costs based on farming characteristics. By analysing different combinations of short-listed, it was found that although most mitigation options are compatible, some may have a lower overall reduction potential because of interaction effects. Integrating lower N fertiliser use, low-emission feed, and reduced stocking rates with high-performing animals provides a practical approach for GHG reductions and potential cost savings. However, implementing compatible mitigation bundles requires better quantification of their interactions, economic viability, and compatibility with existing farming systems which need further research.
{"title":"Greenhouse gas mitigation in pasture-based dairy production systems in New Zealand: A review of mitigation options and their interactions","authors":"Erandi Kalehe Kankanamge , Thiagarajah Ramilan , Peter R. Tozer , Cecile de Klein , Alvaro Romera , Simone Pieralli","doi":"10.1016/j.csag.2025.100071","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csag.2025.100071","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from dairy farming is crucial for mitigating climate change and enhancing the environmental credentials of New Zealand's dairy exports. This paper aims to explore potential GHG mitigation measures and their interactive effects when combined within New Zealand context, emphasising the practicality of these combinations, particularly focusing on recent studies of pasture-based dairy systems. The review assesses various mitigation options across animal, manure management, feed-based, soil-related, and system-related interventions and identifies immediately applicable mitigation options based on specific criteria. It also discusses the implementation costs, implications on emissions, and the combined effects of these options when applied as bundles in pasture-based systems using a combination matrix. It is indicated that mitigation options on New Zealand's dairy farms can yield diverse outcomes and costs based on farming characteristics. By analysing different combinations of short-listed, it was found that although most mitigation options are compatible, some may have a lower overall reduction potential because of interaction effects. Integrating lower N fertiliser use, low-emission feed, and reduced stocking rates with high-performing animals provides a practical approach for GHG reductions and potential cost savings. However, implementing compatible mitigation bundles requires better quantification of their interactions, economic viability, and compatibility with existing farming systems which need further research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100262,"journal":{"name":"Climate Smart Agriculture","volume":"2 3","pages":"Article 100071"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144827565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-11DOI: 10.1016/j.csag.2025.100068
Jiaxin Liu , Xuehao Zheng , Qing Luo , Qiang Xiao , Shoujiang Liu , Belay Tafa Oba
Microbial fixation of carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important source of soil organic carbon (SOC). However, the factors and mechanisms influencing CO2 sequestration driven by soil microorganisms remain poorly understood. In this study, farmland soil samples from 15 sites were collected in a typical watershed in Southwest China, and soil and microbial characteristics were comprehensively analyzed to uncover the key factors influencing microbial CO2 sequestration. The results suggested that changes in soil pH were the main driving factor of SOC storage. Decreasing soil pH significantly increased the abundance of cbbL, pycA, and acsB, which led to CO2 sequestration. Concurrently, the abundance of other functional genes involved in the Calvin cycle, the Reductive citrate cycle, and the Reductive acetyl–Coenzyme A (CoA) pathway, which was also differentially upregulated. Hyphomicrobiales, Pseudonocardiales, and Corynebacteriales were the core species carrying CO2 sequestration genes, whose abundance at the order level further supported the hypothesis that changes in pH achieve SOC accumulation by affecting the function of the microbial community. This study uniquely highlights soil pH as a fundamental indicator that may have an important effect on microbial CO2 sequestration and SOC accumulation through mesoscale sampling and genomic evidence, providing practical insight into the influences on microbial-mediated CO2 sequestration.
{"title":"Soil pH decline promotes soil organic carbon accumulation by regulating the microbial carbon sequestration pathway","authors":"Jiaxin Liu , Xuehao Zheng , Qing Luo , Qiang Xiao , Shoujiang Liu , Belay Tafa Oba","doi":"10.1016/j.csag.2025.100068","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csag.2025.100068","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microbial fixation of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) is an important source of soil organic carbon (SOC). However, the factors and mechanisms influencing CO<sub>2</sub> sequestration driven by soil microorganisms remain poorly understood. In this study, farmland soil samples from 15 sites were collected in a typical watershed in Southwest China, and soil and microbial characteristics were comprehensively analyzed to uncover the key factors influencing microbial CO<sub>2</sub> sequestration. The results suggested that changes in soil pH were the main driving factor of SOC storage. Decreasing soil pH significantly increased the abundance of <em>cbbL</em>, <em>pycA</em>, and <em>acsB</em>, which led to CO<sub>2</sub> sequestration. Concurrently, the abundance of other functional genes involved in the Calvin cycle, the Reductive citrate cycle, and the Reductive acetyl–Coenzyme A (CoA) pathway, which was also differentially upregulated. <em>Hyphomicrobiales</em>, <em>Pseudonocardiales</em>, and <em>Corynebacteriales</em> were the core species carrying CO<sub>2</sub> sequestration genes, whose abundance at the order level further supported the hypothesis that changes in pH achieve SOC accumulation by affecting the function of the microbial community. This study uniquely highlights soil pH as a fundamental indicator that may have an important effect on microbial CO<sub>2</sub> sequestration and SOC accumulation through mesoscale sampling and genomic evidence, providing practical insight into the influences on microbial-mediated CO<sub>2</sub> sequestration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100262,"journal":{"name":"Climate Smart Agriculture","volume":"2 3","pages":"Article 100068"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144680397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soil carbon sequestration mechanisms in saline-alkali ecosystems remain poorly understood, limiting precision management of organic amendments. We investigated composted fermented straw return (CFSR) versus conventional straw incorporation across salinity gradients (1.76 ‰ vs. 4.06 ‰) via controlled pot experiments. In lightly saline-alkali soils, CFSR elevated carbon accrual by 0.311 t ha−1 yr−1 (p < 0.05) via macroaggregate formation (+4.19 % mass proportion) and Acidobacteriota enrichment. Conversely, heavily saline-alkali soils exhibited CFSR-induced microaggregate stabilization (+29.32 % stability index) coupled with chemoautotrophic carbon fixation, supported by 48.38 % higher cbbL gene abundance. Microbial network analysis revealed salinity-dependent adaptations that lightly saline soils under CFSR developed Acidobacteriota-dominated networks with elevated connectivity (graph density: 0.269 vs. 0.202 control), while extreme salinity fostered resilient Actinobacteriota-centric consortia (622 edges vs. 562 control) through modular simplification. Structural equation modeling delineated dual pathways that dissolved organic carbon-mediated macroaggregate stabilization dominated in light salinity (λ = 1.902, p < 0.05), whereas chemoautotrophic carbon pump-driven microaggregate protection prevailed under high salinity (λ = 1.856, p < 0.05). These findings established a hierarchical framework linking aggregate architecture to microbial functional guilds, proposing a dual-mode carbon stabilization paradigm — physical protection in light salinity versus microbial-mineral interactions under heavy salinity. This mechanistic insight advanced salinity-adaptive organic amendment strategies to optimize carbon storage in global salt-affected croplands.
盐碱生态系统中的土壤固碳机制仍然知之甚少，限制了有机修正的精确管理。通过对照盆栽试验，研究了不同盐度梯度下（1.76‰vs. 4.06‰）堆肥发酵秸秆还还率与常规秸秆还还率的差异。在轻度盐碱土壤中，CFSR使碳累积增加0.311 t / h - 1 yr - 1 (p <；0.05)，通过形成大团聚体（+ 4.19%质量比例）和酸杆菌群富集。相反，重度盐碱土壤表现出cfsr诱导的微团聚体稳定（稳定性指数+ 29.32%）和化学自养碳固定，cbbL基因丰度高出48.38%。微生物网络分析显示，盐度依赖性适应表明，在CFSR下，轻度盐化土壤形成了以酸杆菌为主的网络，连性提高（图密度：0.269对0.202对照），而极端盐度通过模块化简化培养了具有弹性的以放线菌为中心的联合体（622条边对562条边对照）。结构方程模型描述了溶解有机碳介导的宏观团聚体稳定在轻盐度下占主导地位的双重途径(λ = 1.902, p <；0.05)，而高盐度条件下，化学自养碳泵驱动的微团聚体保护占优势(λ = 1.856, p <；0.05)。这些发现建立了一个层次框架，将聚集体结构与微生物功能协会联系起来，提出了一种双模式碳稳定范例-轻盐度下的物理保护与重盐度下微生物-矿物相互作用。这一机制的洞察力推进了盐度适应性有机修正策略，以优化全球受盐影响的农田的碳储量。
{"title":"Divergent carbon sequestration pathways in saline-alkali soils: Dual mechanisms of macroaggregate protection and chemoautotrophic compensation mediated by composted fermented straw amendments","authors":"Tingliang Pan, Wenli Hao, Yunting Wang, Zhaoqi Qu, Yanhong Lou, Haojie Feng, Hui Wang, Quangang Yang, Yajie Sun, Zhongchen Yang, Hongjie Di, Hong Pan, Yuping Zhuge","doi":"10.1016/j.csag.2025.100067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csag.2025.100067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil carbon sequestration mechanisms in saline-alkali ecosystems remain poorly understood, limiting precision management of organic amendments. We investigated composted fermented straw return (CFSR) versus conventional straw incorporation across salinity gradients (1.76 ‰ vs. 4.06 ‰) via controlled pot experiments. In lightly saline-alkali soils, CFSR elevated carbon accrual by 0.311 t ha<sup>−1</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup> (<em>p <</em> 0.05) via macroaggregate formation (+4.19 % mass proportion) and Acidobacteriota enrichment. Conversely, heavily saline-alkali soils exhibited CFSR-induced microaggregate stabilization (+29.32 % stability index) coupled with chemoautotrophic carbon fixation, supported by 48.38 % higher <em>cbbL</em> gene abundance. Microbial network analysis revealed salinity-dependent adaptations that lightly saline soils under CFSR developed Acidobacteriota-dominated networks with elevated connectivity (graph density: 0.269 vs. 0.202 control), while extreme salinity fostered resilient Actinobacteriota-centric consortia (622 edges vs. 562 control) through modular simplification. Structural equation modeling delineated dual pathways that dissolved organic carbon-mediated macroaggregate stabilization dominated in light salinity (λ = 1.902, <em>p <</em> 0.05), whereas chemoautotrophic carbon pump-driven microaggregate protection prevailed under high salinity (λ = 1.856, <em>p <</em> 0.05). These findings established a hierarchical framework linking aggregate architecture to microbial functional guilds, proposing a dual-mode carbon stabilization paradigm — physical protection in light salinity versus microbial-mineral interactions under heavy salinity. This mechanistic insight advanced salinity-adaptive organic amendment strategies to optimize carbon storage in global salt-affected croplands.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100262,"journal":{"name":"Climate Smart Agriculture","volume":"2 3","pages":"Article 100067"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144581383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-27DOI: 10.1016/j.csag.2025.100066
Md Maruf Billah , Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman , Santiago Mahimairaja , Alvin Lal , Asadi Srinivasulu , Ravi Naidu
Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) is the core of agricultural systems and adoption of CSA interventions plays a vital role in supporting sustainable agricultural development. The study aimed at evaluating the perceived constraints and prospects of adoption of CSA interventions in relation to farm sustainability. The mixed-method research (qualitative and quantitative) was conducted employing focus group discussion, key informant interviews and face-to-face interviews with 390 farm household head using semi-structured questionnaire in Bangladesh during 2024. A positive and significant perception regarding adoption of CSA interventions was perceived among surveyed respondents. The commonly adopted CSA interventions were integrated pest management (88.46 %), high yielding varieties (84.87 %), stress tolerant varieties (80.26 %) and so forth. Among the broad spectrum of problems, institutional constraints ( = 617.2), economic constraints ( = 587.4) and technological constraints ( = 586.6) ranked most severe. However, illiteracy, high cost of innovations, inadequate farmers' organization, lack of modern technologies, and poor access to weather information were identified as acute specific constraints. In contrast, increased farm productivity (87.95 %), ensure food security (83.08 %), and alleviation of poverty (79.74 %) were professed as decidedly potential prospects of CSA interventions. Machine learning evaluation indicates that proximity to office, access to extension services, training exposure, and group membership were the most significant factors prompting adoption of CSA interventions. The study explores the insights of adoption of CSA interventions. The outcomes will assist concerned departments and policymakers to plan and initiate feasible strategies (awareness and motivational programs, subsidy for CSA innovations, and reformation of extension and advisory services) for developing climate smart agricultural system and supporting farm sustainability.
{"title":"Constraints and prospects of adoption of climate smart agriculture interventions: Implication for farm sustainability","authors":"Md Maruf Billah , Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman , Santiago Mahimairaja , Alvin Lal , Asadi Srinivasulu , Ravi Naidu","doi":"10.1016/j.csag.2025.100066","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csag.2025.100066","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) is the core of agricultural systems and adoption of CSA interventions plays a vital role in supporting sustainable agricultural development. The study aimed at evaluating the perceived constraints and prospects of adoption of CSA interventions in relation to farm sustainability. The mixed-method research (qualitative and quantitative) was conducted employing focus group discussion, key informant interviews and face-to-face interviews with 390 farm household head using semi-structured questionnaire in Bangladesh during 2024. A positive and significant perception regarding adoption of CSA interventions was perceived among surveyed respondents. The commonly adopted CSA interventions were integrated pest management (88.46 %), high yielding varieties (84.87 %), stress tolerant varieties (80.26 %) and so forth. Among the broad spectrum of problems, institutional constraints (<span><math><mrow><mover><mi>x</mi><mo>¯</mo></mover></mrow></math></span> = 617.2), economic constraints (<span><math><mrow><mover><mi>x</mi><mo>¯</mo></mover></mrow></math></span> = 587.4) and technological constraints (<span><math><mrow><mover><mi>x</mi><mo>¯</mo></mover></mrow></math></span> = 586.6) ranked most severe. However, illiteracy, high cost of innovations, inadequate farmers' organization, lack of modern technologies, and poor access to weather information were identified as acute specific constraints. In contrast, increased farm productivity (87.95 %), ensure food security (83.08 %), and alleviation of poverty (79.74 %) were professed as decidedly potential prospects of CSA interventions. Machine learning evaluation indicates that proximity to office, access to extension services, training exposure, and group membership were the most significant factors prompting adoption of CSA interventions. The study explores the insights of adoption of CSA interventions. The outcomes will assist concerned departments and policymakers to plan and initiate feasible strategies (awareness and motivational programs, subsidy for CSA innovations, and reformation of extension and advisory services) for developing climate smart agricultural system and supporting farm sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100262,"journal":{"name":"Climate Smart Agriculture","volume":"2 3","pages":"Article 100066"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144535877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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